面向未来的高性能桥梁结构研发与应用

为从根本上解决混凝土桥、钢桥及钢 混凝土组合桥中的共性技术难题,并提升桥梁结构的性能与品质,笔者团队以超高性能混凝土（UHPC）为基础,研发了面向未来的高性能桥梁结构体系。介绍了笔者团队研发的4类高性能桥梁结构:①钢-超高韧性混凝土（STC）轻型组合桥面结构,其中的STC是钢桥面专用的UHPC;②钢 UHPC华夫板轻型组合桥梁结构;③单向预应力UHPC薄壁连续箱梁结构;④全预制快速架设UHPC城市桥梁结构。通过大量静力和疲劳试验,掌握了各类UHPC桥梁结构的基本受力性能,并建立了计算理论和设计方法。列举了钢 STC轻型组合桥面结构已推广应用于中国的17座钢桥,涵盖了梁桥、拱桥、斜拉桥和悬索桥等各类基本桥型,典型应用包括湖南岳阳洞庭湖二桥等重大工程。到目前为止,各实桥运营状态良好,钢 STC未出现任何病害问题。综合而言,高性能桥梁结构有望突破现有桥梁中的技术瓶颈,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Field validation of UHPC layer in negative moment region of steel-concrete composite continuous girder bridge

Improving the cracking resistance of steel-normal concrete (NC) composite beams in the negative moment region is one of the main tasks in designing continuous composite beam (CCB) bridges due to the low tensile strength of the NC deck at pier supports. This study proposed an innovative structural configuration for the negative bending moment region in a steel-concrete CCB bridge with the aid of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) layer. In order to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of this new UHPC jointed structure in the negative bending moment region, field load testing was conducted on a newly built full-scale bridge. The newly designed structural configuration was described in detail regarding the structural characteristics (cracking resistance, economy, durability, and constructability). In the field investigation, strains on the surface of the concrete bridge deck, rebar, and steel beam in the negative bending moment region, as well as mid-span deflection, were measured under different load cases. Also, a finite element model for the four-span superstructure of the full-scale bridge was established and validated by the field test results. The simulated results in terms of strains and mid-span deflection showed moderate consistency with the test results. This field test and the finite element model results demonstrated that the new configuration with the UHPC layer provided an effective alternative for the negative bending moment region of the composite beam.     

重度疲劳开裂钢桥桥面的UHPC加固技术

武汉军山长江大桥在服役17年后,桥面板出现了严重的疲劳开裂问题,难以修补,为此提出一种钢桥面板不修补,上铺带横向钢板条的UHPC桥面加固方案。以军山长江大桥为研究背景,应用子模型技术对比计算了钢面板重度开裂时纯钢梁和加固后钢面板的应力状态;制作了双层钢筋网+UHPC的传统轻型组合桥面结构与钢板条+UHPC及三层钢筋网+UHPC两类新型加固结构,开展了横向抗弯静力试验及疲劳试验。研究结果表明：采用UHPC加固技术后,正交异性钢桥面的疲劳应力大幅度下降,其中钢面板-U肋焊趾处的横向拉应力沿纵、横桥向的分布降幅达78.8%～86.4%;UHPC拉应力方面,由于钢面板不修补,UHPC层下缘拉应力高达12.9MPa,UHPC层下缘布置80mm宽间距200mm的钢板条后,其底面名义开裂应力可达43.2MPa,远高于设计拉应力,钢板条+UHPC的钢桥面加固方案经过应力幅22MPa的1000万次疲劳试验,UHPC层具备800万次疲劳寿命(裂缝宽度小于0.05mm),且刚度无折减,因此可作为永久结构层与重度开裂的钢桥面构成轻型组合桥面结构,经UHPC加固后,原钢桥面的疲劳裂缝有望不再发展。     

State-of-the-art of long-span bridge engineering in China

This paper introduces the state-of-the-art of longspan bridge engineering in China with emphases on recent long-span bridge projects, bridge deck configuration and material, design codes of long-span bridges and improvement of aerodynamic performance. The recent long-span bridge projects include thirty-eight completed suspension bridges, cable-stayed and arch bridges with a main span over 400 m, and eighteen major bridges are under construction. The bridge deck configuration and material, with prestressed concrete decks, steel-concrete composite decks and steel box decks together with several popular cross-sections, are presented. The third part briefly outlines four design codes, including static and dynamic design for highway long-span bridges, and the recent engineering experiences gained from several aerodynamic vibration control projects of long-span bridges are shared in the last part.     

Bending performance of composite bridge deck with T-shaped ribs

This paper proposes a new type of steel-concrete composite deck, which is composed of orthotropic steel deck (OSD) with T-shaped ribs, concrete plate and studs connecting OSD and concrete plate. The OSD can act as framework for concrete plate and contribute to load bearing capacity at the same time, which could save construction time. Compared with conventional OSD system, this new type of composite bridge deck can also improve fatigue performance.ƒConsidering that this type of composite deck is not yet applied in practical engineering and its mechanical performance is not revealed in previous literatures, two full-scale specimens were designed and manufactured in this research. The mechanical performance, particularly, bending capacity in positive and negative region was carefully tested and analyzed. The load-deflection curve, load-slip relation, strain distribution in concrete and steel were obtained. The test results showed that the plastic performance of this kind of composite bridge deck was satisfying and the bending capacity was high.     

钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构试验及裂缝宽度计算研究

为研究钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构的裂缝特征,并评估现有规范公式对钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构裂缝宽度计算的适用性,综合考虑配筋率、保护层厚度、UHPC层厚度和栓钉间距4个因素,对40个钢-UHPC组合板进行正交试验。试验结果表明：未配筋钢-UHPC组合构件裂缝数量较少,且开裂后裂缝发展较快,密集配筋钢-UHPC组合构件裂缝细而密,在裂缝宽度为0.15mm之前,荷载-最大裂缝宽度曲线大致呈直线,钢筋屈服后,裂缝发展较快,当裂缝宽度达到0.2mm以后,裂缝数量基本趋于不变;配筋率和保护层厚度对开裂应力和平均裂缝间距的影响较大,UHPC层厚度对其影响不大。根据现有规范公式计算钢-UHPC组合结构裂缝宽度过于保守,文中根据钢-UHPC组合桥面结构的特点和裂缝扩展特征,提出钢筋应力的计算方法,计算结果和试验实测结果吻合较好;在现有规范公式的基础上,对平均裂缝间距计算公式和钢筋应变不均匀系数计算公式进行了修正,给出钢-UHPC轻型组合结构最大裂缝宽度建议公式,建议公式的计算值和试验值吻合较好。     

新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗弯承载力模型试验与理论分析方法

为综合解决正交异性钢桥面板疲劳开裂和桥面铺装易损两大难题,提出一种由波形顶板、超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete,UHPC)结构层和改进螺旋线(modified clothoide,MCL)形组合销所构成的新型波形顶板-UHPC组合桥面结构.设计2类共12个足尺模型,对所提出...     

含小型粗骨料UHPC板抗弯性能研究

研制新型的含小型粗骨料UHPC板,提升传统大跨径组合梁斜拉桥普通混凝土桥面板的抗弯性能。通过对含小型粗骨料UHPC进行基本材料性能研究,以及对含小型粗骨料UHPC板试件进行抗弯试验,材性试验探究含小型粗骨料UHPC材料的本构关系、弹性模量和终凝后的干燥自收缩等,发现在UHPC中添加小型粗骨料后,UHPC在抗压性能方面得到提高,减小终凝后的干燥自收缩,但会降低一定的抗弯拉强度和韧性;含小型粗骨料UHPC板试件的抗弯试验探究了试件的荷载 挠度关系与弯矩 最大裂缝宽度关系。发现UHPC板试件具有较高的开裂强度,结构破坏呈现出多裂缝发展。抗弯试验、有限元分析和承载力公式计算结果表明：含小型粗骨料UHPC板具有较好的抗弯、抗裂性能,但计算承载能力时应充分考虑添加小型粗骨料后对结构拉伸性能降低的影响。     

钢-超高性能混凝土组合板冲切性能试验研究和承载力计算

钢-超高性能混凝土(UHPC)组合板是将钢板与UHPC通过连接件组合成整体,具有高强、高延性、抗开裂、施工便利等特性,可应用于桥面板、防护工程等结构中。由于钢-UHPC组合板相对较薄且往往承受集中荷载,因此需要对其抗冲切性能进行重点研究。通过变化连接件参数、UHPC厚度、钢板厚度和加载区边长,完成了14块板件在集中荷载作用下的冲切试验。研究结果表明,配筋能显著提升组合板的承载力和延性,钢板和钢纤维使板件达到极限荷载后具有一定延性,组合板承载力随栓钉连接程度、UHPC厚度、钢板厚度和加载区边长的增大而增大。通过塑性极限理论分析了钢-UHPC组合板在弯曲机制和冲切机制下的两种承载力计算方法,并在此基础上提出了考虑折减UHPC抗冲切贡献的承载力计算方法,计算结果与试验值吻合良好。     

钢-混凝土组合结构桥梁研究新进展

钢-混凝土组合结构桥梁近年来在我国得到了迅速的发展。在传统桥梁结构形式的基础上,发展多种新型组合结构桥梁形式,拓宽组合结构桥梁的应用领域。介绍近年来在钢-混凝土组合结构桥梁方面的最新研究进展,内容包括波形钢腹板组合梁桥、槽型钢-混凝土组合梁桥、钢-混凝土组合刚构桥、双重组合作用连续组合梁桥和大跨斜拉桥组合桥面系。通过对传统结构形式的改进和发展,可充分发挥组合结构桥梁的综合优势,研究结果表明,钢-混凝土组合结构桥梁具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

Fatigue behavior and statistical evaluation of the stress category for a steel-concrete composite bridge deck

The maintenance cost of bridges is rapidly increasing since many existing bridges are deteriorating or reaching their design life all over the world. Moreover, as many long-span bridges are under construction and planning in Korea, research and development on bridge decks with high load-resistance capacity as well as high fatigue strength has become a growing concern. This research gives experimental results of the fatigue behavior of a new-type of steel-concrete composite bridge deck being developed under such circumstances. The proposed composite bridge deck consists of corrugated steel plate, welded steel ribs, stud shear connectors, and reinforced concrete filler. Fatigue tests were conducted under a four-point bending test with four different stress ranges in constant amplitude. In order to determine the influence of the concrete filling, fatigue tests on partial steel specimens containing only plain corrugated steel plates were performed in advance. The partial steel specimens and the steel-concrete composite deck specimens both showed fatigue failure in the tension part concerning the fillet welding part between the corrugated steel plate and steel rib. Finally, the stress category of the fillet welding part of each specimen is evaluated based on a statistical approach of Albrecht’s probability model. The research concludes that the fatigue behavior of such steel-concrete composite decks under sagging moment can be estimated based on the classical S-N approach, focusing on steel components.     

UHPC华夫板在桥面铺装更换中的应用研究

为了解决传统钢筋混凝土桥面铺装开裂破损、工艺复杂、质量难以保证及耐久性差等问题,本文提出一种用UHPC华夫板更换桥面铺装的结构并采用数值模拟的方法对UHPC华夫板的结构设计参数进行对比研究,分析得出在单块UHPC华夫板尺寸一定的情况下,顶板厚度、钢筋直径及纵肋数量对结构受力性能影响幅度较小且平缓,横肋数量对华夫板受力性能影响较大,随着横肋和纵肋数量的增加,结构最大应力及挠度减小幅度在产生一次突变后趋于平缓。本文归纳总结了用UHPC华夫板更换桥面铺装的构造要求、现浇接缝的结构形式和施工要点以期为桥面铺装的病害处治提供一些借鉴。     

杭州湾跨海大桥关键技术研究与实施

杭州湾跨海大桥地处强潮海湾,建设条件复杂,工程规模大,为解决跨海长桥设计和施工中遇到的特殊困难和问题,对GPS全天候测量控制技术,大型预应力混凝土箱梁预制、运输和架设,大直径超长钢管桩设计、制造、防腐和施工,海洋环境混凝土耐久性,灾害天气对大桥行车安全影响等关键技术问题进行了专项研究,并付诸工程实施,解决了海上长桥工程测量、大型预应力混凝土箱梁早期裂缝控制、重型箱梁梁上运输和架设、大直径钢管桩施工及混凝土耐久性等工程技术难题,为保障大桥顺利建设和运营期行车安全及桥梁使用寿命提供了理论依据和工程指导,并为我国跨海桥梁建设积累了经验。     

钢-UHPC组合桥面板分段浇筑矩形接缝的轴拉性能

钢-UHPC(ultra-high performance concrete)组合桥面板中UHPC分段浇筑接缝导致局部的抗拉性能下降,可能引发严重的耐久性及安全问题。以实际工程中的组合桥面板UHPC矩形接缝为对象开展抗拉性能试验研究和理论分析。通过对组合桥面板接缝试件进行轴拉试验,考察了配筋率对矩形接缝区域抗裂性能的影响,揭示了矩形接缝的抗裂机理,探讨了接缝界面的黏结性能。试验结果表明：接缝开裂始于角隅处,接缝区域UHPC裂缝发展不明显,且接缝断裂面相对平整,属于脆性破坏。矩形接缝的抗裂机理分为横边抗裂与纵边抗脱离。接缝的抗裂能力取决于新旧UHPC界面的黏结强度,且接缝在轴拉状态下的界面黏结强度为3. 6～4. 7MPa。根据试验结果,对于处于轴拉状态下的UHPC矩形接缝,在按接缝不开裂或控制开裂宽度小于0.05mm进行设计时,构件的名义拉应力应分别低于3.5MPa或6.0MPa。此外,针对UHPC轴拉本构模型,基于能量等效原理及UHPC塑性简化模型,提出了UHPC软化段的等效残余抗拉强度,进而推导了配筋UHPC轴拉构件的主裂缝间距计算公式及接缝与UHPC主裂缝间距计算公式。对比试验结果,推导的主裂缝间距公式具有较好的精度,以期为实际工程应用提供理论参考。     

钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥拱肋与腹杆节点性能试验研究

钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥的提出,有望解决特大跨径拱桥造价高、难以施工等难题。对1000m钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥拱肋与腹杆关键节点的受力性能进行了研究,计算表明,在荷载基本组合作用下节点拉、压杆的轴力均超过10000kN,为保证节点处钢和UHPC两种材料牢固结合,通过节点受力分析和优化研究,提出了一种带混合连接件钢接头的UHPC箱型拱肋与钢腹杆新型节点连接构造。对最不利受力的节点制作了1∶5缩尺模型,不考虑箱型拱肋底板和腹板对节点受力的贡献,开展了平面三向加载试验和抗拔试验。试验结果表明：平面三向加载试验中节点的破坏模式为UHPC拱肋一侧开裂,另一侧压溃,但节点连接保持完好;抗拔试验中节点的破坏模式为UHPC拱肋沿钢接头的轮廓剪切破坏;平面三向加载试验中,钢腹杆的极限荷载是设计荷载的2.72倍,且UHPC拱肋的名义开裂应力为13.36MPa,是设计应力的1.85倍,表明节点的承载能力和抗裂性能满足设计要求;钢接头与UHPC拱肋结合面的抗剪性能和抗拔性能满足正常使用极限状态和承载能力极限状态的要求。     

Experimental study and numerical analysis on mechanical behavior of T-shape stiffened orthotropic steel-concrete composite bridge decks

A new-type of orthotropic steel-concrete composite bridge deck system was developed, by casting the concrete overlay on the top of the orthotropic steel deck ribbed with T-shape steel members. To study its mechanical behavior (in terms of failure mode, load-deflection relationship, concrete crack initiation and propagation, strength, stiffness and so on), two new-type orthotropic steel-concrete composite bridge decks with different section dimensions were experimentally investigated and two reference decks (reinforced concrete deck and orthotropic steel deck) were also involved in the research for comparison. For the two new-type orthotropic steel-concrete composite decks, the average value of ultimate loads per width is 885.7kN, which is 2.35 and 1.61 times of that of the concrete and steel reference decks with almost the same section height. Experimental results proved that the composite deck can effectively control the crack initiation and propagation in the concrete and postpone the yielding of the steel bars and steel plates, due to the composite action between the concrete overlay and the underlying steel plate. Furthermore, the Finite Element (FE) model of the orthotropic steel-concrete composite deck was developed and validated by test results. A parametric study is conducted regarding to the stiffness of shear studs. With the validated FE model, stress distribution in the underlying steel plate and T-shape stiffeners and development of concrete cracking in the concrete overlay were characterized at different load levels.     

高应变强化超高性能混凝土的裂缝控制机理和研究

利用声发射无损探伤技术实时监测三种类型超高性能混凝土（Ultra High Performance Concrete, 简称UHPC）轴拉试验过程中内部损伤点的形成和演化过程,同时通过裂缝观测仪量测UHPC拉应变到达2000με时的缝宽。与低应变强化UHPC和应变软化UHPC相比,高应变强化UHPC具有高抗拉强度和“类金属”拉伸应变强化性能,在强化段区间内通过多点微裂纹均布开展的形式来平衡等量变形,表现出优异的裂缝宽度控制能力。气体渗透测试证明高应变强化UHPC抗气渗性能优异,且拉应变达到2000με后即刻卸载状态下的抗气渗性能仍要优于未受荷C50混凝土。基于高应变强化UHPC这些特性,将其应用于桥梁结构的高应力区或其他需要高抗裂性能的部位将是预应力混凝土之外的新方案,例如钢-UHPC轻型组合结构、斜拉桥的桥塔锚固区。     

#br# 我国钢管混凝土拱桥应用现状与展望

共收集到截止2015年1月的已建和在建的钢管混凝土拱桥413座（跨径不小于50m）。统计分析表明,钢管混凝土拱桥在我国修建的数量不断增多、跨径不断增大。从行业分布来看,在公路、城市桥梁中的应用仍是主体,在铁路尤其是高速铁路中的应用不断增多。在结构体系方面,上承式、中承式、拱梁组合式、飞鸟式和下承式刚架系杆拱5大类,仍为主要应用的桥型,占总数的85%。在截面形式方面,以圆钢管混凝土为基本单元组成的单圆管、哑铃形和桁式是应用的主流。提篮拱被应用于各种桥型,尤其是大跨度铁路桥。无风撑拱主要应用于120m跨径以下的桥梁,且以斜靠拱和拱梁组合桥为主,截面多采用横向刚度较大的形式。拱肋的材料强度不断地提高,钢管以Q345钢为主,混凝土以C40、C50为主。虽然对桥面系强健性的重视在不断提高,然而强健性好的整体式和具有加劲纵梁的悬吊桥面系的应用还不够普及。钢管拱的架设方法仍以支架法、悬臂法和转体法3种为主,其中悬臂拼装法应用最多,适用跨径最大范围也最广。     

钢板-超薄UHPC-TPO组合桥面静力和疲劳试验研究

为探明钢-超薄UHPC （Ultra-high Performance Concrete）-TPO （Thin Polymer Overlay）组合桥面基本力学性能,设计5块钢-超薄UHPC-TPO组合板进行抗弯静力试验及疲劳试验。静力试验结果表明：在负弯矩作用下,UHPC层的开裂强度为22.1～24.3MPa;TPO先于UHPC进入非线性阶段。疲劳试验结果表明：若将此方案应用于虎门大桥悬索桥,则UHPC层在设计应力幅下疲劳开裂寿命可达925.7万次,TPO层将不会因疲劳而开裂;疲劳加载后,组合板剩余弯拉强度均值为26.9kN,整体抗弯刚度与静力试验结果相比仅下降13%。研究表明,钢桥面-超薄UHPC-TPO组合桥面具有优良的抗弯拉性能。     

Technological development and engineering applications of novel steel-concrete composite structures

In view of China’s development trend of green building and building industrialization, based on the emerging requirements of the structural engineering community, the development and proposition of novel resource-saving high-performance steel-concrete composite structural systems with adequate safety and durability has become a kernel development trend in structural engineering. This paper provides a state of the art review of China’s cutting-edge research and technologies in steel-concrete composite structures in recent years, including the building engineering, the bridge engineering and the special engineering. This paper summarizes the technical principles and applications of the long-span bi-directional composite structures, the long-span composite transfer structures, the comprehensive crack control technique based on uplift-restricted and slip-permitted (URSP) connectors, the steel plate concrete composite (SPCC) strengthen technique, and the innovative composite joints. By improving and revising traditional structure types, the comprehensive superiority of steel-concrete composite structures is well elicited. The research results also indicate that the high-performance steel-concrete composite structures have a promising popularizing prospect in the future.