岩石亚临界裂纹扩展试验及门槛值研究

利用Instron1342型电液伺服材料试验机,采用常位移松弛法对大理岩、花岗岩双扭试件进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究,获得了其裂纹扩展速率V与应力强度因子KI的关系(KI-V曲线)及I型断裂韧度,分析了不同岩石中裂纹亚临界扩展的规律,确定了岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的停滞速度和门槛值K0。研究表明:采用常位移松弛法所测岩石的lgKI-lgV关系都有很好的线性规律,即岩石的亚临界裂纹扩展速率与裂纹尖端应力强度因子服从幂函数关系,这与Charles理论相符。二种岩石的K0/KIC值的变化在0.706～0.870之间。所测数据为岩土工程稳定的时间相依性研究提供了基本数据。     

岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的应力腐蚀

介绍了岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的应力腐蚀机理,采用双扭试件常位移松弛法,对金川矿区的三种岩样进行亚临界裂纹扩展速率测试,得出了应力强度因子与亚临界裂纹扩展速率间的关系。实验数据按腐蚀理论进行线性回归分析,线性相关系数较高。所测岩样的应力腐蚀亚临界裂纹扩展是拉应力和裂纹尖端物质与环境中的腐蚀介质发生化学反应,使化学键断裂这两种机制联合作用的结果。     

三峡船闸花岗岩亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究

采用双扭试件和自行研制的加载装置,对三峡船闸花岗岩进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究。采用ＵＣＡＭ５Ｂ自动巡回监测仪量测加载过程中试件的位移和应变。根据试验结果,得到了花岗岩亚临界裂纹扩展速度与应力强度因子之间的关系和花岗岩的断裂韧度。由于试验方案设计合理,试验结果可靠     

类岩石裂纹压剪流变断裂与亚临界扩展实验及破坏机制

进行双轴压缩条件下类岩石裂纹的压剪流变断裂实验,采用双扭试件的常位移松弛法对类岩石材料进行亚临界裂纹扩展与断裂韧度试验。在实验室尺度上证实了类岩石裂纹流变断裂现象的存在,并且得到了翼形裂纹–翼形裂纹贯通、翼形裂纹–原生裂纹贯通和翼形裂纹–翼形裂纹–剪切裂纹贯通的 3 种流变断裂贯通模式。类岩石材料的流变断裂是一种稳定的裂纹扩展,其本质原因是类岩石裂纹的亚临界扩展。以黏弹性断裂力学、流变力学和能量准则为理论依据,推导以应力强度因子、翼形裂纹长度和时间为内变量的相应势函数,建立多种破坏机制的 压剪岩石裂纹的流变断裂 判据和计算模型。 利用 流变断裂 实验对计算模型进行验证,得出裂纹流变 贯通的 理论时间与实验时间较为吻合,当翼形裂纹的扩展方向与最大压应力方向偏离较大时实验结果与理论模型误差较大。提出的计算方法和理论判据为研究岩石裂纹的流变断裂的细观机理及岩体工程流变破坏的宏观机制提供了一个新而实用的研究手段。     

三峡船闸高边坡损伤流变研究及实测分析

采用扫描电镜即时记录下裂纹尖端的微裂纹发育和演化过程,并应用双扭试件测试了三峡船闸花岗岩的亚临界裂纹扩展。推导出压应力状态下,考虑亚临界裂纹扩展时,裂纹流变断裂扩展的计算公式;考虑了裂纹之间的相互作用。运用损伤力学中的平均场模量的概念,将流变裂纹扩展推广到多裂隙岩体中去,建立裂隙岩体损伤流变所裂扩展的力学模型。根据砦模型,采用有限元方法进行了三峡船闸高边坡损伤流变断裂分析,并与实测值做了比较。     

岩石断裂韧度的物理性状效应

<正> 岩石的平面断裂韧度K_IC是断裂分析的重要参数,是衡量岩石抵抗断裂破坏能力的指标,它与岩石材料的物理性状有关。 本文简述了经不同条件处理后的岩石试样,在一般实验室条件下测定其断裂韧度的方法及成果。探讨了部分岩石材料的断裂韧度的物理性状效应,即岩石断裂韧度随烘干温度的变化、随湿度的变化和随岩石材料本身的弹性及强度的变化规律。这些规律对工程实践和研究岩石材料的断裂破坏的本质是有价值的。     

岩石动态强度及其应变率灵敏性的尺寸效应研究

采用波长与岩石试件长度成比例的半正弦应力波加载方式,对长径比为0.5、直径分别为22,36,75 mm的花岗岩、砂岩和石灰岩试件进行不同应变率条件下的SHPB试验.试验结果表明:岩石动态强度随着应变率的增高近似以乘幂关系增大,呈现较强的率依赖性;试件尺寸越大,岩石动态强度对应变率依赖的灵敏性越显著,所测得的岩石动态强度离散性越小;在相同的应变率加载条件下,岩石动态强度随试件尺寸的增大而增加,与静载条件下岩石强度的尺寸效应相反;岩石动态强度的尺寸效应随着应变率的降低而减弱,并由此推断存在一个临界应变率对应着岩石尺寸效应的消失.低于临界应变率时,静载的尺寸效应占主导地位;高于临界应变率时,动态的尺寸效应占主导地位.     

中心孔径对岩石动态断裂韧度测试值的影响

 为了考察圆盘试件不同中心孔径对岩石动态断裂韧度测试值的影响,采用直径80 mm含有不同中心圆孔孔径的圆孔裂缝平台巴西圆盘试件,在Hopkinson压杆系统上进行径向冲击试验,获得岩石的动态断裂韧度。结果表明,当中心圆孔孔径与圆盘直径之比r0/R∈(0.10,0.30)时,岩石动态断裂韧度的平均值为4.57 MPa•m1/2,测试值受中心圆孔孔径变化的影响并不明显。试件的断裂模式有一定差异,当圆孔孔径较小时,在主裂纹扩展的过程中萌生较多的次生裂纹;随着孔径的增大,次生裂纹减少,试件呈现更加明显的宏观拉贯通破坏。对于推广中心圆孔裂缝平台巴西圆盘测试岩石动态断裂韧度的方法,以及掌握岩石受到动态冲击时的破坏特性具有重要的意义。     

冲击载荷作用下双裂纹材料断裂实验研究

采用透射式焦散线实验系统,进行了预置双裂纹有机玻璃试件在冲击载荷作用下的断裂实验,并与单裂纹材料进行比较,结果表明,应力强度因子与冲击能量、试件形状、裂纹的分布位置以及几何尺寸有关;应力强度因子在裂纹扩展前后呈现波动变化特征;Ⅰ型载荷为主要加载方式;与单裂纹试件相比,应力强度因子值有不同程度的降低。     

不同赋存深度岩石的动态断裂韧性与拉伸强度研究

按照国际岩石力学学会试验规范以及工程岩体试验方法标准(GB/T50266-99),对不同赋存深度的玄武岩试件分别进行动态断裂韧性测试和单轴拉伸强度测试,得到动态断裂韧性与拉伸强度之间可能存在一定的关系;并从岩石破坏的力学机制角度,分析动态断裂韧性与拉伸强度之间存在联系的根本原因:两者均是由于岩石内部微裂纹受到拉应力作用而引起微裂纹的扩展、互相贯通,从而导致岩石的破坏。根据动态断裂韧性与拉伸强度之间可能存在的关系,可以由拉伸强度的测试结果推测试件的动态断裂韧性值,将大大简化动态断裂韧性测试的繁琐性。     

Study of subcritical crack growth in andesite using the Double Torsion test

Subcritical crack growth is one of the main causes of time-dependent behavior in rocks. Double torsion (DT) tests have often been used to study subcritical crack growth in rocks. There are three methods used for the DT test, each with different loading conditions: the constant load (CL) method, the constant displacement (CDR) method, and the load relaxation (RLX) method. The RLX method is convenient, because the wide range of data of subcritical crack growth can be obtained with a single experimental run. In this study, subcritical crack growth in andesite was investigated using RLX method of the DT test.To determine the appropriate shape for the guide groove in DT specimens, tests were performed using rectangular, semi-circular, and triangular section grooves. The level of reproducibility of the test results was highest for specimens with a rectangular groove. Hence, this is an appropriate guide groove shape for DT specimens.DT tests were also performed for different water vapor pressures to investigate the effects on subcritical crack growth. The results showed that crack growth was facilitated at higher water vapor pressures. Additionally, the activation energy for subcritical crack growth in andesite was determined from the experimental results, and the crack velocity values for various temperature, humidity, and stress conditions were calculated theoretically. The crack velocity can be predicted from theory for various environmental and stress conditions.     

Sub-critical crack growth in anisotropic rock

In this study, subcritical crack growth in granite was investigated experimentally using the double torsion (DT) test. The orthorhombic elastic properties of granite, caused by the preferred orientation of pre-existing microcracks, were used to estimate the crack velocities and the stress intensity factors. The results showed that the crack velocity in granite varied depending on its direction of propagation. The fastest crack velocities for a given water vapor pressure were obtained when the crack propagated in the direction parallel to the plane in which the crack density of the pre-existing microcracks was the highest. Hence, subcritical crack growth in granite is affected by pre-existing microcracks. It was shown that the crack velocity was high when the water vapor pressure was high. From the results obtained under different temperatures and water vapor pressures, values of the activation energy for subcritical crack growth were estimated. The crack velocity under any given temperature, water vapor pressure, and stress intensity factor can be predicted theoretically if the activation energy is accurately estimated. The activation energy in granite is higher than that in glass. Cracks propagate in a straight line in glass, whereas they do not form a straight line in rocks due to the heterogeneity. The total length and surface area of cracks in rocks are therefore greater than those of straight cracks in glass. The larger activation energies in rocks are due to their heterogeneity.     

岩石Ⅱ型和Ⅰ-Ⅱ混合型断裂研究

For the mode I rock fracture toughness measurement, three standard methods have beenrecommended by the ISRM, but there has not been a standard method for the determination of mode II and mixedmode I-II rock fracture toughness. However mode II and mixed mode I-II fracturing of rock structures is morecommonly observed than mode I in various geological and structural engineering settings. So it is of greatimportant to thoroughly research these rock fracture problems and establish a standard method for determining themode II or mixed mode I-II fracture toughness for rock materials. Based on the progress made for mode I rock fracture research, the cracked chevron notched Brazilian disk(CCNBD) specimen was also introduced for mode II and mixed mode I-II rock fracture toughness measurement.When the crack is orientated at an angle with respect to the diametrical loading, the crack of the CCNBD specimenis exposed to the mode II or mixed mode I-II stress distribution conditions. The solutions for stress intensityfactors in the vicinity of the crack tip have been evaluated by the stepwise superimposition technique. In order tomake sure that the theoretical analysis is correct, numerical calculation method has been employed to calibrate thetheoretical results. It has been proved that the theoretical results yielded by the dislocation method are correct andreliable. According to the characteristic that the propagation of the crack in the CCNBD specimen is in its own planeand application of the energy superposition principle, the stress intensity factor of the mixed mode I-II has beendefined in dimensionless terms as Y≠mix = [(Y1*)2 + (Y*11)2]1/2. It was found that the curve of Y*mix was concave. Thereexists a lowest point which corresponds to the maximum external load and indicates the crack has reached itscritical state. Since the values of Y*mix, Y*1 and Y*II are only dependent on the specimen geometry(α0, α1, αB and θ), the critical values of Y*mix, Y1* and Y*II can be to known as long as the CCNBD specimen isprepared ready. It is only necessary to record the maximum load during the fracture tests. The fracture locus is very useful to know whether the crack in a rock structure has reached its criticalcondition. According to the amount of practical fracture testing data obtained, the rock fracturing locus was foundto be(K1/KIC)3/2+(Ku/kuc)3/2 =1 and the S-critical criterion was found to be more suitable for rock mixed mode I-IIfracturing assessment.     

Theoretical and numerical studies of crack initiation and propagation in rock masses under freezing pressure and far-field stress

Water-bearing rocks exposed to freezing temperature can be subjected to freezeethaw cycles leading tocrack initiation and propagation, which are the main causes of frost damage to rocks. Based on theGriffith theory of brittle fracture mechanics, the crack initiation criterion, propagation direction, andcrack length under freezing pressure and far-field stress are analyzed. Furthermore, a calculation methodis proposed for the stress intensity factor （SIF） of the crack tip under non-uniformly distributed freezingpressure. The formulae for the crack/fracture propagation direction and length of the wing crack underfreezing pressure are obtained, and the mechanism for coalescence of adjacent cracks is investigated.In addition, the necessary conditions for different coalescence modes of cracks are studied. Using thetopology theory, a new algorithm for frost crack propagation is proposed, which has the capability todefine the crack growth path and identify and update the cracked elements. A model that incorporatesmultiple cracks is built by ANSYS and then imported into FLAC3D. The SIFs are then calculated using aFISH procedure, and the growth path of the freezing cracks after several calculation steps is demonstratedusing the new algorithm. The proposed method can be applied to rocks containing fillings such asdetritus and slurry.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

页岩微纳观断裂的原位观测

为了准确理解岩石微纳观裂纹起裂、扩展及演化规律,在带有拉伸加载装置的扫描电子显微镜下,对含有预制边缘裂纹的"拱形"页岩试样进行单轴拉伸试验,实时观测预制边缘裂纹尖端部位的微纳观裂纹起裂及扩展过程。在裂纹贯通后,继续原位观测主断裂裂纹边缘次级微纳观分叉裂纹的展布特征。取出样品后,在扫描电子显微镜下观测断口形貌,基于上述显微观测分析了页岩微纳观裂纹扩展的力学过程。研究表明:(1)采用含有预制裂纹的"拱形"试样更易于成功观测到页岩预制裂纹尖端微纳观裂纹的起裂及稳定扩展过程。(2)微纳观裂纹一般从预制裂纹尖端部位萌生、起裂,裂纹的横向伸展与纵向延伸相伴发生,在快速的脆性断裂前,经历短暂的裂纹稳定扩展过程。(3)微纳观次级分叉裂纹一般从主断裂裂纹边缘的天然微裂纹等弱结构面处起裂和扩展,最终在主断裂裂纹边缘区域止裂,或者前缘发生转向并与主断裂裂纹汇合。(4)主断裂面揭露出页岩矿物晶体内部的天然微孔洞和解理面、层片状矿物的层理面以及天然微裂纹,这有利于在微纳观尺度上形成微孔洞和微裂纹网络,为页岩气开采提供有效的微观通道。     

Peridynamics versus XFEM: a comparative study for quasi-static crack problems

Peridynamics (PD) is a nonlocal continuum theory based on integro-differential equations without spatial derivatives. The fracture criterion is implicitly incorporated in the PD theory and fracture is a natural outcome of the simulation. However, capturing of complex mixed-mode crack patterns has been proven to be difficult with PD. On the other hand, the extended finite element method (XFEM) is one of the most popular methods for fracture which allows crack propagation with minimal remeshing. It requires a fracture criterion which is independent of the underlying discretization though a certain refinement is needed in order to obtain suitable results. This article presents a comparative study between XFEM and PD. Therefore, two examples are studied. The first example is crack propagation in a double notched specimen under uniaxial tension with different crack spacings in loading direction. The second example is the specimens with two center cracks. The results show that PD as well as XFEM are well suited to capture this type of behaviour.