城市道路交通噪声与居民烦恼度的关系研究

随着城市道路建设的推进,交通噪声污染已经成为城市环境污染的重要组成部分。为了解城市交通噪声与居民主观烦恼度的关系,文章通过对1600名居民进行问卷调查,结合Cadna/A软件对交通噪声暴露量进行模拟统计,并利用参考点噪声监测数据进行修正,以此建立2022年的城市居民交通噪声的反应曲线,同时采用模糊数学方法计算居住区噪声烦恼阈值。结果表明,选用5阶段评价尺度中的最高一阶段评价当下住区道路交通噪声影响下的居民主观烦恼度现状更为贴切,同时道路交通噪声的烦恼阈值为60.9dB,略高于现行标准。     

基于750kV变电站低频噪声的人体感受模型研究

低频噪声是环境噪声污染的重要组成部分,对人体会产生包括噪声烦恼在内的诸多不利影响。特高压变电站噪声低频特性显著,其引起的噪声烦恼不容忽视。对750kV变电站噪声进行采样,并用等级评分法进行主观评价试验,得到适合于变电站低频噪声的5个评价指标,确定了最适合于评价变电站低频噪声主观烦恼的预测模型。     

环境噪声对儿童短时记忆力和注意力的影响

通过实验室研究探讨了不同噪声源在不同声压级条件下对儿童短时记忆力和注意力的影响。在每一个实验中都选取了30名7~10岁的儿童作为被试,在他们完成相应认知任务的同时,用耳机随机播放35~65 dBA的交通噪声、白噪声和空调噪声,考察各种噪声条件对被试认知成绩和主观烦恼度的影响。研究结果表明,噪声对儿童的影响主要体现在主观烦恼度的变化上,不同的噪声条件并没有引起作业成绩的显著差异。影响儿童主观烦恼度的主要因素是声压级,随着声压级的增大,儿童的烦恼度会增加,当声压级在45~50 dBA时,儿童对噪声开始产生烦恼感,当声压级在60~65 dBA时,儿童对噪声产生了较显著的烦恼感。声压级对儿童烦恼度的影响没有随着噪声源的改变而改变。在相同的噪声条件下,短时记忆力实验中儿童的主观烦恼度都高于注意力实验,说明随着认知过程复杂程度的增加,噪声引起的烦恼度会相应增加。     

地铁运行引起室内二次辐射噪声烦恼度阈值分析

通过对临近地铁居民现场问卷调查及住宅内进行的室内二次辐射噪声实测结果统计,分析了不同因素对地铁引起室内二次辐射噪声对居民生活的影响.探讨了在不同噪声评价量下,地铁引起室内二次辐射噪声的声压级随楼层及距离的衰减.根据室内噪声的实测结果与居民对室内噪声的烦恼度反应,计算了现行标准中室内噪声的不同评价量的烦恼度阈值,为今后更加深入和全面地研究地铁引起的二次辐射噪声烦恼度及其评价标准问题提供了基础资料.     

车辆噪声烦恼度的音色表达

烦恼度作为评价噪声对人影响的重要指标,受到广泛重视并获得应用。通过主观评价实验和数据统计分析,从音色角度对城市典型车辆噪声烦恼度进行建模并给予物理解释。研究发现:(1)车辆噪声烦恼度音色空间由四个维度构成;(2)利用多元线性回归方法给出的车辆噪声烦恼度模型与声样本烦恼度拟合较好;(3)烦恼度空间维度与特定频谱特性具有较高的相关性。研究结果为车辆噪声烦恼度建模及降噪设计提供了新的思路。     

结构振动二次噪声评价方法

该文综述了振动引起的建筑物二次噪声的评价方法,并从A计权声压级补偿值修正评价、其他计权网络评价以及噪声烦恼度评价等三方面阐述了国内外研究现状。其中具体分析了A计权声压级补偿值修正和噪声烦恼度评价方法的优点与不足。     

利用自相关函数和双耳自相关函数分析对交通噪声特征参量的提取~

对实地双通道测量获得的道路交通噪声和铁路噪声信号样本进行了自相关函数和双耳自相关函数(Interaural CrossCorrelation Function)的分析。进而通过对噪声样本时间因子和空间因子的相关性分析、主成分分析和主观评价实验,得到了3个铁路噪声源特征参量物理因子和4个道路交通噪声源特征参量物理因子。发现与传统的声压级测量相比,表征声音信号时间特性和空间特性的这7个物理量可以更全面、准确地表征交通噪声的特性。在对道路噪声进行测量或分析时,掌握与声源视觉宽度和音调感相对应的物理因子以及双耳时延和初始能量,就可获悉与人的主观评价相一致的道路交通噪声特征信息;对铁路噪声而言,掌握与声源视觉宽度相对应的物理因子以及双耳时延和声音的重复性特征,就可以得到与入主观评价相一致的铁路噪声特征信息。综合道路噪声特征参量和铁路噪声特征参量可以发现,双耳时延和与声源视觉宽度相对应的物理因子是与人的主观反应最为一致的主成分指标,说明噪声中决定人的评价的最主要的因素是代表空间特征的信号因子。     

营造安静、舒适、文明的声环境——浅谈吸声材料的类型及应用

建设美好的人居环境是人类共同的愿望。我国已提出全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标，专家指出，在住宅配套功能更加完善的前提下，节能、降噪、低污染是小康住宅环境的三大重要特征。许多产生噪声的因素都能对人居环境造成影响．最主要的影响因素是：道路交通噪声、建筑施工噪声、建筑配套固定设备噪声和振动、社会及家庭生活噪声等方面。要改变这种状况，就要使用和研制开发一系列吸声材料。可预见建筑吸声材料将具有良好的市场前景。现将吸声材料的有关情况介绍如下，供参考。     

工程机械噪声主观评价的等级评分法试验研究

以工程机械噪声主观评价的等级评分法为试验研究对象,以某型国产摊铺机噪声作为噪声样本,采用现场试验方法,即在测量、分析试验现场某一位置处噪声A计权声压级的同时评价者按照评分等级给出相应的评分,对试验结果借助统计学软件进行分析,得出主观评分与A计权声压级之间的联系及主观评价与噪声样本的特点。建立试验情况下A计权声压级与评分等级的数学预测模型并将模型预测值和实测值进行比较,揭示评价者主观感受和噪声客观物理参数之间的统计学规律。     

驱动桥路试噪声主观评价的神经网络预测系统

以驱动桥路试噪声的客观评价指标为基础,应用回归分析、前馈神经网络、径向基神经网络等技术研究路试噪声主观评价的预测方法。结果表明,回归分析、神经网络均能识别出主观评价的不可接受样本,其中神经网络的预测准确度更高。比较前馈神经网络和径向基神经网络的准确性和易用性,最终建立基于前馈神经网络的主观噪声预测系统。     

城市地面道路声屏障设计研究

不同于欧美各国,作为交通噪声防治的主要措施,我国声屏障主要用于高架路,城市地面道路应用很少。随着交通噪声增加,城市地面道路声屏障亟需重视,其设计约束多,难度大,问题复杂,需在规划前期便开始着手考虑。该文结合欧美各国及香港地区的实例,总结声屏障设计的四种方式,即与道路设计结合,与场地设计结合,与建筑设计结合,与视觉效果结合,为交通噪声防治提供借鉴。     

Reducing the acoustical façade load from road traffic with green roofs

Noise annoyance by road traffic is a major issue in urbanized regions. In this study, the influence of a green roof on the façade noise load was investigated numerically for road traffic at close distance. Consistent positive effects of the presence of a green roof are observed at non-directly exposed (parts of) façades. A sufficient green roof area is needed to obtain significant reductions in total A-weighted road traffic noise level. With increasing traffic speed, the green roof effect increases for light vehicles. In case of heavy vehicles, this dependence is less strong. In a street canyon situation, the façade load in the non-exposed canyon is largely influenced by both the roof slope and the presence of a green roof. A flat roof generally results in the best average shielding. A green roof is especially interesting in case of a saddle-backed roof. With a good choice of green roof parameters, the shielding of a flat green roof can be approached.     

Noise, sleep and poor health: Modeling the relationship between road traffic noise and cardiovascular problems

Several adverse effects have been associated with exposure to traffic noise. Studies supporting a noise-stress-health model have suggested links between noise level and increased noradrenalin concentrations in urine, hypertension and myocardial infarction. Among the more commonly documented effects, sleep disturbances have been regarded as being the most serious. Both noise annoyance and sleep disturbance have been proposed as important mediators of the impact of noise on health. The present paper investigates the relationships among long-term noise exposure, annoyance, sleeping problems and subjective health complaints by the use of a structural equation model. Further, it aims at giving insight into how noise sensitivity is related to sleep disturbances from road traffic noise. Finally, it examines whether any effect of noise exposure or response to noise can be detected on prevalence of cardiovascular problems, when information on sleep disturbances is included in a model. Data from a questionnaire survey conducted among a population sample in Oslo (N = 2786) are combined with nighttime noise levels calculated from outside each respondents dwelling, at the bedroom façade. The results of the analysis showed significant relationships between noise annoyance at night and sleeping problems. The model also showed strong links among pseudoneurological complaints, annoyance and sleeping problems, thus pointing to the importance of including information on psychosomatic disorders and mild psychological problems in future studies looking at potential health effects of noise. The analysis showed no relationship between neither noise exposure nor response to noise and cardiovascular problems.     

Perceptions and attitudes of individuals exposed to traffic noise in working places

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of traffic noise on exposed owners and employees of businesses near to road edge. To achieve this objective, a field survey in Amman, Jordan was performed. The survey consisted of collecting data on equivalent noise levels and evaluating the perception of exposed individual at the evaluated locations.The results of the study indicated that about 81% of the interviewed people working around the major streets in Amman are annoyed by traffic noise, and their daily routine activities are interfered by this noise. Also, the results indicated that higher income and education level of the interviewed individuals directly related to their annoyance level and awareness about the health impact of traffic noise. Martial status and gender were also found to be significantly affecting annoyance by traffic noise. At the same equivalent noise level, single individuals reported to be more annoyed than married individuals. Single females were found to be more annoyed by traffic noise than single males. While for married individuals, female were found to be less annoyed than males.     

Predictors of noise annoyance in noisy and quiet urban streets

Objectives

Although noise annoyance is a major public health problem in urban areas, there is a lack of published data on predictors for noise annoyance in acoustically different urban environments. The aim of the study was to assess the predictive value of various factors on noise annoyance in noisy and quiet urban streets.

Methods

Equivalent noise levels [Leq (dBA)] were measured during day, evening and night times in all of the streets of a central Belgrade municipality. Based on 24-hour noise levels, the streets were denoted as noisy (24-hour Leq over 65 dBA), or quiet (24-hour Leq under 55 dBA). A cross-sectional study was performed on 1954 adult residents (768 men and 1186 women), aged 18-80 years. Noise annoyance was estimated using a self-report five-graded scale. In both areas, two multivariate logistic regression models were fitted: the first one with nighttime noise indicators and the other one with parameters for 24-hour noise exposure.

Results

In noisy streets, the relevant predictors of high annoyance were: the orientation of living room/bedroom toward the street, noise annoyance at workplace, and noise sensitivity. Significant acoustical factors for high noise annoyance were: nighttime noise level [OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.00-1.04 (per decibel)], nighttime heavy traffic [OR = 1.01, 95%CI = 1.00-1.02 (per vehicle)]; or day-evening-night noise level (Lden) [OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.00-1.07 (per decibel)]. In quiet streets, the significant predictors were: noise sensitivity, the time spent at home daily, light vehicles at nighttime or heavy vehicles at daytime.

Conclusions

Our study identified subjective noise sensitivity as a common annoyance predictor, regardless of noise exposure. Noise levels were important indicators of annoyance only in noisy streets, both for nighttime and 24-hour exposure. We propose that noise sensitivity is the most relevant personal trait for future studies and that nighttime noise levels might be as good as Lden in predicting annoyance in noisy urban areas.     

Annoyance due to aircraft noise among residents near a small domestic airport in Nigeria

Non‐acoustical variables are employed to investigate the existence and level of aircraft noise problem in the vicinity of the Benin City domestic airport. It is often assumed that the problem of noise nuisance is important only around major international airports. The paper seeks to test the validity of this assumption and it is based on the results obtained from data collected with a questionnaire instrument which elicited annoyance responses from residents who live near the airport. The responses are found to be related to variations in socio‐economic, demographic and other non‐acoustic variables. The key variations are due to the location of employment, actual house‐rent paid or desired, adjacent road traffic conditions and the length of stay in the noise impacted area. Above all, the said assumption does not hold in the light of our findings. Environmental planning and research implications of the results are discussed. Some recommendations are made.     

某小区女儿墙隔声屏障定量化设计研究与实践

以实际项目为依托,结合项目环境影响评价报告数据,利用Cadna/A环境噪声模拟软件建立某居住小区的声环境三维仿真简化模型,预测和评价了项目的区域声环境,给出了一套用于区域交通噪声预测评价的方法。通过多工况模拟计算,给出了较优的声屏障设计方案,为居住小区的交通噪声评价和控制提供了方法。     

青岛市城市噪声评价

通过对青岛市环境噪声的来源分析,得出交通噪声是主要污染源并提出了降低噪声的具体措施。     

基于计算机模拟的城郊住区防噪设计

随着城市外延的不断扩展,越来越多的人将在以往的城郊生活,这些城郊区域往往分布着城市前一阶段发展时设计的快速路、环城高速路等,交通噪声影响十分明显。在此类住区的规划设计阶段即考虑整体的防噪降噪,实现城郊住区开发的经济、生态、绿色理念的最大化。该文以杭州绕城高速边某住区为例,探讨了城郊住区防噪设计的措施,并通过计算机模拟进行噪声预测,实现降噪方案的最优化。     

提升住宅的声环境品质

优化居住质量将作为今后住宅建设的政策来实施，这一观点已逐渐被人们所接受。因此，提升居住环境的声品质亦已提到议事日程。本文首先就这方面所面临的形势，以及目前在围护结构中对空气声和撞击声的隔绝方面所存在问题作一阐述。同时还对若干热点的技术问题进行探讨。文中还提供了国外在住宅建设中控制声品质的最新经验，以资借鉴。