KKJ—1型扩孔机

将先进的端承桩扩底注桩技术和传统的扩孔方法结合起来，研制一种新型的端承桩扩孔机－ＫＫＪ－１型扩孔机。本文介绍了该机的设计结构原理，技术参数、适用范围。     

KKJ－1型扩孔机

将先进的端承桩扩底灌注桩技术和传统的扩孔方法结合起来，研制一种新型的端承桩扩孔机──ＫＫＪ－１型扩孔机。本文介绍了该机的设计结构原理、技术参数、适用范围。     

CHK—60型穿扩孔机组

ＣＨＫ－６０型穿、扩孔机组为非开挖施工设备,用于铺设穿越道路、楼房等障碍物的通讯、电力、自来水及煤气管道,具有不破坏路面、不中断交通、不污染环境等特点。该机组由ＣＨＫ－６０型挤压穿孔机、扩孔机和液压动力站组成。１　ＣＨＫ－６０型挤压穿孔机１．１　主要技术参数挤压成孔直径（ｍｍ）　６０成孔长度（ｍ）　　６０动力头扭矩（Ｎ·ｍ）２５１０动力头转速（ｒ／ｍｉｎ）４８进给行程（ｍｍ）１０００进给力、拉力（ｋＮ）　　　　　　　１２０进给速度（ｍ／ｍｉｎ）７．５１．２穿孔机结构（１）根据露天施工没有固定电源…     

高应力粒状土中球形孔的扩张问题

考虑粒状土在高应力下的应力－尖变－体变关系和非线性强度特性，依据扩张过程中的能量守恒和体变平衡原理，给出扩极限压力的解答，用于估算临界深度以下静力触探或桩尖的贯入阻力。分析表明，扩孔极限压力取决于粒状土的应力－应变－体变关系和强度特性，与上覆土压力在大小无关。计算结果表明，考虑曲线型强度包线将减小扩孔极限压力，与中密砂土的静力触探贯入阻力经验值对比，初步证实了该理论的正确性。     

液压扩孔装置的设计与施工

设计了一种安装在旋挖钻机上的液压扩孔输送装置及扩孔工具,解决灌注桩孔任意位置的扩孔施工,能有效增加桩的承载和抗拔能力。介绍了该液压扩孔装置的结构及原理。实际工程施工效果表明,设备各项参数均符合设计要求,施工效率较高。     

排污口溶解氧垂曲线的数学模型

排污口溶解氧垂曲线的数学模型汤国桢（浙江大学）经典的Ｓｔｒｅｅｔｅｒ－ｐｈｅｌｐｓ氧垂方程Ｄｔ＝ＫＬ０Ｋ２－Ｋ（ｅＫｔ－ｅ－Ｋ２ｔ）＋Ｄ０ｅ－Ｋ２ｔ是在等截面河流中，排入污水均匀地分布在河流的横截面上，河水与污水混合流量衡定的假设下得出的...     

日本建机新产品简介

日本建机新产品简介王更新（徐州起重机总厂）日本建设机械化协会于１９９５年初向社会推荐一批１９９４年间定型的建机新产品，现选择几种简介如下供参考。１摊铺机械川崎重工业在日本铺道协助下推出了砼路面摊铺机ＫＳ８５Ａ、砼路面整面机ＫＦ８５Ａ、砼路面整平机ＫＬ...     

国外几种型号轮式装载机结构对比分析

美国卡特彼勒公司（Ｃａｔａｒｐｉｌｌａｒ）的９６６Ｄ，日本小松制作所（Ｋａｍａｔｓｕ）的ＷＡ４００－１和日本川崎重工业株式会社（ＫＡＷＡＳＡＫＬ）的ＫＬＤ８５Ｚ．这三种轮式装载机在性能、结构等方面具有相同之处，但又各有特点。下面主要从具有综合代表性的车架、工作装置、液压系统、传动系统及控制系统等方面作对比分析。１主要参数从表１看出其主要参数：机重、功率及结构的几何尺寸都是基本相同。２结构对比分析２．１前车架９６６Ｄ采用四块高强度钢板焊接成的箱形断面整体结构，与动臂和提升油缸的连接处采用铸钢件，这…     

扩孔式和摇臂式掘进机——全面断面岩石掘进机讲座之五

１扩孔式掘进机１１扩孔式掘进机概述扩孔式全断面岩石掘进机（以下简称扩孔式掘进机，见图１）是一种先打导洞，紧接着分极或一次扩孔掘进成洞的机器。图１扩孔式掘进机在用支撑式或护盾式全断面掘进机开挖隧洞时，当刀盘最外缘的边刀滚动线速度超过刀具设计最大允许值...     

KB－TC－50－150型热水锅炉安装程序

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Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals,contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater?

A pilot plant for ozonation and UV-disinfection received effluent from a German municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) to test the removal of pharmaceuticals, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) and musk fragrances from municipal wastewater. In the original STP effluent, 5 antibiotics (0.34-0.63 microgl(-1)), 5 betablockers (0.18-1.7 microgl(-1)), 4 antiphlogistics (0.10-1.3 microgl(-1)), 2 lipid regulator metabolites (0.12-0.13 microgl(-1)), the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (2.1 microgl(-1)), 4 ICM (1.1-5.2 microgl(-1)), the natural estrogen estrone (0.015 microgl(-1)) and 2 musk fragrances (0.1-0.73 microgl(-1)) were detected by LC-electrospray tandem MS and/or GC/MS/MS. ICM, derived from radiological examinations, were present with the highest concentrations (diatrizoate: 5.7 microgl(-1), iopromide: 5.2 microgl(-1)). By applying 10-15 mgl(-1) ozone (contact time: 18 min), all the pharmaceuticals investigated as well as musk fragrances (HHCB, AHTN) and estrone were no longer detected. However, ICM (diatrizoate, iopamidol, iopromide and iomeprol) were still detected in appreciable concentrations. Even with a 15 mgl(-1) ozone dose, the ionic diatrizoate only exhibited removal efficiencies of not higher than 14%, while the non-ionic ICM were removed to a degree of higher than 80%. Advanced oxidation processes (O(3)/UV-low pressure mercury arc, O(3)/H(2)O(2)), which were non-optimized for wastewater treatment, did not lead significantly to a higher removal efficiency for the ICM than ozone alone.     

Tannery effluent as a carbon source for biological sulphate reduction

Tannery effluent was assessed as a carbon source for biological sulphate reduction in a pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), stirred tank reactor (STR) and trench reactor (TR). Sulphate removals of between 60-80% were obtained in all three reactors at total sulphate feed levels of up to 1800 mg l(-1). Sulphate removal in the TR (400-500 mg SO4 l(-1) day(-1)) and UASB (up to 600 mg SO4 l(-1) day(-1)) were higher than those obtained in the STR (250 mg SO4 l(1) day(-1)). A change in operation mode from a UASB to a STR had a large impact on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies. COD removal rates decreased by 25% from 600-700 mg COD l(-1) day(-1) to 200-600 mg COD l(-1) day(-1). The TR had an average COD removal rate of 500 mg COD l(-1) day(-1). Large quantities of sulphide were produced in the reactors (up to 1500 mg l(-1)). However due to the elevated pH in the reactor, only a small amount was in the form of H2S and thus the odour problem normally associated with biological sulphate reduction was not present.     

Importance of the biogenic organic matter in photo-formation of dissolved gaseous mercury in a culture of the marine diatom Chaetoceros sp

Laboratory experiments on DGM production under light/dark cycles in a culture of the marine diatom Chaetoceros sp. spiked with 200 ng l(-1) of mercury have been performed. DGM formation has been investigated also in the cell exudates, obtained by filtration of the cell culture. Results show that the cell culture and the filtrate give the same value of DGM production (2.24+/-0.88 pg min(-1) l(-1) and 2.23+/-0.02 pg min(-1) l(-1), respectively) in the light (40 W m(-2)), values much higher than to those obtained in the medium culture alone. A significant DGM production has been measured in dark conditions both in the cell culture (0.48+/-0.11 pg min(-1) l(-1)) and in the filtrate (0.85+/-0.10 pg min(-1) l(-1)). The results highlight that the organic compounds released by the cell in the culture medium play a fundamental role in the DGM photo-formation processes.     

Biodegradation and effect of formaldehyde and phenol on the denitrification process

Formaldehyde and phenol biodegradation during the denitrification process was studied at lab-scale, first in anoxic batch assays and then in a continuous anoxic reactor. The biodegradation of formaldehyde (260 mgl(-1)) as single carbon source and at phenol concentrations ranging from 30 to 580 mgl(-1) was investigated in batch assays, obtaining an initial biodegradation rate around 0.5g CH(2)OgVSS(-1)d(-1). With regard to phenol, its complete biodegradation was only observed at initial concentrations of 30 and 180 mgl(-1). The denitrification process was inhibited at phenol concentrations higher than 360 mgl(-1). Studies were also done using a continuous anoxic upflow sludge blanket reactor in which formaldehyde removal efficiencies above 99.5% were obtained at all the applied formaldehyde loading rates, between 0.89 and 0.14g COD (CH(2)O)l(-1)d(-1). The phenol loading rate was increased from 0.03 to 1.3g COD (C(6)H(6)O)l(-1)d(-1). Phenol removal efficiencies above 90.6% were obtained at phenol concentrations in the influent between 27 and 755 mgl(-1). However, when the phenol concentration was increased to 1010 mgl(-1), its removal efficiency decreased. Denitrification percentages around 98.4% were obtained with phenol concentrations in the influent up to 755 mgl(-1). After increasing phenol concentration to 1010 mgl(-1), the denitrification percentage decreased because of the inhibition caused by phenol.     

Competition for oxygen by iron and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol oxidizing bacteria in boreal groundwater

Kinetics of simultaneous iron and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) oxidation by groundwater enriched cultures were studied in order to reveal the competition for oxygen in aerobic in situ bioremediation of boreal groundwater. Chemical iron oxidation at near neutral pH in synthetic groundwater depended by the first order on the concentrations of ferrous iron and dissolved oxygen and by the second order on pH. The chemical iron oxidation rate constant was on average 2.2 x 10(13)mol(-2)L(2)atm(-1)min(-1). Chemical iron oxidation was insignificantly affected by natural organic matter, 2,4,6-tri-, 2,3,4,6-tetra- or pentachlorophenol in groundwater. Biological oxidation of iron followed zero-order kinetics. At pH of 6.3 and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 11.5 mgL(-1), the rate of biological iron oxidation was 3.8 x 10(-4)mmolL(-1)min(-1) and up to one order of magnitude higher than the chemical oxidation rate, 5.2 x 10(-6) mmolL(-1)min(-1). Biological oxidation of iron was completely inhibited by pentachlorophenol at 23 micro mol-1. With a groundwater enriched culture, oxygen was consumed at higher rates by 2,4,6-TCP oxidizers (2.5-7.6 x 10(-5)mmolDOL(-1)min(-1)) than the iron oxidizing bacteria (0.8-3.1 x 10(-5) mmolDOL(-1)min(-1)) at both low and saturated DO-concentrations. The results indicate that in situ iron oxidation is predominantly biogenic in the studied boreal aquifer. 2,4,6-TCP degrading bacteria consumed DO at higher rates than the iron oxidizing bacteria and thereby, favour bioremediation of the polychlorophenol contaminated groundwater.     

Control of the sulfide (S2-) concentration for optimal zinc removal by sulfide precipitation in a continuously stirred tank reactor

Precipitation of Zn2+ with S2- was studied at room temperature in a continuously stirred tank reactor of 0.5l to which solutions of ZnSO4 (800-5800 mgl(-1) Zn2+) and Na2S were supplied. The pH was controlled at 6.5 and S2- concentration in the reactor was controlled at set point values ranging from 3.2x10(-19) to 3.2x10(-4) mgl(-1), making use of an ion-selective S2- electrode. In steady state, the mean particle size of the ZnS precipitate decreased linearly from 22 to 1 microm for S2- levels dropping from 3.2x10(-4) to 3.2x10(-18) mgl(-1). At 3.2x10(-11) mgl(-1) of S2-, the supplies of ZnSO4 and Na2S solutions were stoichiometric for ZnS precipitation. At this S2- level, removal of dissolved zinc was optimal with effluent zinc concentration <0.03 mgl(-1) while ZnS particles formed with a mean geometric diameter of about 10 microm. Below 3.2x10(-11) mgl(-1) of S2- insufficient sulfide was added for complete zinc precipitation. At S2- levels higher than 3.2x10(-11) mgl(-1) the effluent zinc concentration increased due to the formation of soluble zinc sulfide complexes as confirmed by chemical equilibrium model calculations.     

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater with high organic content using a stirred tank reactor coupled with a membrane filtration unit

Using a cross-flow membrane bioreactor, high anaerobic conversion rates of three different types of wastewater with varying organic content were achieved. Loading rates obtained were as follows: 20 g CODL(-1) x d(-1) for artificial wastewater, approximately 8 g CODL(-1) x d(-1) from vegetable processing industry (sauerkraut brine) and 6-8 g CODL(-1) x d(-1) for wastewater from an animal slaughterhouse. At stable conditions, COD-removal rates in all three wastewaters were higher than 90%. Methane yields from the treatment of artificial wastewater, sauerkraut brine, and animal slaughterhouse wastewater were in the range of 0.17-0.30, 0.20-0.34, and 0.12-0.32 L(n) x g(-1) COD(-1) fed, respectively. The complete retention of biomass and suspended solids is a unique feature of this treatment process, which combines a high loading capacity and at the same time, high COD removal rates even for complex wastewater containing high concentrations of particulate matter.     

Selenium content in selected foods from the Greek market and estimation of the daily intake

The total selenium content of foods purchased from the North West part of Greece was determined using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of this study were within the range from other countries. The overall mean average of selenium concentration of the foods examined, in decreasing order, was found in sesame seeds (783.1 ng g(-1)), fish (246 ng g(-1)), legumes (162.5 ng g(-1)), eggs (123 ng g(-1)), bread (91.9 ng g(-1)), meat (71.7 ng g(-1)), cheese (69.8 ng g(-1)), yoghurt (23.6 ng g(-1)), nuts (19.6 ng g(-1)), milk (15.4 ng g(-1)), vegetables (6.5 ng g(-1)) and fruits (3.4 ng g(-1)). Considering the average daily individual consumption of these foods by Greeks, the average daily dietary intake of selenium supplied by this source is 39.3 microg per capita.     

Industrial fluorosis in cattle and buffalo around Udaipur, India

Signs of dental discolouration, difficulty in mastication, bony lesions, lameness, debility and mortality in domesticated animals, reared around superphosphate fertiliser plants located approximately 15 km north of Udaipur, Rajasthan prompted us to investigate for the occurrence of fluorosis. Out of 166 animals clinically examined, the prevalence rate was 17.4% (4/23) in calves below 1 year of age, 37.2% (16/43) in cattle between 1 and 3 years, 61.3% (46/75) in cattle above 3 years and 72% (18/25) in buffalo above 1 year. Dental fluorosis was common in buffalo compared to cattle of all the age groups. Fluoride levels in fodder and water, consumed by the animals were much higher than the recommended permissible limit. Mean fluoride concentrations in serum and urine were 1.53 +/- 1.27 and 26.4 +/- 6.17 mg l(-1) in calves below 1 year of age, 0.56 +/- 0.17 and 26.2 +/- 3.86 mg l(-1) in cattle of 1-3 years, 0.49 +/- 1.13 and 27.5 +/- 4.63 mg l(-1) in cattle above 3 years and 0.60 +/- 0.07 and 28.6 +/- 4.73 mg l(-1) in buffalo over 1 year, respectively. The values were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of control animals kept over a 15-km distance from the factories. Fluoride concentrations in the environmental sample collected from the affected locality were 534.4 +/- 74.9 mg kg(-1) in fodder, 1.19 +/- 0.29 mg l(-1) in pond water and 0.479 +/- 0.351 mg l(-1) in tube well water. It was concluded that the consumption of fodder and water contaminated by the fumes and dusts emitting from superphosphate fertiliser plants resulted in the development of chronic fluorotic lesions in cattle and buffalo.     

曝气吹脱法去除水中三氯乙烷的试验研究

研究了曝气吹脱法对水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷和1,1,2-三氯乙烷的去除效果。结果表明,曝气吹脱法对水中1,1,1-三氯乙烷具有理想的去除效果,但是对1,1,2-三氯乙烷的去除效果很差;当曝气量为0.4～1.0 L/min,气水比为3～5时,能将初始质量浓度为5倍国家标准限值的1,1,1-三氯乙烷降低至《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)限值以内;在相同曝气量条件下,气水比越大,对1,1,1-三氯乙烷的去除效果越好。