Behavior of dam concrete under biaxial compression-tension and triaxial compression-compression-tension stresses

In order to meet the requirement for nonlinear analysis and design of mass concrete structures, the deformation behavior and strength of three-graded concrete specimens 250 mm × 250 mm × 400 mm with a maximum aggregate size of 80 mm and the corresponding wet-screened concrete specimens 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm with a maximum aggregate size of 40 mm were studied experimentally. Specimens subjected to biaxial compression-tension (C-T) and triaxial compression-compression-tension (C-C-T) stress states. Test data indicate that both the deformation and strength of the mass concrete specimens are lower than those of the corresponding wetscreened concrete small specimens, but the initial tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve of the former is greater than that of the latter. Test results show that the wetscreened effect and size effect of the specimens under complex stress states are obvious such that these should be considered in the design of mass concrete structures. In addition, respective failure criteria for mass concrete in principal stress space and octahedron stress space are proposed. __________ Translated from China Civil Engineering Journal, 2007, 40(7): 104–110 [译自: 土木工程学报]     

Behavior of dam concrete under biaxial compression-tension and triaxial compression-compression-tension stresses

In order to meet the requirement for nonlinear analysis and design of mass concrete structures, the deformation behavior and strength of three-graded concrete specimens 250 mm × 250 mm × 400 mm with a maximum aggregate size of 80 mm and the corresponding wet-screened concrete specimens 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm with a maximum aggregate size of 40 mm were studied experimentally. Specimens subjected to biaxial compression-tension (C-T) and triaxial compression-compression-tension (C-C-T) stress states. Test data indicate that both the deformation and strength of the mass concrete specimens are lower than those of the corresponding wet-screened concrete small specimens, but the initial tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve of the former is greater than that of the latter. Test results show that the wet-screened effect and size effect of the specimens under complex stress states are obvious such that these should be considered in the design of mass concrete structures. In addition, respective failure criteria for mass concrete in principal stress space and octahedron stress space are proposed.     

Numerical simulation of damage in high arch dam due to earthquake

Based on the assumption that concrete is macroscopic homogeneous, the cracking evolution process and damage mode of high arch dams are studied in consideration of the heterogeneity of concrete in mesoscale. The bilinear damage evolution model and the damage evolution model expressed in power function with descending section are adopted to combine with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with tension cut-off to investigate the crack development and fracture mode of high arch dams under the action of an earthquake. The analysis result of a high arch dam in China under design shows that cracks that take place in concrete are caused by excessive tensile stress. The cracks initiate at the middle of the dam top and distribute at the upper half of the dam while the rest of the parts remain intact. This conclusion agrees with the model test result. __________ Translated from Shuili Xuebao, 2008, 39(7): 848–853 [译自: 水利学报]     

Effect of coarse aggregate size and cement paste volume on concrete behavior under high triaxial compression loading

When massive concrete structures (high-rise buildings, tunnels, dams, nuclear power plants, bridges, protection structures, …) are subjected to extreme loadings (aircraft shocks, rock falls, near-field detonations, ballistic impacts, …), the material undergoes triaxial compression loading at a high confinement. In order to reproduce high stress levels with well-controlled loading paths, static triaxial tests are carried out on concrete samples by mean of a very high-capacity triaxial press. It is a well-known fact that the cement paste volume and the coarse aggregate size are two important parameters of concrete formulation. This article focuses on identifying the effect of coarse aggregate size and cement paste volume on concrete behavior under high triaxial compression. This article shows that at low confinement, the concrete strength slightly increases as the coarse aggregate size increases. At high confinement, the coarse aggregate size has a slight influence on concrete deviatoric behavior and a significant influence on concrete strain limit-state. The higher the coarse aggregate size, the lower is the mean stress level corresponding to concrete strain limit-state. Furthermore, this article highlights that at low confinement, the concrete strength significantly increases with an increase in cement paste volume. Increasing confinement tends to reduce cement paste volume effect on concrete strength. At high confinement, contrary to what has been observed in unconfined compression, the cement paste volume has little effects on concrete deviatoric behavior. Otherwise, decreasing cement paste volume increases concrete deformation capacity. At very high confinement levels and at very high deviatoric stress levels, the axial tangent stiffness of concrete increases as the coarse aggregate size or the cement paste volume is reduced.     

湿态混凝土抗压强度与本构关系的细观力学分析

采用细观断裂力学的方法研究湿态混凝土在外部荷载的作用下，裂纹及孔隙中水压力的大小和影响因素及其对混凝土受力性能的影响。根据湿态混凝土中裂纹的扩展规律，采用分枝型裂纹来研究湿态混凝土的抗压强度，利用能量等价原理来探讨湿态混凝土的本构关系和损伤特征。研究结果表明：（1）分枝型裂纹模型可较好地反映混凝土的体积变形和强度特征；（2）混凝土中的孔隙水压力减小阻碍混凝土开裂的摩阻力，因而加速混凝土的损伤和微裂纹的扩展；（3）与干燥态的混凝土相比，湿态混凝土的抗压强度降低，峰值应变减小，在同一应力水平下湿态混凝土的侧向变形增大。     

多类混凝土和各向同性岩石损伤比强度准则

针对已有损伤比变量下的损伤比强度理论仅适用于混凝土且偏平面略有内凹等不足,基于多轴应力下混凝土损伤比强度理论的一般形式,根据已有试验资料关于普通混凝土、再生骨料混凝土、轻骨料混凝土和各向同性岩石破坏包络面的特征,建议考虑Lode角和静水压力对受压损伤比影响以及考虑材料类型对受拉损伤比影响的六参数损伤比变量表达式,且损伤比变量取值得到单轴、二轴和三轴受力状态下混凝土和单轴受力状态下各向同性岩石应力 应变曲线试验结果的验证。通过与国内外397组混凝土、130组再生骨料混凝土、97组轻骨料混凝土、179组单轴抗压强度小于100MPa的岩石(用“岩石Ⅰ类”表示)和165组单轴抗压强度大于100MPa的岩石(用“岩石Ⅱ类”表示)多轴强度试验资料的比较,表明考虑Lode角和静水压力后的六参数损伤比强度准则与相对应材料的三维破坏包络面精度较高。此外针对二轴应力状态,提出了进一步简化的损伤比强度准则。     

大骨料混凝土在动态三轴拉压压应力状态下的强度

采用大型混凝土静、动态三轴液压伺服试验系统,比较了大骨料混凝土试件和湿筛二级配混凝土试件在动态三轴拉压压应力状态下的强度特征.结果表明:2种试件的破坏均为典型的拉伸破坏,裂缝垂直于拉应力方向;动态抗拉强度随应变率的增大而增大,随压应力的增大而减小;抗拉强度增长系数与应变率比的对数呈线性关系;大骨料混凝土试件的动态抗拉强度及其对应变率的敏感性均比湿筛二级配混凝土试件的要小.在八面体应力空间中建立了破坏准则,为大体积结构的非线性分析和抗震设计提供了试验依据.     

Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.     

Damage-constitutive model for seawater coral concrete using different stirrup confinements subjected to axial loading

Recently, the application of detrital coral as an alternative to natural aggregates in marine structures has attracted increased attention. In this study, research on the compressive performance of coral aggregate concrete (CAC) confined using steel stirrups with anti-rust treatment was experimentally conducted. A total of 45 specimens were cast, including 9 specimens without stirrups and under different strength grades (C20, C30, and C40) and 36 specimens under different strength grades (C20, C30, and C40). Moreover, three stirrup levels (rectangular, diamond-shaped compound, and spiral stirrups) and different stirrup spacings (40, 50, 60, and 70 mm) were used. Subsequently, the stress−strain curves of specimens subjected to axial loading were measured. The effects of the stirrup spacing and stirrup configurations on the stress and strain were investigated, respectively, and the lateral effective stress of the different stirrups was calculated based on the cohesive-elastic ring model and modified elastic beam theory. Moreover, a damage-constitutive model of CAC considering the lateral stress was set up based on damage mechanics theory. The results indicated an increase in the stress and strain with a decrease in the stirrup spacing, and the adopted stirrup ratio had a better strengthening effect than the different concrete grades, and the variation in the deformation was restricted by the performance of coral coarse aggregate (CA). However, an increment in the lateral strain was observed with an increase in the axial strain. The lateral stress model showed a good agreement with the experimental data, and the proposed damage-constitutive model had a good correlation with the measured stress−strain curves.     

动态单调荷载下约束再生混凝土单轴受压应力-应变全曲线方程

在MTS 815力学试验上,完成了81个箍筋约束再生混凝土短柱动态力学试验,分析约束再生混凝土在不同变率下的破坏特征。基于获得的应力-应变试验曲线,研究应变率效应、箍筋约束效应和再生粗骨料取代率对约束再生混凝土力学和变形性能的影响。根据应变率效应对约束再生混凝土力学和变形性能的影响规律,初步提出约束再生混凝土性能指标动态放大系数（DIF）模型。分析箍筋形式、箍筋间距、箍筋屈服强度和配箍率等因素对约束再生混凝土短柱力学行为的影响,初步提出约束再生混凝土性能指标约束放大系数（CIF）模型。分析表明,箍筋约束效应对再生混凝土的力学和变形性能有重要的影响,在很大程度上改善了再生混凝土的延性。研究再生粗骨料取代率对约束再生混凝土力学和变形性能的影响规律,提出取代率影响因子（RIF）模型。基于约束再生混凝土短柱动态试验数据分析,提出考虑应变率效应、箍筋约束效应和再生粗骨料取代率影响的约束再生混凝土应力-应变分析模型,定义受压应力-应变全曲线特征点参数,确定约束再生混凝土受压应力-应变全曲线方程。研究表明,应力-应变计算曲线和试验曲线吻合较好,验证了分析模型的合理性,为再生混凝土结构动力非线性分析和抗震优化设计提供研究基础。     

混凝土四相复合模型的三维细观破坏模拟

考虑到混凝土内部细微裂隙的存在对混凝土强度和变形的重要影响,提出将混凝土视为砂浆、骨料、界面和随机缺陷组成的四相复合材料模型。混凝土细观单元服从应变空间内增量形式的弹塑性损伤本构,采用破坏单元网格消去法模拟混凝土裂纹扩展,数值模拟了三维混凝土单轴压缩和不同均质度试样的单轴拉伸弹塑性损伤破坏过程。结果表明：文中建立的混凝土四相复合材料模型中增加随机缺陷的模拟,一定程度上符合混凝土成形实际情况;随机缺陷的体积百分比是决定弱化混凝土宏观强度程度的主要因素;均质度低的单轴拉伸试样裂纹咬合明显,均质度高的试样断裂更     

纤维再生混凝土力学性能试验及破坏分析

采用正交试验法研究了再生粗骨料掺量、粉煤灰掺量、减水剂掺量以及纤维类别对纤维再生混凝土抗压强度、劈拉强度及抗折强度的影响.利用扫描电镜及螺旋CT扫描技术分析纤维再生混凝土的内部破坏.结果表明：再生粗骨料掺量是影响纤维再生混凝土28d和90d抗压强度的重要因素;纤维类别是影响纤维再生混凝土28d劈拉强度和抗折强度的重要因素.以再生粗骨料掺量为50%(质量分数)、粉煤灰掺量(质量分数)为20%、减水剂掺量(质量分数)为0.5%和铣削波纹型钢纤维掺量(体积分数)为1.0%进行设计强度为C35的纤维再生混凝土的配制,可使其获得良好的和易性,并满足强度要求.再生粗骨料与砂浆界面处产生裂缝,导致了纤维再生混凝土强度较低.     

Completely random experimental design with mixture and process variables for optimization of rubberized concrete

A completely random experimental design has been used to simultaneously optimize process variables and cementitious mixture components for rubberized concrete. In this study the concrete is composed of only three mixture components, cement, aggregate (including fine and coarse) and water, and two process variables, size of rubber (chips of waste truck tires) and percentage rubber that replaced the aggregate in concrete, were varied. The calculations of regression and residual ANOVA sums of squares for regression and lack of fit are illustrated. These values are shown to be useful for model development. Two different models were evaluated. The bilinear–linear model has no lack of fit and is preferred. The significant terms in this model are capable of describing how the process response surfaces change as mixture level conditions are varied. Optimum condition in the rubberized concrete, considering the level of the variable studied is: 2.4 mm size of rubber, 2.5% rubber that replaced the aggregate, 16% of cement, 76% of aggregate and 8% of water. The optimum mixture conditions with 2.5% of rubber show a concrete value of compressive strength above 20 MPa, can generate concrete suitable for use in structures as well as pavement, curbs, walls and other applications in civil engineering.     

Laboratory investigation of indirect tensile strength using roofing polyester waste fibers in hot mix asphalt

The vast quantity of waste materials (such as roofing polyester waste fibers) accumulating throughout the world is creating costly disposal problem. The use of these materials was proved to be economical, environmentally sound and effective in increasing the performance properties of the asphalt mixture in recent years. The primary objective of this research was to determine whether homogeneously dispersed roofing waste polyester fibers improve the indirect tensile strength (ITS) and moisture susceptibility properties of asphalt concrete mixtures containing various lengths and percentages of the fiber in various aggregate sources. The experimental design included the use of three aggregate sources, two lengths (0.635 cm (1/4 in.) and 1.270 cm (1/2 in.)) of this fiber, and two fiber contents (0.35% and 0.50% by weight of total mixture). The results of the experiments found that, in general, the addition of the polyester fiber was beneficial in improving the wet tensile strength and tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the modified mixture, increasing the toughness value in both dry and wet conditions, and increasing the void content, the asphalt content, the unit weight, and the Marshall stability.     

混凝土I-型细观断裂模型及其在材料层次#br# 尺寸效应中的应用

混凝土材料的断裂破坏本质上是内部微细裂纹在荷载作用下不断萌生、扩展以及贯通的结果,断裂裂缝在细观层次上则是由砂浆裂缝、界面裂缝以及骨料裂缝3部分组合而成。文章基于细观力学和断裂力学基本理论,建立一类能够同时考虑细观裂缝在混凝土材料内部扩展过程中绕过骨料和穿透骨料发展的混凝土I 型细观断裂模型。与已有试验数据对比表明,文章模型能够有效预测混凝土断裂能等宏观力学参数随细观组分力学性能的变化规律。进而,基于建立的细观断裂模型,初步分析混凝土材料层次的强度尺寸效应,结果表明：当砂浆力学性能确定时,混凝土材料的名义强度与骨料强度和界面强度正相关;界面的力学性能能够显著影响混凝土材料名义强度等宏观力学参数随骨料尺寸的变化规律;高性能混凝土强度随骨料尺寸增大而增大,普通性能混凝土强度随骨料尺寸增大而减小。文章模型分析方法以期为基于性能设计的混凝土配合比研究奠定理论基础。     

Long term performance of recycled concrete beams with different water–cement ratio and recycled aggregate replacement rate

The purpose of this study is to reveal the service performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) components for different values of water−cement ratio and replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). Generally, the concrete strength decreases with the increase of the replacement rate of RCA, in order to meet the strength requirements when changing the replacement rate of RCA, it is necessary to change the water−cement ratio at the same time. Therefore, the axial compressive strengths of prism with 25 mix proportions, the short-term mechanical properties and long-term deformation properties of reinforced concrete beams were tested respectively by changing water−cement ratio and RCA replacement rate. The bearing capacity and the strain nephogram of samples under different loads were obtained using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method, and a self-made gravity loading experimental device was used for long-term deformation investigation. Results showed that the damage pattern of RAC was the same as that of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), but the brittleness was more pronounced. The brittleness of concrete before failure can be reduced more effectively by adjusting the replacement rate of RCA than by adjusting the water−cement ratio. The water−cement ratio has an evident influence on the axial compressive strength and early creep of concrete, while the replacement rate of RCA has a remarkable effect on the long-term deformation of the concrete beams.     

再生骨料混凝土结构抗震设计关键问题

随着砂石骨料日益短缺、价格上涨,以及国家对生态环保事业的日益重视,在结构工程中使用再生骨料混凝土(简称为“再生混凝土”)的时机已经基本成熟。然而,在实际工程应用中,结构设计人员对再生混凝土结构设计关键参数的选取方法不明确,大多沿用普通混凝土结构的设计参数,这给再生混凝土结构的应用埋下了安全隐患。文章基于将再生混凝土应用于上海12层框架 剪力墙结构设计中遇到的诸多问题及解决方法,结合近年来对再生混凝土结构抗震性能的试验研究和现场监测结果进行深入分析和讨论,旨在提出安全、可靠的再生混凝土结构设计及非线性分析过程中的关键参数,包括力学参数、本构模型、阻尼比参数等输入参数,以及轴压比限值和层间位移角限值等控制指标,并讨论了设计软件的选取,为推广再生混凝土结构抗震设计技术提供理论和实践依据。     

基于正交试验的再生骨料混凝土强度研究

研究不同影响因素对再生骨料混凝土强度的影响是再生骨料混凝土研究领域的主要方面之一,对实际工程应用有着重要的意义。采用三因素、三水平的正交试验设计方法对再生骨料混凝土的配合比进行了试验设计,分析了每个因素水平对再生骨料混凝土配合比的作用及各个水平之间的差异,探讨了水胶比、再生骨料掺量、超细粉煤灰掺量等试验因素对再生骨料混凝土强度的影响规律和机理,并与基准混凝土对比。试验结果表明:无论早期与后期,水胶比是影响再生骨料混凝土强度的最主要因素,也是最显著因素;掺粉煤灰再生骨料混凝土的拉压比与同强度等级的高强混凝土相比有所提高,抗裂性能有所改善。采用多元回归分析的方法,建立了再生骨料混凝土强度与水胶比、再生骨料掺量、超细粉煤灰掺量的经验公式。     

Research on mechanical behavior of recycled aggregate concrete after high temperatures

以历经最高温度、再生粗骨料取代率、粗骨料类型、混凝土强度为变化参数,设计和制作了168个再生混凝土标准棱柱体试件,对其进行高温后的物理及力学性能试验。试验中观察了高温后试件的表观变化及其受力破坏形态,获取了再生混凝土的高温烧失率以及各试件的轴心受压全过程应力-应变曲线,通过分析各变化参数对历经高温后再生混凝土的物理及力学性能的影响规律,根据最高受火温度和质量烧失率分别提出高温后再生混凝土轴心抗压强度评估公式。结果表明：随着温度的提高,高温后再生混凝土由青灰色变为棕灰色,最后呈灰白色,出现温度裂缝及剥落现象;烧失率随着温度的提高、取代率的增大和强度的降低而显著增大;温度对高温后再生混凝土破坏形态及力学性能的影响最大,温度越高,其轴心受压破坏时的裂缝带越宽,破坏程度越严重;随着温度的升高,其弹性模量的衰减程度要比峰值应力的大;相比卵石骨料再生混凝土,高温对碎石骨料再生混凝土力学性能的影响更为显著;混凝土强度和再生粗骨料取代率变化对高温后再生混凝土的力学性能无明显影响。基于试验结果提出的高温后再生混凝土轴心抗压强度的评估计算结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

基于能量方法的分段曲线混凝土损伤模型

混凝土损伤模型的研究,实际上是研究混凝土材料的本构行为。在外界因素作用下,材料的累积变形引起结构内部损伤发展,最终将产生宏观裂缝直至破坏。根据Najar能量损伤理论,提出新的分段曲线混凝土受压损伤演变方程,并给出不同强度混凝土损伤演变方程。通过计算、对比、分析、认为:建议的损伤模型与已有的混凝土本构模型吻合较好。该方法的优点是参数少,不同强度的混凝土有确定的损伤演变方程,可以动态分析混凝土的累积损伤程度。对比理论计算与试验结果表明,二者吻合较好,可为混凝土结构损伤仿真分析提供另一个解决途径。