Assessing the effectiveness of embedding CFRP laminates in the near surface for structural strengthening

Near surface mounted (NSM) is a recent strengthening technique based on bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars (rods or laminate strips) into pre-cut grooves on the concrete cover of the elements to strength. To assess the effectiveness of the NSM technique, an experimental program is carried out involving reinforced concrete (RC) columns, RC beams and masonry panels. In columns failing in bending the present work shows that the failure strain of the (CFRP) laminates can be attained using the NSM technique. Beams failing in bending are also strengthened with CFRP laminates in order to double their load carrying capacity. This goal was attained and maximum strain levels of about 90% of the CFRP failure strain were recorded in this composite material, revealing that the NSM technique is also very effective to increase the flexural resistance of RC beams.The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) and NSM techniques to increase the flexural resistance of masonry panels is also assessed. In the EBR technique the CFRP laminates are externally bonded to the concrete joints of the panel, while in the NSM technique the CFRP laminates are fixed into precut slits on the panel concrete joints. The NSM technique provided a higher increase on the panel load carrying capacity as well as a larger deflection at the failure of the panel.The performance of EBR and NSM techniques for the strengthening of RC beams failing in shear is also analyzed. The NSM technique was much more effective in terms of increasing the beam load carrying capacity as well as the beam deformability at its failure. The NSM technique was easier and faster to apply than the EBR technique.     

纤维塑料筋(FRP筋)有粘结及无粘结部分预应力混凝土梁短期刚度试验研究

分别以碳纤维筋(CFRP筋)及芳纶纤维筋(AFRP筋)为无粘结及有粘结预应力筋,以环氧涂层钢筋为非预应力筋,进行了2组共17条梁的受弯试验。试验结果表明,纤维塑料筋(FRP筋)有粘结及无粘结部分预应力混凝土梁的弯矩与曲率(或弯矩与挠度)曲线接近为双折线,双折线的交点位于开裂弯矩Mcr处。基于双直线假设,利用实测试验梁的终点刚度折减系数β0.5,可求出1/β0.5对换算配筋率nfρ和预应力强度比λ的线性回归方程,并采用预应力筋粘结特征系数Ω对纤维塑料筋的面积进行折减,得到了能同时针对纤维塑料筋有粘结及无粘结部分预应力混凝土梁的统一的刚度计算公式。此外,对ACI440.4R-04提出的关于纤维塑料筋预应力混凝土梁的刚度计算公式,在有效惯性矩软化系数βd中引入预应力筋粘结特征系数Ω,从而使该刚度计算公式能够适用于纤维塑料筋无粘结及有粘结部分预应力混凝土梁的刚度计算,上述两种方法的计算结果与本文试验数据符合良好。     

Flexural strengthening of reinforced lightweight polystyrene aggregate concrete beams with near-surface mounted GFRP bars

Application of near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is emerging as a promising technology for increasing flexural and shear strength of deficient reinforced concrete (RC) members. In order for this technique to perform effectively, the structural behaviour of RC elements strengthened with NSM FRP bars needs to be fully characterized. This paper focuses on the characterization of flexural behaviour of RC members strengthened with NSM glass-FRP bars. Totally, 10 beams were tested using symmetrical two-point loads test. The parameters examined under the beam tests were type of concretes (lightweight polystyrene aggregate concrete and normal concrete), type of reinforcing bars (GFRP and steel), and type of adhesives. Flexural performance of the tested beams including modes of failure, moment–deflection response and ultimate moment capacity are presented and discussed in this paper. Results of this investigation showed that beams with NSM GFRP bars showed a reduction in ultimate deflection and an improvement in flexural stiffness and bending capacity, depending on the PA content of the beams. In general, beams strengthened with NSM GFRP bars overall showed a significant increase in ultimate moment ranging from 23% to 53% over the corresponding beams without NSM GFRP bars. The influence of epoxy type was found conspicuously dominated the moment–deflection response up to the peak moment. Besides, the ultimate moment of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars could be predicted satisfactorily using the equation provided in ACI 318-95 Building Code.     

Flexural strengthening of RC beams with prestressed NSM CFRP rods – Experimental and analytical investigation

The effectiveness of strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams with prestressed near-surface mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rods was investigated. Four RC beams (254 mm deep by 152 mm wide by 3500 mm long) were tested under monotonic loading. One beam was kept un-strengthened as a control beam. One beam was strengthened with a non-prestressed NSM CFRP rod. Two beams were strengthened with prestressed NSM CFRP rods stressed to 40% and 60% of the rod’s ultimate strength. The test results showed that strengthening with non-prestressed NSM CFRP rod enhanced the flexural response of the beam compared to that of the control beam. A remarkable improvement in the response was obtained when the RC beams were strengthened with prestressed (40% and 60%) NSM CFRP rods. An increase up to 90% in the yield load and a 79% in the ultimate load compared to those of the control beam were obtained. An analytical model was developed using sectional analysis method to predict the flexural response of RC beams strengthened with prestressed NSM CFRP rods. The proposed model showed excellent agreement with the experimental results.     

Strengthening of RC beams in shear using GFRP inclined strips – An experimental study

Though there have been a number of studies on shear strengthening of RC beams using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer sheets, the behaviour of FRP strengthened beams in shear is not fully understood. This is partly due to various reinforcement configurations of sheets that can be used for shear strengthening and partly due to different failure modes a strengthened beam undergoes at ultimate state. Furthermore, the experimental data bank for shear strengthening of concrete beams using FRP remains relatively sparse due to which the design algorithms for computing the shear contribution of FRP are not yet clear. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of glass fiber reinforced polymer inclined strips epoxy bonded to the beam web for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Included in the study are effectiveness in terms of width and spacing of inclined GFRP strips, spacing of internal steel stirrups, and longitudinal steel rebar section on shear capacity of the RC beam. The study also aims to understand the shear contribution of concrete, shear strength due to steel bars and steel stirrups and the additional shear capacity due to glass fiber reinforced polymer strips in a RC beam. And also to study the failure modes, shear strengthening effect on ultimate force and load deflection behaviour of RC beams bonded externally with GFRP inclined strips on the shear region of the beam.     

内嵌CFRP板条加固混凝土梁的抗弯性能试验研究

通过6根足尺混凝土梁的抗弯加固试验,对内嵌CFRP板条加固梁的破坏过程、受力性能、截面应变分布和挠度变形规律进行了研究。试验结果表明,内嵌CFRP板条加固梁跨中截面应变分布和挠度变形规律与外贴CFRP加固梁相似,但内嵌加固能有效避免板条的剥离破坏,其抗弯加固性能优于相应的外贴加固梁;预载加固将会降低内嵌板条的加固效果。基于混凝土结构加固理论,并考虑预加荷载的影响,对内嵌CFRP板条加固梁3种弯曲破坏形态(钢筋屈服前混凝土压碎、钢筋屈服后混凝土压碎和钢筋屈服后FRP拉断)下的抗弯承载力进行理论分析,并建立开裂弯矩、屈服弯矩和极限弯矩的计算公式,其计算结果与作者及国内外已有的试验实测值吻合较好,可用于实际工程加固设计。     

Evaluation of the transfer length of prestressed near surface mounted CFRP rods in concrete

The transfer length of a prestressed near surface mounted (NSM) fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rod is the distance over which the rod must be bonded to the epoxy to develop the prestressing force in the rod. The transfer length is intended to provide bond integrity for the strengthened concrete member. This paper presents experimental results and an empirical equation to estimate the transfer length of prestressed NSM Carbon FRP (CFRP) rod in concrete beams. Twenty-two reinforced concrete specimens were strengthened with NSM CFRP rods. Two types of CFRP rods were used: spirally wound and sand blasted rods. Four prestressing levels were used: 40%, 45%, 50% and 60% of the tensile strength of the CFRP rod. The strain behavior in the CFRP rod was monitored by gauges mounted on the CFRP rod along the length of the beam. The test results showed that the transfer length of the prestressed NSM CFRP rod was about 35 times the diameter of the CFRP rod. The maximum bond stress of the CFRP rod in epoxy was found to range from 11 to 16 MPa for the sand blasted rods and from 12 to 23 MPa for the spirally wound rods. An empirical expression based on curve fitting of the measured data was proposed to predict the prestressing stress in the CFRP rod along the length of the beam.     

Effective methods of using CFRP bars in shear strengthening of concrete girders

This paper presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the shear strength contribution of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars attached with concrete beams using a near surface mounted (NSM) technique. In this research, four concrete beams were cast with regular steel reinforcement in flexure. The control beam had typical shear steel and the other three beams were strengthened in shear with CFRP bars. Strain gauges were attached with the shear reinforcement of all four beams at various shear critical locations. Strains during loading to failure of the beams were recorded using a data acquisition system. The performance of the NSM technique was found to be very effective with no occurrence of delamination, debonding or fracture of FRP. Effective strains in the NSM CFRP bars were determined through analyzing the collected strain data. A new formula to calculate the nominal shear strength provided by NSM CFRP bars has also been proposed.     

Behavior and capacity of RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement

A recent and promising method for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members is the use of near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. In the NSM method, the reinforcement is embedded in grooves cut onto the surface of the member to be strengthened and filled with an appropriate binding agent such as epoxy paste or cement grout. Only a few studies have been conducted to date on the use of NSM FRP reinforcement for shear strengthening of RC beams. These studies identified some critical failure modes related to debonding between the NSM reinforcement and the concrete substrate. However, more tests need to be conducted to identify all possible failure modes of strengthened beams. Moreover, virtually no test results are available on the behavior of shear-strengthened beams containing steel shear reinforcement, and on the effect of variables such as the type of epoxy used as groove filler. This paper illustrates a research program on shear strengthening of RC beams with NSM reinforcement, aimed at gaining more test results to fill the gaps in knowledge mentioned above. A number of beams were tested to analyze the influence on the structural behavior and failure mode of selected test parameters, i.e. type of NSM reinforcement (round bars and strips), spacing and inclination of the NSM reinforcement, and mechanical properties of the groove-filling epoxy. One beam strengthened in shear with externally bonded FRP laminates was also tested for comparison purposes. All beams had a limited amount of internal steel shear reinforcement to simulate a real strengthening situation. Test results are presented and discussed in the paper.     

CFRP加固钢筋再生混凝土梁的弯曲性能研究

为研究再生混凝土梁的弯曲性能,进行了钢筋再生混凝土梁及其经CFRP加固后的受弯性能试验研究,分析了再生粗骨料取代率和CFRP加固层数对再生混凝土梁受力性能的影响,比较了钢筋再生混凝土梁加固前后的挠度和裂缝扩展情况。试验结果表明：再生混凝土梁的变形能力和受弯承载力较普通混凝土梁没有明显降低,但其刚度和延性均有所降低,可通过CFRP加固提高其刚度和极限荷载,但不能改善其变形能力; CFRP加固层数对钢筋再生混凝土梁的开裂荷载、屈服荷载和极限荷载影响较大,其中极限荷载受加固层数影响最大。通过理论计算和有限元分析,建立了钢筋再生混凝土梁及其经CFRP加固后的受弯承载力计算式,理论计算结果与钢筋再生混凝土梁的试验结果符合较好。研究成果可为再生混凝土梁的工程应用提供参考依据。     

部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受弯承载力计算公式

部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁中,CFRP筋在梁的两端为有黏结形式,而中间部分为无黏结形式。国内外已有研究表明:与有黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁具有较好的延性;与无黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁相比,部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁对锚具的依赖性大为减小。基于构件整体变形协调与截面内力平衡条件,建立部分黏结预应力CFRP筋极限应力增量的简化分析模型,提出可考虑不同无黏结段长度比例影响的、部分黏结预应力CFRP筋极限应力增量计算公式,并在此基础上推导不同破坏模式下部分黏结预应力CFRP筋混凝土梁受弯承载力的计算公式,公式计算值与试验结果吻合良好。     

碳纤维增强复合网格-聚合物水泥砂浆加固RC梁抗剪性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强复合(CFRP)网格和聚合物水泥砂浆(PCM)复合加固工字形截面钢筋混凝土(RC)梁的抗剪性能,对3个试件进行抗剪性能试验和有限元模拟,分析了CFRP网格-PCM加固RC梁的抗剪破坏机理,研究了不同加固方式对试件抗剪性能的影响。研究结果表明：采用CFRP网格-PCM对RC梁进行抗剪加固可有效抑制斜裂缝的发展,能够较大幅度提高RC梁的抗剪承载力;相比仅腹部加固的试件,腹部和腋部都加固的试件的二次刚度、极限荷载均有所提高,且CFRP网格变形减小,与混凝土界面的黏结能力增强;在有限元分析中,采用混凝土的CDP模型和Spring2弹簧单元来预测CFRP网格加固混凝土的抗剪承载力是可行的;建立了基于杆状材料有效应变的抗剪计算方法,该方法可有效预测加固RC梁的抗剪承载力,为结构加固设计提供参考。     

Strain monitoring of RC members strengthened with smart NSM FRP bars

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars can be used as internal reinforcement for new reinforced concrete (RC) structures and as near-surface mounted (NSM) reinforcement for the strengthening of RC structures. The NSM method is an emerging strengthening technique for RC structures, where FRP bars are embedded into grooves cut in the cover of RC members. In both cases, strain monitoring of the FRP bars is desirable either for the investigation of the structural behavior or for the long-term health monitoring of the structure. This paper presents a study in which fiber-optic sensors were embedded into glass FRP (GFRP) bars to produce smart GFRP bars for NSM applications. The manufacturing process of the smart FRP bars is illustrated and their performance in tensile, bond and beam flexural tests is examined to assess the effectiveness of these smart FRP bars for achieving the dual purpose of structural strengthening and strain monitoring. On the basis of the test results, the advantages and limitations of fiber-optic sensors compared to electrical strain gages in the strain monitoring of NSM FRP bars are discussed. The bond and beam test results also confirm the effectiveness of the NSM method for the strengthening of RC structures.     

Numerical simulation of performance of near-surface mounted FRP-upgraded beam–column sub-assemblages under cyclic loading

This study deals with the performance of the upgrading schemes for the existing gravity load designed (GLD) reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column sub-assemblages using near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. In this study, exterior beam–column sub-assemblage of a general RC-framed structure has been considered. Numerical investigations of the sub-assemblages have been carried out under cyclic loading using nonlinear finite element analysis. Experimentally validated numerical models have been used for evaluating the performance of various upgrading schemes using NSM bars. Cyclic behaviour of reinforcement, concrete modelling based on fracture energy, bond–slip relations between concrete and steel reinforcement have been incorporated. The study also includes numerical investigation of crack and failure patterns, ultimate load-carrying capacity, strain comparisons and formation of plastic hinges, load–displacement hysteresis, energy dissipation and ductility. Seismic performance in terms of energy dissipation and development of strain in beam bar shows that some of the upgraded schemes are found to be comparable to the seismically designed ductile specimens. The findings of this study would be helpful to the practising and design engineers for developing detailing criteria for newly designed – or strengthening of deficient – reinforced concrete structure.     

表层嵌贴预应力CFRP板条加固钢筋混凝土梁的应力传递行为

表层嵌贴预应力FRP板条加固钢筋混凝土结构技术可充分发挥FRP材料强度,且不需设置永久锚具,具有较大的潜力。以试验得到的嵌贴FRP混凝土粘结滑移关系为基础,建立了嵌贴预应力CFRP板条与混凝土的粘结应力微分方程,并根据边界条件推导了方程的解析解,得到了嵌贴预应力CFRP板条放张后界面粘结应力、CFRP拉伸应力的分析模型。与试验结果的比较表明,该模型得出的界面粘结应力及CFRP拉伸应力与试验结果吻合较好。在此基础上,考虑放张后CFRP混凝土界面不出现剥离的条件,分析了粘结界面能抵抗的最大容许预应力。     

复材网格-UHTCC复合增强钢筋混凝土梁抗弯性能试验研究

文中进行7根复材（FRP）网格增强超高韧性纤维水泥基（UHTCC）复合加固钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能试验,将FRP网格类型、FRP网格增强率、FRP-UHTCC复合层黏结长度作为试验变量,分析各变量对FRP-UHTCC复合增强混凝土梁弯曲性能的影响。在试验研究的基础上,给出FRP-UHTCC复合增强混凝土梁的抗弯承载力计算方法。试验结果表明,FRP-UHTCC复合层与混凝土间没有发生相对滑移现象,可以有效抑制加固层端部剥离破坏,加固梁的破坏模式为FRP网格中纵向纤维筋被拉断破坏。BFRP格栅与UHTCC黏结基体没有发生脱黏现象,优于BFRP编织网与UHTCC的黏结效果。随着FRP网格增强率的增大,加固梁的抗弯承载力得到显著提高。与未加固的普通混凝土梁相比,加固梁的开裂、屈服和极限荷载最大提高幅度分别为97%、35%和33%。计算结果表明,预测值与试验值吻合较好,可以有效地预测FRP-UHTCC复合增强混凝土梁的抗弯承载力。     

不同FRP增强混凝土梁断裂性能试验研究

为了探讨不同种类纤维增强复合材料（FRP）增强带裂缝混凝土的断裂性能,开展了芳纶纤维增强复合材料（AFRP）、碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）和玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）增强带裂缝混凝土梁的三点弯曲试验,分析了其断裂性能参数.结果表明：相对于普通混凝土梁试件,FRP对带裂缝混凝土梁的阻裂加固效果更明显;CFRP增强混凝土梁的起裂荷载和失稳荷载均大于AFRP与GFRP增强混凝土梁,CFRP的阻裂增强效果最佳;AFRP增强混凝土梁和CFRP增强混凝土梁的破坏形式均为试件底部混凝土 FRP界面的剥离破坏,GFRP增强混凝土梁的破坏形式为试件底部GFRP的拉断破坏;通过对不同FRP增强混凝土梁阻裂加固机理的分析,计算得出CFRP增强混凝土梁的起裂韧度和失稳韧度最大,且CFRP价格适中,因此使用CFRP对带裂缝混凝土梁进行增强加固的性价比最优.     

FRP加筋混凝土梁受弯试验研究与有限元分析

对GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer)和CgRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)加筋混凝土梁进行了三分点静载试验,分析了FRP加筋混凝土梁的荷载-变形关系和破坏形式并将试验结果进行了对比;建立了FRP加筋混凝土梁的有限元模型,得到了 FRP加筋混凝土梁的变形-荷载关系、极限承载力、应力应变分布、裂缝分布等.通过试验结果与有限元模型的对比与分析,建立适用于FRP加筋混凝土构件的设计方法.     

混锚预应力U形碳纤维条带抗剪加固混凝土梁试验研究

研发钢筋混凝土梁抗剪加固用U形纤维增强复材（FRP）条带的预应力系统,提出一种预应力U形条带端锚与黏贴并用（简称混锚）的抗剪加固方法。完成了1根未加固、7根采用U形碳纤维（CFRP）条带进行抗剪加固的矩形截面梁剪切试验,加固梁中1根为纯黏贴、6根为混锚预应力。结果表明：混锚预应力加固在抑制主斜裂缝开展、延缓箍筋屈服和提高箍筋塑性利用率等方面的表现均优于纯黏贴加固,能够防止FRP端部剥离并实现拉断破坏,大幅度提高纤维强度利用率,显著提高梁的抗剪承载力,最大提升率达92%。预应力和配纤率的大小对抗剪加固效果有较明显影响,其他条件相同时,预应力越大或配纤率越高,加固梁综合性能越好。建议了混锚预应力U形CFRP有效应变的计算公式,用于预测剪切破坏时CFRP的贡献和加固梁的承载能力,与试验结果符合良好,可供工程应用参考。     

Modeling of debonding failure for RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement

The shear capacity of reinforced concrete members can be successfully increased using near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. Tests conducted thus far have shown that failure is often controlled by diagonal tension associated to debonding between the NSM reinforcement and the concrete substrate. In absence of steel stirrups and/or when the spacing of the NSM reinforcement is large, debonding involves separately each of the bars crossed by the critical shear crack. In order for shear strengthening of beams with NSM reinforcement to be safely designed, an analytical model able to encompass the failure mode mentioned above must be developed. This paper presents two possible approaches, a simplified and a more sophisticated one, to predict the FRP contribution to the shear capacity. In the first approach, suitable for immediate design use, an ideally plastic bond–slip behavior of the NSM reinforcement is assumed, which implies a complete redistribution of the bond stresses along the reinforcement at ultimate. The second approach, implemented numerically, accounts for detailed bond–slip modeling of the NSM reinforcement, considering different types of local bond–slip laws calibrated during previous experimental investigations. It also takes advantage of an approach developed by previous researchers to evaluate the interaction between the contributions of steel stirrups and FRP reinforcement to the shear capacity. The paper illustrates the two models and compares their predictions, with the ultimate goal to evaluate whether the first simple model can be used expecting the same safety in predictions of the second model.