沥青零剪切黏度与高温流变参数灰色关联分析

采用动态频率扫描试验和稳态剪切试验测试5种沥青的黏度曲线,并采用Cross模型和Carreau模型这2种流变模型拟合得到沥青60℃零剪切黏度,分析沥青的稳态流动特性;通过沥青温度扫描试验和多重应力蠕变恢复试验,测定5种沥青在不同温度下的流变参数和不同应力水平下的不可恢复蠕变柔量及不可恢复蠕变柔量差,并对5种沥青零剪切黏度与高温流变参数进行灰色关联分析.结果表明:与动态频率扫描试验相比,稳态剪切试验更加适合用来测定基质沥青和改性沥青的零剪切黏度;Cross模型和Carreau模型均可较好拟合5种沥青的零剪切黏度,Carreau模型的拟合值小于Cross模型;相比于其他沥青高温流变参数和不可恢复蠕变柔量,沥青不可恢复蠕变柔量差与零剪切黏度的灰色关联度最高,能更好地反映沥青的高温性能;随着温度的升高,沥青车辙因子与零剪切黏度的灰色关联度逐渐增大;沥青零剪切黏度与不可恢复蠕变柔量差及车辙因子的关联性最好,3个指标均能较好地评价沥青高温性能.     

一种温拌剂对SBS改性沥青性能影响研究

研究了一种自制温拌剂对SBS改性沥青的物理性能和燃烧性能的影响,并通过动态剪切流变仪(DSR)温度扫描试验分析自制温拌剂对SBS改性沥青流变性能的影响。针入度、延度、软化点试验结果表明:自制温拌剂的加入能使沥青的稠度增加,能降低沥青的温度敏感性,提高沥青的高温性能;极限氧指数试验结果表明:温拌剂的加入能提高SBS改性沥青的阻燃性能;温度扫描试验结果表明:与SBS改性沥青相比,掺加6%温拌剂的SBS沥青有更大的复合模量、车辙因子、疲劳因子,更小的相位角,这说明温拌剂的加入提高了SBS改性沥青的车辙性能和疲劳性能。     

高模量沥青混合料温度粘弹性能研究

采用多应力蠕变恢复试验(MSCR)和车辙试验表征高模量沥青的粘弹性与高温稳定性,通过微观测试分析了改性剂在沥青中的分散程度。通过动态模量试验,研究了高低温条件下高模量沥青混合料模量与相位角的变化规律,采用疲劳试验研究了材料在动态荷载作用下的服役寿命。试验结果表明:高模量改性沥青在高温下的不可恢复蠕变量仅为基质沥青的17%,约为抗车辙剂改性沥青的27%,高模量改性剂的分散性较抗车辙剂更佳;沥青混合料的动稳定度与沥青的蠕变柔量(Jnr3.2)成反比,高模量沥青混合料具有较好的温度稳定性,可延长道路的使用寿命,适用于温度跨度大的重载地区。     

基于流变性能试验的沥青高温性能评价指标研究

采用基质沥青、SBS改性沥青、高模量改性沥青和高黏度改性沥青,进行了常规性能试验、复数剪切试验、重复蠕变试验和广义剪切模量试验,测试几种沥青的软化点与当量软化点、车辙因子与改进车辙因子、蠕变模量和广义剪切模量等高温性能指标.通过对比分析各指标的区分度,以及沥青性能与沥青混合料车辙性能的相关性,发现蠕变模量和软化点与动稳定度拟合关系最好,建议采用蠕变模量作为沥青高温性能评价指标,软化点作为质量控制指标.     

温拌剂在RAP再生混合料中的应用研究

对20%和60%两种RAP掺量Sup-20厂拌热再生沥青混合料与分别掺加Evotherm和Sasowmat再生沥青混合料性能进行综合对比评价分析,结果表明:采用温拌技术的再生混合料抗水损害性能略为较好,添加Sasowma温拌剂再生混合料的高温性能较普通厂拌热再生有较大程度提高,Evotherm温拌沥青混合料和热拌沥青混合料高温性能相当;RAP掺量从20%提高到60%后,再生混合料高温性能有所提高,同时添加温拌剂的再生混合料低温破坏应变要明显大于普通厂拌热再生混合料。     

沥青路面抗裂缝反射材料流变性能试验研究

为进一步了解沥青路面抗裂反射材料的性能机理,测试了三种沥青材料的粘度和动态剪切流变性能,对比分析了三种材料的粘度、复数模量、相位角和车辙因子,评价了抗裂材料在不同温度下的抗变形能力,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

掺不同温拌剂沥青混合料的动态模量及疲劳特性

应用简单性能试验机(SPT)分别对掺不同温拌剂(Leadcap,Sasobit和ZQ-WB3温拌剂)沥青混合料及热拌沥青混合料在不同温度和加载频率时的动态模量、相位角进行测定与研究,并通过四点疲劳试验(应变控制模式)分析掺不同温拌剂沥青混合料的疲劳寿命.结果表明:随着温度降低或加载频率升高,掺不同温拌剂沥青混合料的动态模量增大;温度为37℃或54℃时,掺Leadcap或Sasobit温拌剂沥青混合料相位角出现峰值时的加载频率较掺ZQ-WB3温拌剂沥青混合料小;温拌剂对沥青混合料疲劳寿命有很大影响,掺ZQ-WB3温拌剂沥青混合料平均疲劳寿命最短,掺Leadcap温拌剂沥青混合料平均疲劳寿命最长.     

交联聚乙烯改性沥青高温性能及评价指标分析

通过动态剪切流变试验和重复蠕变恢复试验,对交联聚乙烯改性沥青的高温性进行了评价,结果表明,XLPE改性剂能够改善沥青的高温性能,而车辙因子G*/sinδ对于弹性较好的改性沥青高温性能的评价却存在着一定的局限性;改性剂车辙因子G*/(sinδ)9和沥青的蠕变劲度的粘性成分Gv值能够更好的表征改性沥青的高温性能。     

基质沥青与SBS改性沥青的流变学性能研究

由于沥青和改性剂的相互作用，改变了沥青的成分及结构，使沥青的流变性能发生了变化。采用DSR和BBR两种仪器，通过试验研究了温度与沥青的复数剪切模量、相位角、车辙因子、疲劳开裂因子、蠕变劲度及蠕变速率的关系，并分析了SBS改性剂对沥青流变性的改善效果。     

添加Evotherm温拌剂的沥青混合料性能研究

主要研究了Evotherm温拌剂对沥青及其混合料性能的影响。通过理论计算确定在空隙率与热拌沥青混合料(HMA)相同时,温拌沥青混合料(WMA)的施工温度。在此温度条件下进行WMA路用性能的测试,并与HMA进行对比分析。结果表明,WMA的高温性能与抗车辙性能得到了明显的提升,但是WMA的低温弯曲性能与水稳定性能有一定程度的降低。因此在实际应用时,应当根据现场情况通过试验来确定温拌剂的添加量。     

Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids

The contribution and role of different precursors in the formation of three class of disinfection by-products (DBPs) [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs)] in swimming pool waters were examined using filling waters obtained from five drinking water treatment plant (WTP) effluents and three body fluid analogs (BFAs). BFAs exerted higher chlorine demands as compared to natural organic matter (NOM) in filling waters. BFAs exhibited higher HAA formation potentials than THM formation potentials, while the opposite was observed for the filling water NOM. There was no appreciable difference in the HNM formation potentials of BFAs and filling water NOM. Different components in the BFAs tested exhibited different degree and type of DBP formation. Citric acid had significantly higher THM and HAA yields than other BFA components. The effect of temperature was greater on THM formation, whereas the effect of contact time had more impact on HAA formation. Experiments with filling waters collected from WTP effluents at three different times showed more variability in HAA than THM formation at the WTPs studied.     

Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—III. Inorganic compounds and radicals

Second-order rate constants for reactions of ozone with 40 inorganic aqueous solutes are reported. Included are compounds of sulfur (e.g. H₂S, H₂SO₃, HOCH₂SO₃H), chlorine (e.g. Cl⁻, HOCl, NH₂Cl, HClO₂, ClO₂), bromine (e.g. Br⁻, HOBr), nitrogen (e.g. NH₃, NH₂OH, N₂O, HNO₂) and oxygen (e.g. H₂O₂), as well as free radicals (e.g. O₂⁻, OH^•). Most of these compounds exhibit an increase in rate constant with increasing pH corresponding to their degree of dissociation. Rate constants are based on ozone consumption rates measured by conventional batch-type or continuous-flow methods (10⁻³-10⁺⁶ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range) and determinations of stoichiometric factors. Also listed are data determined by pulse-irradiation techniques using kinetic spectroscopy (10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ range). Additional literature data are reviewed for completeness. Results are discussed with respect to water treatment and environmental processes.     

建筑西向房间夏季室内热环境改善

以国内某大学综合实验大楼为例,实测了其中一间西向房间的室内外空气温度与壁面温度,分析了其夏季室内热环境。为了在经济合理地使用能源的情况下,满足它对夏季冷量与冬季热量的需求,根据实测的数据,利用建筑热平衡原理,对其夏季室内热环境特性进行了分析,指出了其热工设计缺陷,并对其进行了热舒适性的改造。通过软件模拟出改造后房间室内空气温度值,对比改造前后室内空气温度值,结果显示改造后的温度值明显降低,热舒适性得到了改善。     

沥青混合料动态蠕变模量与动稳定度的关系

研究了分别基于AC13和AC25优化出的9组级配、SBS改性中海70#沥青和中海70#沥青两种结合料、花岗岩和石灰岩两种集料以及50,70 mm两种车辙试件厚度等条件下的沥青混合料动稳定度(DS)与车辙模量(E_(DS)),E_(DS)与动态蠕变劲度模量(S_(dy)),S_(dy)与DS这三者的关系.结果表明,不同沥青混合料的S_(dy)与采用厚度匹配的车辙试件DS之间存在良好的相关性.因此可以将DS转换为S_(dy),并用其作为沥青路面结构设计的参数.     

Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate metabolites during soil aquifer treatment

The attenuation of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) metabolites was studied at a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) site located in Arizona, USA. Two parcels of water were monitored during infiltration; one parcel was predominantly oxic while the other was predominantly anoxic. In this study, only alkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (APECs) and carboxyalkylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (CAPECs) were detected, no short-chained APEOs were observed-even under anoxic conditions. APEO metabolites were rapidly (<7 days) removed under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. In general, the length of the ethoxycarboxylate chain decreases with depth--at depths greater than 3m, only alkylphenoxy acetic acids (AP1ECs), carboxyalkylphenoxy acetic acids (CAP1ECs), and alkylphenols (APs) remain. Under aerobic conditions, octylphenol and nonylphenol concentrations decreased by approximately 80% (w/w) within 3m of the ground surface. Under anoxic conditions however, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 200% during the first 1.5m and then decreased during the next 1.5m; overall, under anoxic conditions, alkylphenol concentrations increased by approximately 38% within 3m. During infiltration, APEC and CAPEC concentrations decrease by more than 95% within 3m of SAT. Alternate flooding and drying cycles appear to enhance overall APEO metabolite removal efficiencies.     

Removal of VUV pre-treated natural organic matter by biologically activated carbon columns

A potential alternative water treatment process using VUV (185 nm+254 nm) irradiation followed by a biological treatment is described. The system uses sufficient VUV radiation (16J cm(-2)) to significantly enhance the production of biologically degradable moieties prior to treatment with biologically activated carbon (BAC). Two similar activated carbons were used, one virgin and one taken from a water treatment plant with an established biofilm. The VUV-BAC process decreased the overall dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of a natural water sample by 54% and 44% for the virgin carbon and previously used BAC, respectively. Furthermore, VUV-BAC treatment decreased the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (THMFP) by 60-70% and the haloacetic acid (HAA) formation potential (HAAFP) by 74%. The BAC systems effectively removed the hydrogen peroxide residual produced by VUV irradiation. Although nitrite formation can result from VUV treatment of natural organic matter (NOM), none was detected before or after BAC treatment.     

小剪跨比钢筋混凝土实腹支托的受力性能及非线性全过程分析

本文用非线性全过程分析和足尺试件的破损试验的方法对工业建筑结构中常用的小剪跨比钢筋混凝土支托进行力学性能的讨论。文章提出了小剪跨比支托不同于一般支托的力学特性和破坏机理,认为“剪摩理论”对于小剪跨比支托的适用性是存在的。     

膨润土对重金属离子Pb~(2+),Zn~(2+),Cr(VI),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cr(VI)和Cd2 的影响.结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 的吸附效果均优于其对Cr(VI)的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式.     

A modification of the Trent Index for use in Denmark

A new pollution index based on macroinvertebrates has been devised which can be used as a surveillance system in Danish streams. The index is inspired by the Trent Index although it was necessary to incorporate two new principles. First, the pollution indicators Asellus aquaticus and Chironomus sp. are used as negative taxa, with a negative influence on the index value, thereby strongly enhancing the utility of the keygroups. Secondly, the taxonomic groups used in the Trent Index have been replaced by establishing positive and negative index groups, where the number of negative index groups is subtracted from the number of positive. Thus, the utility of the basic principle, increasing pollution effecting decreasing numbers of taxonomic groups, is enhanced.     

750kV GIS中金属氧化物避雷器对VFTO影响的研究

随着超高压气体绝缘变电站(GIS)的广泛使用,由隔离开关(DS)和断路器(CB)操作引起的快速暂态过电压(VFTO)的危害越加明显。以西北地区750 kV官亭GIS变电站为计算原型,利用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)对不同运行方式下GIS设备上的VFTO进行数值仿真计算和分析。重点在于对不同运行方式下金属氧化物避雷器(MOA)的限制过电压效果进行分析。计算结果表明:DS无分合闸电阻时,MOA防护效果更明显;MOA主要的抑制效果体现在MOA附近的设备上,对于远离MOA的设备上的VFTO的抑制效果较小;由于VFTO持续的时间极短,通过MOA的能量很小。