汶川地震灾区风景名胜区灾后恢复重建研究（三）——总体思路与认识

风景名胜区的灾后恢复重建工作不论是对于国家灾后恢复重建总体规划的实施,还是对于灾区的经济社会发展,或是对于风景名胜区本身,都是一项非常紧迫且意义重大的工作,因此,需要制定必要的灾后恢复重建计划,如编制各风景名胜区灾后重建规划、设立新景区景点、发展新的区域旅游线路、加强防灾管理、保障资金来源、制定恢复重建的工作时序等。同时,需配套必要的保障措施以确保灾后恢复重建计划能够完好落实。     

突出羌乡特色 强化规划管理——北川县漩坪乡集镇灾后重建规划研究

城乡规划法明确了我国城乡规划的类型与层次,但乡和村庄一级的规划中没有涉及规划控制的内容。本规划以北川县漩坪乡集镇灾后重建规划为例,为适应灾后重建需要,考虑重建中投资主体的多元化,注重民族地区传统建筑风貌与文化的传承,运用了城镇规划中的控制图则方法,增加并整合了城镇规划中控制性规划的内容,建立了特色景观风貌、公共及公用设施等的控制建设指标,方便了乡级政府对集镇灾后重建的规划管理工作。     

汶川地震重灾区历史古迹受损应急评估及保护对策

鉴于汶川地震重灾区灾后恢复重建工作的紧迫性及历史古迹受损评价方法的缺失,对灾后重点文物保护单位展开了应急评估。评估结论显示:重点文物保护单位受损程度及分布特征受地区文物保护单位富集程度及其与地震带空间关系控制。为保护地震受损历史古迹,提出了实施灾后历史古迹普查、积极做好次生灾害防御工作、建立分级保护体系等五项对策。研究结论有利于补充震后旅游恢复重建研究的不足,使城建恢复重建规划能够有效实施,为灾后旅游恢复重建和高烈度山区文物古迹保护提供参考。     

嘉绒藏区旅游藏寨景观生态重建研究

文章以嘉绒藏区小金县藏寨向花村、夹金村灾后重建规划为例,从藏寨的总体轮廓景观、绿地景观、节点景观和地域建筑景观设计等方面进行研究,尝试从嘉绒藏区传统藏寨和藏居中提取创作灵感,尊重自然,保护生态环境,创造有地域特色和可持续发展的嘉绒藏区景观体系,试图探寻一条适宜于嘉绒藏区旅游藏寨景观生态重建的可行策略。     

“8·8”地震对九寨沟景区层湖叠瀑景观的影响

2017年"8.8"九寨沟地震后,通过对九寨沟核心景区景观的应急调查,结合水文监测系统实时监测数据综合分析研究,认为九寨沟景区景观水流系统总体处于基本稳定状态。根据其现状提出了加强震后综合调查研究,为景区灾后重建与景区旅游可持续发展提供科学依据。     

四姑娘山风景名胜区灾后重建规划分析

根据景区灾后重建规划的基本原则,分析了四姑娘山风景名胜区灾后重建规划的技术路线,并从旅游服务设施、居民点、道路交通、自然和人文资源等方面,提出了灾后重建恢复的策略,旨在促进风景名胜区社会、经济、环境的协调发展。     

泥石流灾害对舟曲县经济增长影响的实证分析

以8·7甘肃舟曲特大泥石流为例,分析泥石流灾害对经济增长的影响。结果表明:8·7特大泥石流对舟曲县当年经济发展增速有明显的制约作用;随着灾后重建工作的开展,舟曲县经济在较短的时间内得到了恢复,但随着灾后重建投入的减少,经济的发展又呈现下降的趋势。所以,在灾后重建过程中应针对不同产业的特点,充分利用当地优势资源,做好恢复重建的短期规划和长期规划。     

“心灵之城”—都江堰灾后重建规划探讨

以历史视野，宏观视角审视都江堰的过去、现在和未来，寻求适合都江堰灾后恢复，重建、提升之路。灾后重建概念规划提出发展旅游经济，申办“都江堰国际旅游经济特区”，以“心灵产业”为主线构筑“心灵之城”，争取更多的财税，土地政策支持等建议。     

云南盈江“3·10”灾后重建规划总体城市设计探讨

总体城市设计能分析地区的发展前景和空间愿景,对城市的形态、空间框架、景观形象等提出规划策略和建议.盈江县总体城市设计结合灾后重建规划,围绕“建立美丽富饶新盈江”的目标,从城市的文化、空间、景观等角度进行研究分析,提出实现“山水盈江”“魅力盈江”“人文盈江”“安全盈江”的规划策略,为灾后重建提供思路.     

嘉绒藏区灾后重建中景观与生态设计思考

灾后重建应注重生态的维护与改善对城镇发展的重要性,并立足于地域文化的内涵,延续民族地区的传统文脉,同时以人为本,贯彻科学发展观的要求,尊重自然,合理布局.嘉绒藏区由于地处川藏的过渡地带,对生态的维护与改善显得尤为重要.以嘉绒藏区小金县长坪村、双桥村灾后重建规划为例,从村寨总体轮廓景观、节点景观、人文建筑和绿化景观设计等方面做了探讨,尝试从当地传统藏寨和藏居中汲取创作灵感,尊重自然,保护生态环境,创造有地域特色和可持续发展的嘉绒藏区景观体系,从而试图探寻一条适宜于嘉绒藏区灾后重建的可行策略.     

浙江省风景名胜区人文景源分布特征及影响因素研究

风景名胜区在数千年的演进过程中,高度融合了中国大地多样且深厚的传统文化,见证了中华民族几千年的历史文明进程,是最具中国特色的自然保护地。从省域层面探析风景名胜区的人文景源分布特征及影响因素,对于风景名胜区的整体价值认知具有重要意义,有利于中国自然保护地体系完整性保护。以浙江省57个风景名胜区为研究对象,对其人文景源进行统计分析,并将结果呈现到浙江省域空间,总结出浙江省风景名胜区的人文景源和特、一、二级3级人文景源数量的占比特征,以及不同人文景源占比的风景名胜区在浙江省域空间的分布规律,提出风景名胜区人文景源占比与该区域的地形地貌、平原湖泊、政治文化中心、山水游赏活动、宗教活动、军事要隘等因素存在关联关系。     

景观保护设计——美国佛罗里达州西南部景观 保护设计项目案例

景观保护设计(Landscape Conservation Design,LCD)是一种动态性的景观保护方法。该方法以保护生物学和景观生态学的原理为基础,运用GIS技术和空间保护规划软件,识别出场地中对物种、生物多样性和生态系统保护具有关键意义的区域和廊道。LCD的结果可以为自然资源和生态保护的决策者提供基于科学的空间保护策略依据。在中国越来越重视自然资源和生态环境保护的今天,在未来城市的建设中,景观保护设计的概念和方法将对我国的自然资源和生态保护规划起到重要的借鉴作用。以美国渔业和野生动物保护局(U.S Fish&Wildlife Conservation Service,USFWS)与佛罗里达大学景观保护规划中心合作完成的佛罗里达州西南部景观保护设计项目为例,从数据基础、研究方法以及规划结果等方面来对景观保护设计进行探讨,并提出景观保护设计理念在我国生物多样性保护及生态文明建设中的应用前景和挑战。     

景观资源评价

评价景观的价值,目的在于开发、利用和保护景观.识别与评价能够满足人类心理需求的景观资源,防止景观的破坏或影响,以满足人类社会可持续发展的要求.景观评价首先要求识别景观资源,识别具有保护意义的景观;然后评价景观影响,评价景观的价值.景观作为一种自然资源,不仅具有美学价值,还具有经济价值,即景观的可利用性和经济性.     

游憩导向下喀斯特景观特征评估及空间 格局构建

新时代国土空间规划体系提出构建高品质、多样化 的魅力国土空间,以满足人民日益增长的高品质游憩需求。景 观特征评估及景观空间格局构建是提升国土游憩空间供给品质 的重要基础。以具有典型喀斯特地貌的漓江流域为例,基于游 憩导向,运用LCA-MSPA-MCR综合模型评估喀斯特景观资 源并构建景观游憩空间格局。结果表明：漓江分为23个景观特 征类型、211个特征区域,共识别13个景观源地,5个一级景 观点、3个二级景观点、5个三级景观点,22条景观游廊道, 划分喀斯特山水景观区、城市风光景观区、山地森林探险区、 水库休闲与森林康养区四大游憩区域并提出空间管控与发展策 略。研究结果将为喀斯特景观资源保护和开发游憩的协调共 存、促进区域旅游经济发展提供参考。     

干旱地区泄洪河道重点河段景观设计探索

中国内陆存在着广泛的干旱地区,这些地区因为气候的原因形成了许多长期干涸的季节性泄洪河道。另外,随着水资源的枯竭和灾害性气候的增多,越来越多的河流呈现出泄洪河道的特征。泄洪河道内存在大量不协调的现象,近年来已经成为城市景观改造的重要对象。从防洪策略、生态补偿策略、水体景观营建策略、景观特质营建策略和景观功能营建策略5个层面出发,综合探讨了干旱地区泄洪河道重点河段景观设计的主要问题与对策。     

日本地域景观的独特性及其可持续管理

日本国土面积虽小,却具备多样的地形条件和气候类型。经过长期磨合,日本各地人与自然的关系不尽相同,因此每个地域的景观也各具特色。从日本全国范围来看,景观的类型十分丰富。21世纪之后,日本法律体系的调整强调了地域景观独特性的重要性,并将景观看作地域规划中的重要资源。为了适应这种景观价值观的变化,日本开始建立新的景观管理规划理论,并为景观管理提供新的思路和方法论,包括新的财务资源、执行组织等。根据这一趋势,风景园林师的职责和所需具备的素质能力也发生了改变。今后,风景园林设计师不仅需要能够创造新的景观(即景观设计),而且需要具备读取当地景观独特性(即风景解读)的能力。     

Assessing Public Perception of Landscape: the LANDMAP experience

Assessing public perception of landscape continues to be both an academic and a policy challenge. The involvement of the public in landscape matters has been and continues to be both controversial and problematic. Constraints of time and resources, together with a reluctance to delegate responsibility to the public, have generally limited the scope and influence of much participation to conventional reactive strategies. The potential of a new methodology to identify public perception of landscape in Denbighshire is assessed. Forming part of a wider initiative known as LANDMAP, a technique adopted by the Countryside Council for Wales for identifying distinctive landscape areas, household questionnaires and focus groups have been used to evaluate public perception in response to carefully selected photographic media. The results afford important insights into public perception and allow particular landscape types to be evaluated in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Analysis of the results for two selected areas shows that the public has strong attachments to managed rural landscapes in general, and wishes to see more integrative and participative strategies for landscape protection and management. Such attitudes challenge planners and policy makers to rethink their approaches towards conventional landscape management strategies and planning.     

Transition of the satoyama landscape in the urban fringe of the Tokyo metropolitan area from 1880 to 2001

An explicit understanding of past landscapes is a basic and important issue, which enables deeper understanding of current landscapes in a longer context and gives useful suggestion to today's landscape planning. In this paper, transition of the traditional Japanese agricultural landscape (satoyama landscape) over a relatively long temporal scale (1880–2001), and its inherent dynamics in each of four socioeconomically based time periods in two topographically different areas around the Tokyo metropolitan area was studied. Information derived from historical records and interviews was used to differentiate four socioeconomic periods, and to support and explain the results of the analysis. Old maps and aerial photographs were used to create land use maps, which were analyzed using GIS. The results illustrated drastic landscape change from agricultural to urban landscape, with unique land use and transition patterns in each study area. A large part of both study areas was affected by bi-directional conversion between woodlands and crop fields in the early part of the study period, in the form of shifting agriculture. Our results also showed that the landscapes are becoming less dynamic and it may suggest reconsideration for land use planning, which will lead to more stabilized landscapes.     

Human impact on the abundance of useful species in a protected area of the Brazilian Cerrado by people perception and biological data

Studies about relationships between people and landscapes have shown that local communities can affect the abundance of plant species useful to humans, which raises the question of how landscape management processes might modify the abundance of useful plant species in a forested area. We addressed this issue based on people perception and biological evidence. This study was undertaken in the Araripe National Forest, a protected area of sustainable use of natural resources in Brazil. Our results showed that the studied landscape experienced modifications in abundance of species caused by management processes. For instance, phytosociological data for the managed areas showed a greater abundance of the more salient useful species compared with useful species that have lower local importance. The comparison of historical and current aerial images of the landscape indicated that plant density had increased in forested managed areas where agricultural practices were stopped. Despite this, local perceptions indicated that the abundance of most of the useful plant species in the managed areas had decreased over time.     

Transition of the satoyama landscape in the urban fringe of the Tokyo metropolitan area from 1880 to 2001

An explicit understanding of past landscapes is a basic and important issue, which enables deeper understanding of current landscapes in a longer context and gives useful suggestion to today's landscape planning. In this paper, transition of the traditional Japanese agricultural landscape (satoyama landscape) over a relatively long temporal scale (1880–2001), and its inherent dynamics in each of four socioeconomically based time periods in two topographically different areas around the Tokyo metropolitan area was studied. Information derived from historical records and interviews was used to differentiate four socioeconomic periods, and to support and explain the results of the analysis. Old maps and aerial photographs were used to create land use maps, which were analyzed using GIS. The results illustrated drastic landscape change from agricultural to urban landscape, with unique land use and transition patterns in each study area. A large part of both study areas was affected by bi-directional conversion between woodlands and crop fields in the early part of the study period, in the form of shifting agriculture. Our results also showed that the landscapes are becoming less dynamic and it may suggest reconsideration for land use planning, which will lead to more stabilized landscapes.