并行设计和施工中错误的作用机制研究

指出并行设计和施工方法比传统方法具有更多不确定性的主要原因是未预料的错误在整个项目中的反复循环作用,基于并行设计和施工方法的动态行为,提出了错误的作用机制模型,以掌握并行设计和施工中错误的反复循环及其对项目绩效的负面影响。     

A new approach to performance-based building design exploration using linear inverse modeling

Despite the development of a large number of building performance simulation tools, designers still need a systematic framework appropriate for energy-oriented decision-making in the early stages of design. While the current workflow follows a “forward” modelling procedure in which simulation tools predict the performance of a design, this study proposes an “inverse” procedure that entails a performance objective that estimates design parameters. Using linear inverse modelling, this approach generates plausible ranges for design parameters given a preferred thermal performance. The paper begins by demonstrating that thermal demand in a particular building operation-and-climate condition can be expressed as a linear regression model and then, in two case-studies, uses the regression model to develop an inverse algorithm. After defining energy performance targets as input, users obtain a probabilistic estimate of design parameters as output that represents a large “menu” of feasible design solutions, provides confidence, and embodies the iterative nature of design.     

不确定性条件下建设工程设计进度优化研究

随着建设工程项目的大型化、复杂化,其设计中的迭代问题也呈多发趋势。但相应技术或方法的缺乏,使得管理者在面对此类问题时常显得束手无策。因此,本文尝试将DSM理论引入到复杂建设工程设计进度管理领域,针对传统进度管理方法的缺陷及现有复杂建设工程设计过程中易发的迭代问题,构建一种以DSM理论为基础的进度优化体系,同时用蒙特卡洛模拟方法对设计进度的不确定性进行研究,最终将其运用于某大飞机配套工程设计进度优化中。结果显示,该模型在迭代活动识别、活动排序优化及工期分布预测计算方面均具有一定的优势,并可以通过解耦操作实现进度的优化,通过仿真模拟预判关键活动,为复杂建设工程设计进度的优化提供了新的思路。     

基于准则法的建筑结构优化设计

充分考虑建筑结构的特点,基于我国现行建筑结构规范相关条款提出了适合梁、柱的高校优化设计准则,分别以柱轴压比和梁配筋率为指标构造迭代格式。并通过动态编程技术在大型有限元软件ANSYS上进行了程序实现,对一个30层的结构进行了优化设计,结果表明,该方法是有效的可行的。     

优化算法驱动的建筑生成设计实践研究

技术的发展终将引起行业的变革，通过对优化算法的相关内容及其应用案例的研究为今后的建筑设计实践提供 更多方法，创造更多的可能性。梳理了优化算法的发展脉络，以及优化算法应用于建筑设计的历史演化，总结基于算 法的生成设计平台及其对应插件；结合两个具体案例分析，提出优化算法驱动的建筑生成设计思维和主要过程；面向 新世纪建筑实践要向“数字化”等转型的背景，从设计平台的选取、不同设计阶段优化目标的确定、算法优化的迭代 过程等方面总结了优化算法驱动的建筑生成设计实践的一般流程，并对优化算法的发展前景及其对建筑师的潜在影响 进行了展望。     

Establishing shared understanding of product use through collaboratively generating an explicit frame of reference

Recent studies have shown that there is a need to improve usability-related decision-making in product development teams to prevent usability problems in the final product. Those decisions are heavily influenced by the knowledge those teams have of future use situations and expected usability issues. Our previous research showed that design team members often implicitly hold this type of knowledge, but do not share it within the team. This lack of a shared understanding of product use negatively influences the decision-making process. In this paper we present the iterative development of a set of guidelines to support design teams in sharing knowledge of product use through the generation of flexible, explicit and evolving frames of reference. A series of studies in which the guidelines were evaluated suggest that particularly the activity of collaboratively creating the explicit frame of reference contributes to a shared understanding of product use.     

Manipulating the flow of design information to improve the programming of building design

The increasing complexity of modern buildings and the use of fast-track methods of procurement systems has meant the expeditious and successful completion of the design phase of a project has become ever more important. This paper describes a research methodology that can help plan the building design process. Design models, based on data flow diagrams, have been developed to map information flows during the design of a modern building. These models are analysed using Steward's design structure matrix, which allows ordering of the tasks to produce schedules or design plans based solely on information flowing between design tasks. Traditional ordering is based on experience but modern complex projects require a more rigorous approach. Design is an inherently iterative activity and design structure matrix analysis reveals how to order most efficiently interdependent tasks and use estimates of design information further to improve the scheduling of design tasks.     

高层钢结构建筑-TLD系统的抗震优化设计方法

研究了地震作用下TLD系统最优参数的取值问题。在考虑结构阻尼的情况下采用数值迭代方法 ,给出了TLD系统最优参数的实用设计方法及结构 -TLD系统的设计步骤。     

Design of radio telescope structural frameworks

The design of a radio telescope is complex because, not only does it have to be light, but it has to satisfy a homological pattern of deflections. Often the structure is large and its analysis requires a great deal to computer time and storage. In this paper a method is presented to design such a structure so that it is light and certainly deflects homologically. An iterative method of design is used in which the surface joint deflections are specified and the aim is to calculate a set of cross-sectional areas that satisfy these deflections. This design method avoids the analysis of the structure and thus excludes the explicity solution of a large set of simultaneous equations. In this manner both computer time and storage are considerably reduced. Example are given to demonstrate the method.     

A graphical multi-objective performance evaluation method with architect-friendly mode

In response to the inadaptation and difficulties for architects in the use of engineering simulation tools and optimization methods, a method is proposed for graphical performance evaluation achieved with a developed plugin for Grasshopper as an architect-friendly tool to support design exploration in early stage. The proposed method follows forward workflow for interactive feedback of performance, focusing on thermal and visual comfort upon a variety of design options. A case study of shading design is demonstrated. The demonstration illustrated an intuitive and graphical process for qualitative performance evaluation, which is assisted by an overall ratio ranking the integrated performance of design options for a quantitative comparison. Compared with engineering optimization methods that focus on optimal performance-based solutions, the proposed method presented graphical feedbacks on design performance that are interactive with the designer for performance-informed decision making. In this way, the proposed method stimulates the effective and positive application of engineering tools and judgment at the early stage of iterative design.     

Design of rock support system under rockburst condition

As mining and civil tunneling progresses to depth, excavation-induced seismicity and rockburst problems increase and cannot be prevented. As an important line of defense, ground control measures and burst-resistant rock support are used to prevent or minimize damage to excavations and thus to enhance workplace safety. Rock support in burst-prone ground differs from conventional rock support where controlling gravity-induced rockfalls and managing shallow zones of loose rock are the main target. Rock support in burst-prone ground needs to resist dynamic loads and large rock dilation due to violent rock failure. After reviewing the rockburst phenomenon, types of rockbursts, damage mechanisms, and rockburst support design principles and acceptability criteria, this paper describes that the support selection process in burst-prone ground is iterative, requiring design verification and modification based on field observations. An interactive design tool for conducting rockburst support design in underground tunnels is introduced to facilitate cost-effective design.     

Challenges for integrated design (ID) in sustainable buildings

It is often argued that integrated design (ID) is a powerful way to enhance collaboration in construction projects. This collaboration is seen as a way of improving innovation to create more sustainable buildings. Contrary to the traditional silo-type and linear design process, ID is based on upfront stakeholder involvement and a holistic approach to project decision-making. Although ID’s premises are theoretically-founded, a close empirical look at its practices shows that numerous challenges compromise its results and efficiency. This study examines the ID process through an iterative process that includes the construction of a conceptual framework and its empirical validation. We examine three green construction projects in Canada. Based on the analysis of 26 interviews with key project stakeholders and more than 198 construction documents, the study assembles – and ultimately applies – a multi-lens framework based on four themes: the fragmented nature of construction; risk perception; stakeholders’ commitment; and efficiency in the design process. Results show that three tensions arise in ID practices: between collaboration and process efficiency, between short-term and long-term goals, and between integrated methods and traditional ones. The study sheds light on ID limits and reveals how stakeholders can improve their interactions to design more sustainable buildings.     

探讨建筑节能的各种设计

就当今社会而言建筑节能的重要显得特别突出。在不断完善建筑技术的基础上,就如何把住宅设计达到节能的效果,更高效率地利用资源,提升居住环境是当今建筑师必须解决的问题。     

哈工大动力楼巨型框架增层结构设计与测试

哈尔滨工业大学动力楼原为两层砌体结构房屋 ,建筑面积 3 90 0m2 。根据学校发展要求 ,决定在原建筑上续建 4层。经反复论证 ,决定采用套建预应力混凝土巨型框架增层的结构方案。着重论述了基础设计、上部结构设计、套建施工方案、测试方案与测试结果分析等内容 ,相关思路和方法可供同类房屋的套建增层设计与施工参考。     

TMD系统最优参数的实用设计方法

研究了TMD系统最优参数的取值问题．在考虑主系统阻尼的情况下采用数值迭代法,给出了TMD最优参数的实用设计表格。     

Procuring architectural services: sensemaking in a legal context

Decision makers involved in selecting an architect for a building project in the public domain have to comply with European procurement regulations. The blend of the legal requirements and the subjective elements of architectural design creates a situation in which the legal rationale often clashes with the organizational sensemaking process that decision makers experience. Hence, being aware of the origin of these conflicts could have important managerial implications for the design of a tender process. A competition and a tender case were selected to collect data by observation, interviewing and document analysis. The incremental and iterative character of making sense of supply and demand and the implicit ways of aggregating value judgements in order to make a final procurement decision were found to be the main underlying decision processes in procuring architectural services. Being aware of these characteristics in the design of a tender process would significantly reduce the chance of conflictive situations.     

边坡稳定性有限元直接评价与辅助设计系统

使用VC^ 6.0开发了土体人工边坡稳定性有限元直接评价与辅助设计系统，通过可视化对话方式实现了边坡的开挖、支护等工程的计算机设计，采用基于土体抗剪强度参数析减的有限元法直接评价边坡的稳定性，在迭代计算方案中使用了自适应弧长控制法，通过对多个人工边坡工程的稳定性评价，验证了系统的实用性。     

Frequency-constrained optimization of space frames having general cross-sectional relationships∗

An optimality criteria (OC) method is presented for weight optimization of space frames having general cross-sectional relationships. The space frames support a sizeable amount of non-structural mass, while multiple natural frequency constraints, and minimum and maximum gauge restrictions are imposed on their design. The iterative design method involves alternately satisfying the constraints (scaling) and applying the Kuhn-Tucker (optimality) condition (resizing). The primary sizing variables (cross-sectional areas), and indirectly the secondary ones (two principal moments of inertia and a torsional constant), are uniformly scaled to the constraint surfaces using a nonlinear closed-form formulation. No exact scaling formulation for this class of problem has been proposed and tested in the optimization literature hitherto. The closed-form scaling procedure is united with an adaptable design strategy in which linear extrapolates of past-scaled design vectors are coupled with automatically-tuned OC recursive methods. Elementary design examples are presented to demonstrate the method. On average, the method achieves a stable upper-bound convergence of weight minima, as it quickly dissolves the (sometimes violent) oscillations of scaled weights in the iteration history. Most of all, the present design strategy eliminates the need for adjustments of internal parameters during the redesign phase.     

结构TMD风振控制最优参数设计方法

本文采用数值迭代法给出了风振控制中考虑主结构阻尼时ＴＭＤ最优参数实用设计表格。