石灰粉煤灰联合固化石油污染滨海盐渍土的力学特性EI北大核心CSCD

石油污染土物理力学性质较差,改善其强度是实现工程再利用的前提。以滨海地区石油污染盐渍土为研究对象,采用石灰粉煤灰进行固化处置,借助无侧限抗压强度试验,量化固化效果及各个因素的影响程度。结果表明:石灰粉煤灰联合固化可使石油污染土的抗压强度大幅提高,12%石灰+20%粉煤灰固化石油污染土的强度满足《公路路基设计规范》(JTG D30—2015)中关于二级公路上下路堤及地基土置换的抗压强度要求,且控制石油污染水平8%以内时,可满足高速公路、一级公路上下路堤中抗压强度指标要求;固化石油污染土的应力–应变曲线由直线加载、非线性上升及下降3个阶段组成,破坏模式呈应变软化型,随石油污染水平加剧,塑性变形部分增强;固化土的强度随石油污染水平加剧而下降,石油污染减缓固化反应速率,弱化石灰–粉煤灰–土颗粒间固化作用;对于石油污染水平为0~12%的盐渍土,适宜耦合条件为:12%石灰+22%粉煤灰,养护龄期28 d。     

石灰粉煤灰联合固化石油污染滨海盐渍土的力学特性

石油污染土物理力学性质较差,改善其强度是实现工程再利用的前提。以滨海地区石油污染盐渍土为研究对象,采用石灰粉煤灰进行固化处置,借助无侧限抗压强度试验,量化固化效果及各个因素的影响程度。结果表明:石灰粉煤灰联合固化可使石油污染土的抗压强度大幅提高,12%石灰+20%粉煤灰固化石油污染土的强度满足《公路路基设计规范》(JTG D30—2015)中关于二级公路上下路堤及地基土置换的抗压强度要求,且控制石油污染水平8%以内时,可满足高速公路、一级公路上下路堤中抗压强度指标要求;固化石油污染土的应力–应变曲线由直线加载、非线性上升及下降3个阶段组成,破坏模式呈应变软化型,随石油污染水平加剧,塑性变形部分增强;固化土的强度随石油污染水平加剧而下降,石油污染减缓固化反应速率,弱化石灰–粉煤灰–土颗粒间固化作用;对于石油污染水平为0~12%的盐渍土,适宜耦合条件为:12%石灰+22%粉煤灰,养护龄期28 d。     

无机材料改良硫酸盐渍土微观机理分析

为了深入探讨无机材料改良硫酸盐渍土的微观作用机理,针对易溶盐含量为1.61%的硫酸盐渍土采用石灰、石灰+粉煤灰、石灰+火山灰3种不同配比的无机材料进行改良,通过化学成分分析试验、X射线衍射试验和扫描电镜试验,研究其改良前后化学、矿物成分变化,并对无机材料改良硫酸盐渍土的微观作用机理及微观结构进行了分析。结果表明:加入改良材料后硫酸根离子含量显著降低,石灰改良土中下降了41.37%,石灰+粉煤灰改良土下降了44.64%,石灰+火山灰改良土中下降了59.75%,有效减少了芒硝的形成,从总含盐量和硫酸根离子含量来看,石灰+火山灰组合改良剂的改良效果最佳; 改良前后土中变化最明显的元素是钙元素,石灰改良土中增加了73.28%,石灰+粉煤灰改良土中增加了30.17%,石灰+火山灰改良土中增加了27.59%,钙元素一部分以碳酸钙的形式存在,另一部分以硫酸钙和其他矿物形式存在; 改良后土中石英、方解石和碳酸钙的衍射强度增强,低矮的非晶物相增多,盐渍土中矿物成分更加复杂; 在改良初期土中有针状结构物生成,说明土中硫酸盐与改良材料发生了反应,随着时间的推移针状物逐渐消失,硫酸根离子含量也进一步降低,土体的整体强度进一步得到加强; 改良28 d后盐渍土的表观孔隙率大幅降低,其中石灰改良土下降了53.19%,石灰+粉煤灰改良土下降了54.33%,石灰+火山灰改良土下降了51.14%,土中大孔隙减少,小孔隙增多,孔隙大小变得相对均匀; 改良前后粗粒硫酸盐渍土的结构不变,以单粒结构为主,而细粒硫酸盐渍土改良前土颗粒排列方式难以辨认,改良后土颗粒以面面接触为主堆叠在一起。     

石油污染水平对固化参数的需求分析

针对受石油污染盐渍土后所引起的复杂环境岩土问题,选用石灰、粉煤灰为固化材料,通过三轴剪切和扫描电镜试验探讨石油污染水平对固化参数的需求机制。结果表明:固化污染土黏聚力c较内摩擦角φ对提高抗剪强度更加显著,随龄期的延长,变形模量和主应力差逐渐增大,破坏方式由应变硬化型转变为应变软化型脆性破坏。轻度污染(污染水平≤4%)对固化反应影响较小,适宜固化参数为6%石灰+20%粉煤灰+28 d,石油特性在养护初期对c,?值影响较大,二灰掺量的增加会引起膨胀效应和滑珠作用;中度污染(污染水平4%～8%),石油污染对抗剪强度体现为劣化作用,适宜固化参数为8%石灰+25%粉煤灰+28 d。养护初期,石油润滑性和黏滞性的转变点与石灰掺量、石油污染水平呈动态变化。重度污染(污染水平8%～12%)下,石油黏滞性随石灰掺量的增加而减小,石油的物理包容迟滞了火山灰反应的程度和速率,致使生成物结晶程度不良和养护后期强度仍保持较大增长,需增大固化材料掺量以遏制石油对材料的滞碍性和阻截水分作用。     

冻融循环对固化盐渍土的抗压强度与变形的影响

 北方地区冬季结冰与春季融化引起土的冻胀和融沉问题,弱化了土的抗压性能。以研究冻融循环对固化盐渍土抗压性能的影响为目的,完成冻融前后盐渍土、石灰固化盐渍土、石灰+SH固化盐渍土的抗压试验。结果表明：盐渍土、石灰固化土和石灰+SH固化土的抗压强度随冻融次数的增加而减小,石灰+SH固化土的抗压强度均高于另2种土;冻融前后石灰固化土和石灰+SH固化土均为应变软化型,盐渍土则由应变软化型转变为应变硬化型。冻融循环次数相同时,石灰+SH固化土的抗压强度随含水率的增加而减小,其应力–应变曲线逐渐趋于平缓,土的脆性减弱。石灰+SH固化土具有相对较好的抗冻融性能,含水率是影响冻融后土的抗压性能的首要因素。     

滨海盐渍土的工程地质问题与防护固化方法

滨海盐渍土因土的含水率降低引起氯化钠结晶,土发生盐胀;因土的含水率增加引起盐颗粒溶解,形成孔隙,土发生溶陷;因土中含有较多的Cl^-和SO4^2-,对钢材和混凝土具有腐蚀性;因环境湿度大及土中的Na^＋水化作用强烈,导致土吸湿软化。因此,在工程应用时,需采取底部铺砂砾石或土工膜等隔离或封闭措施,以控制滨海盐渍土的盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化问题;或掺入水泥、石灰、粉煤灰和SH固土剂进行改性固化处理,以提高固化土的强度和水稳性。     

石灰水泥改良硫酸盐渍土盐胀特性研究

硫酸盐渍土作为一种特殊土,具有溶陷、盐胀、腐蚀等不良的工程特性,硫酸盐渍土路基填料是制约交通建设快速发展的重大岩土工程问题之一。为了解决硫酸盐渍土工程应用难题,采用石灰、水泥混合改良材料对不同含盐量的硫酸盐渍土进行改性试验,测试了改良盐渍土在无载条件下的盐胀量,并运用正交分析法研究了石灰和水泥对盐渍土盐胀影响的显著性。结果表明:使用石灰、水泥混合改良材料对硫酸盐渍土进行改良,能有效处理弱硫酸盐渍土、中硫酸盐渍土、强硫酸盐渍土地基,对于过硫酸盐渍土,也能有效的减小其盐胀率。     

好氧颗粒污泥吸附Zn2+的研究

以不同粒径的好氧颗粒污泥作为吸附剂吸附水中的重金属Zn2+,分析了颗粒污泥的粒径在不同初始Zn2+浓度和初始污泥浓度下对吸附效果的影响;同时以活性污泥为对照,对比研究了两种吸附剂对重金属Zn2+的吸附效果.研究发现,好氧颗粒污泥具有多孔结构,吸附过程满足一级可逆反应方程;小颗粒的吸附容量较大颗粒的高;颗粒污泥的解吸率均低于普通活性污泥的.可见,好氧颗粒污泥可作为含Zn2+废水的生物吸附剂.     

活性污泥中提取的藻酸作为铜吸附剂的研究

采用实验室培养的活性污泥提取藻酸并制备藻酸钙吸附剂,用于去除污水中的Cu2+,考察了其吸附和解吸性能及影响因素,并采用城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥进行验证.结果表明:pH值和藻酸钙投量对其吸附Cu2+有明显影响,当pH值为4、Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg/L、藻酸钙投量为0.7 g/L时,对Cu2+的平衡吸附量为41.96 mg/g;藻酸钙对Cu2+的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型;以盐酸为解吸剂,藻酸钙的解吸率可达到90%.实际剩余污泥可制备(203±11)mg/g的藻酸钙,对Cu2+的吸附量可达51.44 mg/g,而解吸率可达到94%.采用剩余污泥制备藻酸钙吸附剂,操作简单、成本低、对Cu2+的吸附高效、易于再生,具有工业应用前景.     

石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土强度的影响因素研究

为充分了解石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土强度的影响因素及规律,对大量不同制备条件的石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土试样进行了无侧限抗压试验和静三轴试验。结果表明:石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土的早期强度较高,但含盐量较高（大于等于1.5%）时,随着养护龄期的增加,其强度并不是一直提高,而是先增大后减小;石灰掺量过多或过少均会使石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土的强度显著降低,灰土比2∶8最接近最佳配灰比;随着土塑性指数的增加,石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土的强度迅速提高;随着含盐量的增加,石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土的浸水强度和不浸水强度都先增大后减小,其峰值强度对应的含盐量约为0.5%;含盐量越高和土塑性指数越大,浸水强度与不浸水强度就越接近;试验结果对石灰改良黄土状硫酸盐渍土地基的工程应用具有参考价值。     

Experimental design methodology applied to adsorption of metallic ions onto fly ash

The objective of this study was to define operating conditions which would conciliate a high removal of the five metallic cations (Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+) and a low desorption of these metal ions from the contaminated sorbents. To achieve this goal the strategy relied on the use of experimental design methodology. The influence of four parameters (fly ash/lime mass ratio, type of fly ash/lime sorbent, solution temperature, and sorbent concentration) on the removal at pH = 5 and the stabilization of the five metallic ions was studied. In the first step, the influence of three parameters on the removal of Cu2+ ions was studied (R2 = fly ash/lime mass ratio, type of sorbent, temperature). It was found that the same set of parameter values would produce both the highest removal and the lowest desorption for this cation: R2 = 9 g g(-1), sorbent B (made by mixing fly ash and lime in water, then drying this paste at 105 degrees C for 24 h), temperature of suspension equal to 60 degrees C. The formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), resulting from the pozzolanic activity of fly ash, is assumed to be partially responsible for these mechanisms. In the second step, simplex methodology and Doehlert matrix were used to find the conditions in a 2D space (sorbent concentration, temperature of solution) that would give the highest removal from a solution containing five metallic cations and the lowest desorption of these five cations adsorbed on the contaminated sorbents. Then, the system response that had to be optimized was the total metallic ions concentration (TMIC, mol L(-1)). A TMIC was measured both for adsorption and leaching experiments. These responses were modelized using a second-order polynomial and the surface responses were plotted for adsorption and desorption results. A difference was observed between operating conditions reaching the highest adsorption from those that gave the lowest desorption. However, an adsorbent concentration around 122 g L(-1) and a solution temperature of 66 degrees C would lead simultaneously to a high adsorption and a low desorption.     

火山灰改良粗粒硫酸盐渍土路基填料及其作用机理研究

针对硫酸钠含量为2%的砾砂类硫酸盐渍土,开展了在不同石灰配比、石灰+火山灰配比工况下的击实试验、盐胀试验、溶陷试验、无侧限抗压强度试验,在此基础上,分析了其改良机理和微观特性,结果表明:掺加石灰或石灰+火山灰改良剂不仅可以有效减少砾砂类硫酸盐渍土的盐胀量,而且可以降低盐胀敏感温度区间;在采用无机改良剂改善硫酸盐渍土的盐胀变形时,应结合当地气候条件考虑,在温度较高地区可以适当减少改良剂掺量,温度较低时,适当增加改良剂掺量;相比于石灰改良土,掺加火山灰后,土样的压密阶段缩短,弹性阶段增长,土样达到强度极限时产生的应变减小,土体的结构性变强,抗变形性能增强;添加火山灰对于此类盐渍土的强度增长速率亦有加速作用;采用石灰掺量高于11%时或采用石灰+火山灰不少于15%时,改良后土体的盐胀和溶陷变形率均小于1%,7 d饱和无侧限抗压强度均不小于0.35 MPa。     

Study on lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder

In this study a new type of lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder was prepared to improve the performances of lime–fly ash binder which was a typical semi-rigid road base material binder in China. The modified lime powder had much higher activity than ordinary quick lime or slaked lime powder, it was the best alkali activator to prepare lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder. The optimum formulation of this binder was consisted of 8–12% modified lime, 18–23% phosphogypsum and 65–74% fly ash. The parallel experiments shown that lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder had higher strength than ordinary lime, cement, and lime–fly ash stabilized soils road base materials, granular soils stabilized with this binder had higher later strength than that of lime–fly ash or cement stabilizing granular soil, it had higher early strength and steady strength development. The phosphogypsum hastened the pozzuolana reactions between the lime and fly ash, it reacted with lime and fly ash also, this reaction formed some AFt and the formation of AFt brought on a slight expansivity which could compensate the shrinkage of the binder. The pore structure of this binder was finer than that of the lime–fly ash, so the strength and performances of the road base material stabilized with lime–phosphogypsum–fly ash binder was much higher than those of the lime–fly ash road base material.     

Potential of fly ash to suppress the susceptible behavior of lime-treated gypseous soil

The use of lime and fly ash to improve the properties of certain types of soil is well established. However, the potential of fly ash to control the adverse effects of lime-treated gypseous/sulphatic soil has not been well investigated. In the present work, an attempt is made to quantify the fly ash content used to suppress the susceptible behavior of lime-treated gypseous soil. Series of one-dimensional swell and compressibility analyses are performed on various combinations of expansive soil with a predominance of montmorillonite mineral containing lime, gypsum (0–6%), and fly ash (0–30%). It is observed that the volume change behavior of the lime-treated gypseous soil is not controlled completely by addition of fly ash. However, the maximum improvement in the volume change behavior of the lime-treated gypseous soil is observed with a 20% fly ash content, and hence, can be taken as the Optimum Fly ash Content (OFC). Micro-analyses revealed that the relative dominance of the change in gradation and the formation of cementitious compounds of different compositions and ettringite crystals are the key factors in controlling the volume change behavior of lime-treated gypseous soil with fly ash. However, several factors, such as the types of minerals present in the soil, the types of fly ash and lime, and other physico-chemical environmental conditions (temperature, method of curing, and so on), are seen in the present study to affect the value of the obtained OFC.     

矿物掺合料对再生混凝土抗冻性影响的试验研究

研究了单掺粉煤灰、双掺石灰粉和粉煤灰在不同介质下(淡水、海水、硫酸盐溶液)对再生混凝土抗冻性能的影响,试验结果表明:单掺粉煤灰掺量为20%或双掺石灰粉和粉煤灰比例为3∶7时,可明显提高再生混凝土的抗冻性能,不同介质溶液下抗冻性能最好的为淡水、最差的为海水。同时得出在不同掺量的粉煤灰、不同掺量的石灰粉和粉煤灰与再生混凝土抗冻性相关关系及其变化规律,可供理论研究和工程应用参考。     

不同改良材料对膨胀土工程性能影响的对比试验

以石灰、水泥、粉煤灰、风化砂四种材料改良同一种膨胀土,掺入不同的比例后,进行室内试验研究。试验表明:四种材料的掺入均能改善膨胀土的抗剪强度,其中掺水泥能大幅度提高膨胀土的黏聚力和内摩擦角;其次,掺石灰也能显著提高膨胀土的抗剪强度指标;掺入风化砂和粉煤灰后,膨胀土的黏聚力会有所下降,内摩擦角会随着掺量的增加,先逐渐增大后缓慢降低。掺入这四种材料均能有效改善膨胀土的膨胀特性,从对有荷膨胀率的影响效果来看,掺石灰对抑制膨胀效果最好,其次是水泥,而后是粉煤灰和风化砂。     

基于正交试验制备生土基复合墙体材料及其热湿综合性能分析

基于正交试验设计,以石灰和粉煤灰为改性剂制备了生土基复合墙体材料.通过多元非线性回归,分析研究了改性剂掺量和含水率对生土基复合墙体材料热湿综合性能的影响,并得到生土基复合墙体材料的优化配方.结果表明:改性剂掺量和含水率对生土基复合墙体材料热湿综合性能的影响显著,敏感程度依次为含水率>粉煤灰掺量>石灰掺量>空白因素;生土基复合墙体材料的优化配方为石灰掺量6.24%+粉煤灰掺量8.93%+含水率13.57%,此时其导热系数为0.721W/(m·K),平衡含湿量为7.645%,且抗压强度和耐水性均满足相应要求.通过墙体材料组成结构分析和微观形貌分析可知,粉煤灰在碱性环境中的水化作用使得优化生土基复合墙体材料内部呈现出更加致密的结构体系.     

The role of carbide lime and fly ash blends on the geotechnical properties of clay soils

Carbide lime is a by-product obtained during the manufacturing of acetylene from the reaction of calcium carbide and water. A major portion of carbide lime is dumped in waste deposition areas, creating an environmental problem. Carbide lime and fly ash have possible applications in slope stabilization, subgrade improvement of roads, and soil treatments under shallow foundations. A series of Atterberg limits tests, compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, and wetting–drying tests were performed on carbide lime and fly ash treated clay soils to evaluate the effects of additive content, curing time, strength development, and the effects of wetting and drying. A total of 8% of carbide lime constituted the fixation point, and peak strength was achieved at 12% carbide lime content. A total amount of 25% additive was found as a threshold changing the Atterberg limits. Test results indicated that the strength of the treated soil improved by the existence of carbide lime and fly ash; best performance was observed in 28-day specimens with 10% carbide lime and 20% fly ash content reaching to 8 times larger strength than untreated soil. The failure patterns of the specimens reflected the curing time and wetting–drying effects. Although, the application of wetting–drying cycles deteriorated the treated soil, the presence of carbide lime partially prevented the strength loss. New relationships between normalized strength and curing time depending on carbide lime content were proposed. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the unconfined compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the treated soils was established.

     

双灰桩材料工程特性的试验研究

通过大量的土工试验和理论分析 ,研究了双灰桩的桩体材料的硬化机理、压缩特性、强度特性以及影响这种材料工程力学特性的主要因素 ,对于这种材料在地基加固中的应用 ,提出了科学合理的建议。