Ni/Fe/Zr催化剂的制备及其微波催化氧化性能

采用共沉淀法制备Ni/Fe/Zr复合氧化物催化剂,并在微波条件下以H<,2>O<,2>为氧化剂,将其用于处理正丁酸模拟废水,考察该催化剂的活性.正交试验结果表明,在Ni:Fe=(0:10)、Zr:(Fe+Ni)=4:1、沉淀时间为5 h、干燥时间为6 h、焙烧温度为350℃、焙烧时间为6 h的条件下,所制的催化剂活性最高,此时对模拟废水中TOC的去除率可达75%;Ni:Fe、Zr:(Fe+Ni)及焙烧温度这三个因素对催化剂活性的影响特别显著,焙烧时间次之,而干燥时间和沉淀时间无明显影响.另外,上述条件下制备的催化剂稳定性较好,使用17次后处理效果仍无明显下降.对催化剂进行XRD衍射及电镜扫描表征发现,采用共沉淀法制备催化剂时,对催化剂进行掺杂改性可改变其物相,在Fe催化剂中添加zr可有效提高其催化活性.     

接枝交联改性壳聚糖吸附性能研究

研究了改性交联壳聚糖羧基成盐和络合吸附Cu2+、Ni2+的特性.结果表明:改性交联壳聚糖对Cu2+、Ni2+的吸附具有Langmuir吸附特征,吸附量与离子核电荷数和络合物的配位相关.该吸附剂对两种相同浓度混合离子的吸附中具有选择性,即优先选择吸附Cu2+,2 h时,吸附选择系数为19.5.     

咔唑基有机微孔聚合物的制备及其二氧化碳吸附性能研究

为了提高有机微孔聚合物(MOPs)对二氧化碳气体的吸附量并探讨MOPs的化学组成及多孔性能对其二氧化碳吸附能力的影响,通过在MOPs骨架中引入与二氧化碳分子有亲和力的咔唑基团,制备了一系列咔唑基有机微孔聚合物(CMOPs),并研究其结构与二氧化碳吸附性能之间的关系。咔唑基MOPs展现出优异的二氧化碳吸附性能,随着BET比表面积的升高,其二氧化碳吸附能力也有相应的增强,其中CMOP-2的BET比表面积最高达1 090m~2/g,在273K和113kPa条件下,其二氧化碳吸附量为3.08mmol/g。     

负载型纳米TiO_2光催化降解酸性红B的研究

为解决传统纳米TiO2光催化氧化工艺催化剂不易分离和载体的比表面积较小、悬浮性差的问题,将纳米TiO2负载在聚丙烯多面球上制备了负载型TiO2光催化剂.利用XRD和氮气吸附法表征了该催化剂的结构特性,并采用其降解酸性红B,考察了初始浓度、曝气量、pH值、H2O2投加量、自由基清除剂及多面球的比表面积等对降解效果的影响.结果表明,偶联剂法制备的TiO2薄膜晶相单一(锐钛矿型),晶体粒度较小,比表面积较大;脱色率会随着酸性红B溶液初始浓度的升高和自由基清除剂(乙醇)的加入而下降,提高溶解氧浓度、增加聚丙烯多面球的比表面积以及酸性条件(pH=3.26时效果最佳)都有利于提高脱色率;投加H2O2也能提高脱色率,但当投加量增至0.5 mg/L后效果不再明显;酸性红B的光催化降解遵循一级反应动力学方程.     

膦酸钛多孔材料对氨气的静态吸附性能

制备合成一系列膦酸钛多孔材料,并应用于氨气的静态吸附研究。以BET法测比表面积,BJH法测定孔径分布。对材料的孔结构表征表明合成的膦酸钛材料比表面积高达400m2/g。统计6种不同膦酸钛和分子筛的静态吸附数据,计算出每个时间段的吸附效率。氨气的静态吸附测试表明该材料具有较高的吸附容量,吸附效率均达150%以上。材料的比表面积越高,材料中酸含量越高,吸附量越大,吸附效率越高,这是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果。     

活性污泥中提取的藻酸作为铜吸附剂的研究

采用实验室培养的活性污泥提取藻酸并制备藻酸钙吸附剂,用于去除污水中的Cu2+,考察了其吸附和解吸性能及影响因素,并采用城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥进行验证.结果表明:pH值和藻酸钙投量对其吸附Cu2+有明显影响,当pH值为4、Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg/L、藻酸钙投量为0.7 g/L时,对Cu2+的平衡吸附量为41.96 mg/g;藻酸钙对Cu2+的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型;以盐酸为解吸剂,藻酸钙的解吸率可达到90%.实际剩余污泥可制备(203±11)mg/g的藻酸钙,对Cu2+的吸附量可达51.44 mg/g,而解吸率可达到94%.采用剩余污泥制备藻酸钙吸附剂,操作简单、成本低、对Cu2+的吸附高效、易于再生,具有工业应用前景.     

镁盐改性活性炭处理生活与工业混合污水性能分析

通过热改性法制备镁盐改性活性炭(MgO-PAC)并用于处理嘉兴联合污水处理厂的生活与工业混合污水。通过SEM、XRD、FTIR和BET等手段对MgO-PAC材料进行表征,考察了对混合污水中COD、TP和NH_4~+-N的吸附去除效果。经改性后活性炭比表面积增大了121. 22m~2/g,最佳投加量为50 mg/L。在最佳投加量下,MgO-PAC对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N的去除率分别提高了11. 7%、54. 4%和17. 9%。MgO-PAC对COD、TP和NH_4~+-N的吸附更符合拟二级动力学方程。MgO-PAC材料为生活与工业混合污水的处理以及污水厂的提标改造提供了一定的参考。     

共沉淀法制备多孔TiO_2/Al_2O_3纳米复合材料及其光催化性能研究

以TiCl4为钛源,Al(CH3)3为铝源,采用共沉淀法制备出了具有高比表面积且热稳性良好的多孔TiO2/Al2O3纳米复合材料。对合成的材料进行了XRD、SEM、氮气吸附脱附等温曲线测试及光催化性能测试。分析了焙烧温度对材料的结晶度和晶相组成、孔尺寸和比表面积的影响,并重点考察了焙烧温度对光催化性能的影响机制。制备出的材料在800℃高温焙烧后,比表面积仍高达50.9m2/g,同时其具有的高度连通的三维孔道结构也能很好地保持。研究发现复合材料中氧化铝的加入将氧化钛由锐钛矿向金红石的相转变温度提高了200³00℃,同时对材料的孔结构也有稳定作用。其中800℃焙烧的样品的光催化性能最好,紫外加可见光照射下,50min内对罗丹明B染料的降解率达81.7%。     

合成碳羟基磷灰石对废水中锰离子的吸附研究

利用废弃的蛋壳制备碳羟基磷灰石(CHAP),研究了其对废水中Mn2+的吸附作用,并探讨了CHAP用量、Mn2+浓度、温度、pH对吸附效果的影响.试验结果表明:在pH值为6、温度为30℃、搅拌时间为1 h、CHAP用量为3 g/L、Mn2+初始浓度为70 mg/L的条件下,CHAP对Mn2+的去除率可达到97.9%,吸附容量为22.84 mg/g;CHAP对Mn2+的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Fre-undlich吸附等温式,吸附反应是自发放热过程;H0准二级动力学模型能较好地描述CHAP对Mn2+的动力学吸附行为.     

生物沥浸改性后污泥基生物炭对Pb^2+和Cd^2+的吸附

为探索利用生物沥浸改性后污泥基生物炭去除废水中Pb^2+和Cd^2+的可行性,以生物沥浸改性后污泥为原料制备生物炭,并测定了该材料的性能和吸附特性。通过单因素试验研究了pH值、生物炭投加量对吸附Pb^2+、Cd^2+性能的影响,并利用吸附动力学和热力学来揭示吸附机制。试验结果表明,经生物沥浸改性后污泥基生物炭的重金属含量降低;吸附Pb^2+和Cd^2+的最佳pH值分别为5、6,最佳生物炭投加量均为2 g/L;其对Pb^2+和Cd^2+的吸附均能较好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温线模型,在25、35、45℃三种温度下对Pb^2+、Cd^2+的饱和吸附量分别为30.68、39.95、43.93 mg/g和19.82、28.58、32.29 mg/g,吸附过程均主要以物理吸附为主,且为吸热过程。     

Fe3O4 nano-particles prepared by co-precipitation method using local sands as a raw material and their application for humic acid removal

Magnetic Fe₃O₄ nano-particles were prepared successfully from commonplace sands as a raw material. The nano-particles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation of high purity iron separated from commonplace sands through acidic leaching. The characterization of the synthesized nano-particles was performed using X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and potential zeta. Finally, the nano-particles were used for adsorption of humic acid (HA) from aqueous solutions using batch adsorption technique. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation time, initial HA concentration, and temperatures on HA adsorption were evaluated. The adsorption of HA onto nano-particles followed the Sips isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetics models. Thermodynamic parameters data indicated that the HA adsorption process was non-spontaneous and endothermic under the experimental conditions. The adsorption of HA from peat water (the real sample) using the nano-particles demonstrated that they were an adsorbent with great potential for the removal of HA from peat water.     

Characteristics of adsorbents made from biological, chemical and hybrid sludges and their effect on organics removal in wastewater treatment

Meso-macropore adsorbents were prepared from biological sludge, chemical sludge and hybrid sludge of biological and chemical sludges, by chemically activating with 18.0 M H₂SO₄ in the mass ratio of 1:3, and then pyrolyzing at 550 °C for 1 h in anoxic atmosphere. The physical and chemical characteristics of the sludge-based adsorbents were examined in terms of surface physical morphology, specific surface area and pore size distribution, aluminum and iron contents, surface functional groups and crystal structure. Furthermore, the adsorption effect of these adsorbents on the organic substances in wastewater was also investigated. The results indicated that the adsorption capacities of the sludge-based adsorbents for UV₂₅₄ were lower than that of commercial activated carbon (AC), whereas the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents prepared from hybrid sludge (HA) and chemical sludge (CA) for soluble COD_Cr (SCOD_Cr) were comparable or even higher than that of the commercial AC. The reasons might be that the HA and CA possessed well-developed mesopore and macropore structure, as well as abundant acidic surface functional groups. However, the lowest adsorption efficiency was observed for the biological sludge-based adsorbent, which might be due to the lowest metal content and overabundance of surface acidic functional groups in this adsorbent.     

羟基磷灰石对大肠杆菌吸附铬(Ⅵ)的影响

以实际水体作为实验用水,探究羟基磷灰石(HA)存在下大肠杆菌(E.coli)对六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]的捕获吸附特性。结果表明,E.coli对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合假一级动力学,适宜pH值为6,该条件下E.coli对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量为30.71 mg/g。纳米尺寸的HA释放和生物效应受浓度影响,当HA暴露浓度为5 mg/L时,正电性HA附着于细菌表面,促进E.coli与Cr(Ⅵ)接触,E.coli对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量达到最高值55.98 mg/g。当HA暴露浓度为10~50 mg/L时,过量的HA附着在细菌表面,改变了细胞膜的通透性,因而吸附量略有降低,但依然高于E.coli单独对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量。当HA暴露浓度高于100 mg/L时,团聚在一起的HA对Cr(Ⅵ)也产生吸附作用,提高了体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率。总体来说,HA和E.coli共同作用有助于提高对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效率。     

羟基磷灰石对大肠杆菌吸附铬(Ⅵ)的影响

以实际水体作为实验用水,探究羟基磷灰石(HA)存在下大肠杆菌(E.coli)对六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]的捕获吸附特性。结果表明,E.coli对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附符合假一级动力学,适宜pH值为6,该条件下E.coli对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量为30.71 mg/g。纳米尺寸的HA释放和生物效应受浓度影响,当HA暴露浓度为5 mg/L时,正电性HA附着于细菌表面,促进E.coli与Cr(Ⅵ)接触,E.coli对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附量达到最高值55.98 mg/g。当HA暴露浓度为10~50 mg/L时,过量的HA附着在细菌表面,改变了细胞膜的通透性,因而吸附量略有降低,但依然高于E.coli单独对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量。当HA暴露浓度高于100 mg/L时,团聚在一起的HA对Cr(Ⅵ)也产生吸附作用,提高了体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率。总体来说,HA和E.coli共同作用有助于提高对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效率。     

Adsorption of toluene on carbon nanofibers prepared by electrospinning

This paper reports the novel results of activated carbon nanofibers (ACNF) used to improve the toluene adsorption capacity. The ACNF was prepared by stabilization, carbonization and activation after electrospinning the polymer solution of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in N, N-dimethylformamide. The average diameter of the ACNF was approximately 300 nm, ranging from 200 to 500 nm. The toluene adsorption capacity of ACNF10 activated at 1000 degrees C increased to 65 g-toluene/100 g-ACNF. This was attributed to the high specific surface area (1403 m(2)/g), large micropore volume (0.505 cm(3)/g), and narrow average pore diameter (6.0 A). The oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C ratio) in ACNF10 was 1.8%. This O/C ratio appears to induce a higher toluene adsorption capacity, which originates from a non-polar interaction between the ACNF surface and toluene. In conclusion, the electrospun ACNF prepared in this study promotes the adsorption of toluene through the high specific surface area, large pore volume, narrow pore diameter and low O/C ratio.     

聚硅酸铁混凝剂对腐殖酸的氧化性能研究

以水玻璃、硫酸亚铁及氯酸钠为原料，采用独特共聚工艺制备了聚硅酸铁（PSF）混凝剂，考察了PSF对腐殖酸（HA）的氧化性能及高岭土对被氧化HA的吸附效果，同时进行了复合铝铁（PFA）的对比试验。结果表明，PSF是一种具有氧化性能的混凝剂，因其改变了HA的分子结构，从而使HA的表面性质以及HA／水溶液的界面性质发生变化，使亲水性HA转化为憎水性HA,导致高岭土对其吸附性能增强；不同pH值下PSF均有良好的氧化性能，而PFA仅在酸性时具有氧化性；pH值对HA、PSF、高岭土之间的络合模式具有较大影响，中性下时DOMs的去除效果较好。     

Studies on the effect of humic acids and phenol on adsorption-ultrafiltration process performance

Application of pressure-driven membrane processes, such as ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) for surface water treatment have become very popular during last decades. Membrane fouling by humic substances (HS) is one of the major limiting factors in these processes. In order to alleviate the unfavorable effects of the presence of HS in the feed on the process performance UF and MF are often combined with adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC). The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of humic acid (HA) on membrane fouling during UF. Moreover, the effect of PAC addition to the feed on UF process, especially on flux decline was determined. The applicability of the adsorption-ultrafiltration (PAC/UF) system to purification of water containing low (phenol) and high molecular (HA) was also investigated. Three different polymer UF membranes, prepared from polysulfone (PSF), cellulose acetate (CA) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were applied. It was found that the membranes prepared from PSF and CA are very susceptible to fouling caused by HA. The permeate flux decreased for ca. 50% during UF of HA solution through the PSF membrane and for ca. 45%-through the CA membrane. In the case of the PAN membrane, a negligible effect of HA on the flux was observed. On the basis of the FTIR spectra it was found that the drop in the permeate flux through these membranes may result from interactions between the negatively charged functional groups present on the membrane surface, such as carboxyl groups (CA) and sulfone groups (PSF) with HA, which results in coating of the membrane surface with HA. When PAC was added to the feed containing HA, the permeate flux through the CA and PAN membranes was maintained on a practically unchanged level. However, in case of the PSF membrane, a 50% drop in the permeate flux in comparison with the flux value, when process was conducted without PAC addition was observed. That was supposed to be due to attractive forces among hydrophobic PAC particles, HA molecules and PSF membrane surface. The performed studies showed that the application of PAC/UF system was very effective in the removal of organic substances having both, low and high molecular weights. The role of PAC suspended in a feed in the PAC/UF system is the adsorption of low molecular organic compounds, which cannot be removed by UF alone.     

Preparation and evaluation of a novel Fe-Mn binary oxide adsorbent for effective arsenite removal

Arsenite (As(III)) is more toxic and more difficult to remove from water than arsenate (As(V)). As there is no simple treatment for the efficient removal of As(III), an oxidation step is always necessary to achieve higher removal. However, this leads to a complicated operation and is not cost-effective. To overcome these disadvantage, a novel Fe-Mn binary oxide material which combined the oxidation property of manganese dioxide and the high adsorption features to As(V) of iron oxides, were developed from low cost materials using a simultaneous oxidation and coprecipitation method. The adsorbent was characterized by BET surface areas measurement, powder XRD, SEM, and XPS. The results showed that prepared Fe-Mn binary oxide with a high surface area (265 m2 g(-1)) was amorphous. Iron and manganese existed mainly in the oxidation state +III and IV, respectively. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate adsorption kinetics, adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and the effect of solution pH values on arsenic removal. Batch experimental results showed that the adsorbent could completely oxidize As(III) to As(V) and was effective for both As(V) and As(III) removal, particularly the As(III). The maximal adsorption capacities of As(V) and As(III) were 0.93 mmol g(-1) and 1.77 mmol g(-1), respectively. The results compare favorably with those obtained using other adsorbent. The effects of anions such as SO4(2-), PO4(3-), SiO3(2-), CO3(2-) and humic acid (HA), which possibly exist in natural water, on As(III) removal were also investigated. The results indicated that phosphate was the greatest competitor with arsenic for adsorptive sites on the adsorbent. The presence of sulfate and HA had no significant effect on arsenic removal. The high uptake capability of the Fe-Mn binary oxide makes it potentially attractive adsorbent for the removal of As(III) from aqueous solution.     

Layered double hydroxide of cobalt-zinc-aluminium intercalated with carbonate ion: preparation and Pb(II) ion removal capacity

Ternary layered double hydroxide (Co–Zn–Al LDH) intercalated with carbonate was synthesised via a simple co-precipitation method at pH ≥10. It was characterised using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), surface area and porosity analyser, Thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA–DTA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Pb(II) adsorption properties, mechanism, and possible reuse of the LDH were also investigated by the batch technique. The characterisation results showed the presence of hydroxyl group as well as the intercalated carbonate anions within the well-defined LDH crystal structure. The TGA-DTA results confirmed the presence of these anionic groups which were liberated from the structure at ≈200 and 300°C, respectively. The LDH-specific surface area, pore diameter and width are 54.0 m²/g, 41.3 and 25.1 nm, respectively. Adsorption results showed that Pb(II) equilibrium could be achieved in 120 min, and adsorption increased with concentration and temperature. A Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 130.34 mg/g was reached for this LDH, and the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic and mainly electrostatic with most of the adsorption occurring within the pores. Desorption test suggested that approximately 90% of the adsorbed Pb(II) could be desorbed; hence, the Co–Zn–Al–CO₃ LDH may be reused.     

硅藻土/竹炭复合材料的制备及孔结构表征

本研究以竹炭为主要原料,添加硅藻土,以硅铝复合物为粘结剂,经粘结造粒、表面包覆改性、高温煅烧等工艺,制备了一种新型硅藻土/竹炭复合材料。采用氮吸附法对其孔结构进行表征,结果表明,BET比表面积为142.563m2/g,总孔容为0.156cm3/g,相比竹炭,比表面积有所降低,但总孔容却提高了43.12%,意味着吸附容量增大了;孔隙分布也较合理,微孔率、介孔率和大孔率分别为44.23%、32.05%和23.72%,克服了硅藻土和竹炭孔径分布过窄的缺点。由此表明在竹炭中添加硅藻土制备介孔率高、孔径分布均匀、吸附容量大的吸附材料是一种可行的方法。