细观结构的非均质性对花岗岩蠕变特性影响的离散元模拟研究

基于颗粒离散元方法,通过将等效晶质模型和应力腐蚀模型相结合,建立考虑晶体粒径分布的非均质性蠕变颗粒流模型。通过室内试验和数值模拟计算结果的对比分析,验证该方法在花岗岩蠕变力学特性研究中的适用性和可靠性,表明晶体粒径分布所造成的非均质性对花岗岩蠕变失效时间、稳态蠕变速率、裂纹数量和长期强度等性质都具有很大的影响。主要研究结论如下:(1)当非均质性因子越小时,岩石越均质,单轴抗压强度和长期强度越高,岩石的长期强度和单轴抗压强度的比值在0.70左右;(2)岩石在同一应力下,当非均质性因子越大时,蠕变失效时间越小;在同一驱动应力比下,随着非均质性因子的增加,岩石稳态蠕变速率降低,蠕变失效破坏时间更长;(3)微裂纹的发展大致分为3个阶段:缓慢扩展阶段、等速扩展阶段和加速扩展阶段,从微裂纹数量上,呈现出晶间拉裂纹、晶内拉裂纹、晶间剪裂纹数量递减的规律,晶间裂纹在总裂纹数量中占主导地位;(4)岩石的细观结构对破坏模式起着控制性作用,当模型较为均质时,破坏模式呈现出劈裂破坏;当非均质性增加时,破坏模式转变为剪切破坏。微裂纹在扩展过程中会优先选择晶体边界扩展,并且出现了明显的"绕核"现象,即粒径较大的长石对裂纹扩展和破坏模式影响明显,当岩石非均质性越大时,该现象越明显。     

基于数字图像相关法的含填充裂隙大理岩单轴压缩破坏过程研究

采用数字图像相关方法(digital image correlation,DIC)对含不同填充裂隙大理岩单轴压缩破坏过程进行观测,通过分析破裂过程大理岩表面全局变形场的演化,结合电镜扫描(scanning electron microscope,SEM)技术,从定性和定量的角度,总结不同裂隙倾角和不同裂隙填充条件下裂纹起裂、扩展及贯通的规律。结果表明:预制裂隙倾角的变化,会对裂纹的起裂点、起裂角和岩石的强度产生不同程度的影响;而填充物的存在使得岩石的抗压强度有一定程度的提高;无论裂隙填充与否,裂隙大理岩的破坏大都为剪切和张拉共同作用的结果;由于填充物的影响,岩石在宏观上表现为翼裂纹主导的破坏形式,在细观上表现为明显的剪切破坏趋势;但当裂隙中无填充时,大理岩在宏观上则有翼裂纹和反翼裂纹这2种主导破坏形式,在细观上表现为较明显的张拉破坏趋势。因此,采用DIC方法定量描述岩石破裂过程的裂纹位移场演化,直观的判断含填充和未填充裂隙岩石断裂类型,突破了传统以经验为主判断岩石断裂类型存在的局限性,该研究有助于提升人们对含填充裂隙岩体破坏机制的认识。     

数字岩芯微观结构特征及其对岩石力学性能的影响研究

岩石本质上是一种非均质材料,其力学性质受到微观孔隙结构的影响。通过计算不同岩石微米CT图像的分形维数、孔隙半径分布和孔隙形状因子分布,分析了岩石的微观孔隙结构特征。基于数字岩芯表征单元,用有限元方法开展孔隙尺度下微观变形模拟试验,研究微观孔隙结构对岩石变形的影响。结果表明:岩石孔径分布各异,骨架和孔隙都具有分形特征,浑圆孔隙占比相对较少。岩石变形模拟试验中,由于端部束缚作用强,出现了严重的端部效应,在中部了形成X形的共轭塑性剪切带,会不断发展直至岩石破坏;不规则孔隙的存在,使得岩石内部应力集中现象明显,塑性变形区域分布极不均匀。岩石轴向上具有整体平移的特点,侧向变形严重,变形带之间过渡区域位移梯度较大;X形剪切带的下部,形成位移较小的拱形弹性变形区。岩石有效弹性模量与孔隙度和孔隙分形维数具有良好的相关性。随着孔隙度的增加,有效模量几乎呈指数递减,孔隙度对岩石力学性质影响巨大。孔隙分形维数越大,有效弹性模量大体上逐渐变小。研究从孔隙尺度揭示了岩石微观结构的变形机制,对岩石宏观性质的研究具有重要的指导意义。     

基于相场法的花岗岩弹塑性损伤模型及其细观力学行为研究

花岗岩的细观非均质性对其损伤破坏行为有着重要影响。基于热力学原理和力与能量平衡方程,在经典相场模型框架内引入适合岩石类材料的非关联塑性本构关系,构建弹塑性相场模型,通过与解析解和试验数据对比,验证了其正确性和可靠性。在此基础上,采用数字图像处理建立符合真实细观结构的花岗岩非均质数值模型,并对其三轴压缩试验进行数值模拟,在细观尺度预测其宏观力学行为以及分析岩石裂纹扩展机制。研究结果表明：通过与试验数据和传统弹脆性相场模拟结果对比,建立的基于花岗岩真实细观结构的弹塑性相场模型可以很好地捕捉其宏观非线性力学行为;花岗岩的内部裂纹的起裂、扩展以及局部应力场的分布会受到矿物颗粒的力学性质、几何形状及分布的影响。该研究方法为今后研究岩石多尺度损伤破坏问题提供一种简单有效的途径,对评价地下工程中围岩力学性质有着重要的工程实践意义。     

细观结构的非均质性对花岗岩强度及变形影响的颗粒流模拟

基于等效晶质模型建模方法,利用颗粒流软件PFC2D实现对花岗岩细观结构的重建,开展了一系列不同围压下的花岗岩常规三轴压缩试验研究。揭示了晶体粒径分布所造成的细观结构上的非均质性和Mohr–Coulomb强度准则和Hoek–Brown强度准则中各参数的关系以及对岩石脆性的影响。研究结果表明,非均质性对岩样受压加载情况下的应力–应变曲线具有显著的影响。随着非均质因子增加,岩石由均质变为非均质,弹性模量逐渐减小,泊松比增加。随着非均质性因子的增加,岩石抗压强度减小、内聚力增加、内摩擦角减小。对同一类花岗岩而言,Mohr–Coulomb强度准则和Hoek–Brown强度准则中各参数的取值并非恒定,而是一定程度上依赖于内部的细观结构。当岩石细观结构变化时,两种强度准则中的参数也随之改变。细观结构的非均质性对岩石的脆性指标影响较大,随着非均质性因子的增加,岩石脆性指标减小。     

基于两种DIC方法的含孔洞土样变形破坏观测

正确认识不同数字图像相关(DIC)方法的应变计算结果的差异有助于该方法的正确使用。岩土材料变形破坏过程中应变场的准确测量对于正确认识岩土材料的变形破坏机理具有重要的意义。利用自主研制的平面应变模型加载及观测系统,在垂直方向位移控制加载条件下开展了平面应变含孔洞土样(受内压和侧压作用)变形破坏过程实验研究。利用两种DIC方法(即中心差分方法和局部位移场最小二乘拟合方法)计算了应变场。与此同时,还根据清晰剪切带所处位置布置了曲折测线,并在其两侧布置了平直测线,详细地比较了两种DIC方法的应变计算结果的差异。发现了下列结果:随着纵向应变的增加,含孔洞土样最大剪切应变的分布由均匀分布向不均匀分布转化,并最终导致含孔洞土样发生贯穿土样的剪切破坏;2条平直测线上最大剪切应变不相等,剪切带内变形程度大于带外。利用局部位移场最小二乘拟合方法能较好地获得含孔洞土样孔洞表面附近的应变,当计算窗口=5×5个点时,应变更准确、平滑性更好,而利用中心差分方法获得的应变误差较大,且无法获得土样孔洞表面附近的应变。     

非均匀岩石裂纹扩展机制的数值分析

应用东北大学开发的RFPA2D软件,通过数值手段对预制裂纹的非均匀岩石单轴加载条件下的裂纹扩展模式进行了研究,结果表明:非均质度越差,材料的破坏峰值强度越低;裂纹扩展模式受岩石均质度制约,当岩石的均质度较低时,裂纹扩展表面粗糙,且呈现断断续续方式扩展,并且在扩展中出现跳跃方式,与均质岩体有本质区别;均质岩体AE分布集中于裂纹尖端,而非均质岩体裂纹呈弥散分布,并最终逐渐集中而形成裂纹.     

基于数字图像的非均质岩土工程材料的数值分析方法

提出了一种基于数字图像的非均质岩土工程结构的二维数值分析方法。以花岗岩为例,先将岩石的表面图像导入计算机中;然后采用基于彩色空间的数字图像技术将组成花岗岩的几种主要材料:长石、石英和黑云母一一分辨出来并再现岩石的细观结构;再通过一个简单的线性转换,将图像细观结构转换为矢量细观结构;最后,岩石的矢量细观结构可以与数值计算方法--有限元法或有限差分法结合,从而实现非均质岩石材料的力学分析。采用有限差分法FLAC程序来分析岩石的破坏过程。传统室内试验数值模拟表明材料的细观结构对应力分布和破坏模式有着明显的影响,基于数字图像的数值分析方法可以真实地实现岩土工程材料的非均质分析。     

新近系红层岩体力学参数与隧道围岩分级探讨

红层软岩的强度与变形特性在很大程度上控制着隧道围岩的稳定性及其支护强度,对公路隧道工程造价和安全运营有很大影响。借助于开挖的试验平硐,本文采用原位剪切试验和刚性承压板法等,测试分析了红层岩体抗剪(断)强度、变形参数及岩体声波特性,并探讨了研究区新近系红层软岩的围岩分级方法。结果表明,研究区红层岩体剪切破坏基本属于塑性破坏,剪切曲线表现为应变软化型,变形曲线具有明显的塑性变形和回滞环。依据岩体力学参数及声波特性,结合红层岩体开挖后的围岩特征,笔者指出红层软岩的隧道围岩定量分级结果与实际情况存在差异,认为施工期和使用期不遭受饱水浸泡的粘土质软岩应采用天然抗压强度作为其岩石强度的代表值,并提出了软质岩的BQ值计算修正方法,其计算结果与围岩实际开挖情况基本吻合。     

水–岩作用下断续节理砂岩力学特性劣化机理

在库水位周期性升降作用下,库水消落带节理岩体的损伤劣化很可能导致库岸边坡向不稳定的方向发展。基于此,开展了断续节理砂岩的水–岩作用试验,结合力学试验和微细观结构检测综合分析其劣化规律及机理。结果显示:(1)在长期水–岩作用过程中,断续节理岩样的抗压强度、变形模量劣化趋势明显,而且存在明显非均匀性,其中前3个水-岩作用周期的阶段劣化度明显较大,5个水–岩作用周期之后的阶段劣化度明显减小并趋于稳定。(2)水–岩作用下,不同节理倾角岩样的力学参数劣化幅度不一样,阶段劣化度总体呈U型分布,节理倾角在0°和90°附近时,节理岩样从明显的张性破坏逐渐向剪性破坏转变,破坏模式变化特征比较明显,对应力学参数劣化幅度较大;节理倾角为60°左右时,节理岩样总体保持顺节理面的剪切破坏,破坏模式变化特征不明显,对应力学参数劣化幅度比较小,这些变化也使得节理岩样各向异性力学特征逐渐减弱。(3)在水库长期运行过程中,消落带节理岩体的产状直接影响水–岩作用的劣化趋势和变形破坏特征,因此,在库岸边坡长期变形稳定分析中,不仅要关注消落带岩体力学性质的劣化,也要关注节理岩体的产状差异及其在水–岩作用下变形破坏模式的转化。     

等效岩体技术在岩体工程中的应用

 以某露天矿边坡为工程背景,结合岩石力学参数室内和现场原位试验,基于颗粒流理论和PFC3D程序,运用等效岩体技术,建立充分反映节理分布特征并考虑细观破裂效应的等效岩体模型,采用Fish语言编制加卸载命令流,研究岩体的强度和力学效应。研究结果表明：(1) 等效岩体在单轴压缩时,轴向应力–应变曲线分为弹性变形阶段、非稳定破裂塑性阶段和破裂后阶段,抗压强度和弹性模量与标准岩块试样相比,有较大幅度降低;(2) 随围压增大,等效岩体抗压强度和残余强度明显提高,延性特征增强,逐渐向理想塑性过渡;(3) 等效岩体技术能有效地描述岩体受节理分布影响而表现的各向异性特征;(4) 等效岩体内部微裂纹主要沿节理走向分布并扩展,破坏形式受主导节理面产状及性质控制。     

灰岩单轴压缩实验室尺度效应研究

尺度效应广泛存在于缺陷材料中,尺度效应根源于材料的非均匀性。而目前尺度效应研究大都沿用混凝土材料强度负幂率尺度效应研究成果。通过细观结构分析发现,岩石材料和混凝土材料存在较大差别。以灰岩为试验材料,通过单轴压缩试验,获得岩石材料的单轴抗压强度与应力–应变曲线等试验数据,进而分析研究岩石材料的尺度效应及其影响因素,得到与混凝土材料不同的尺度效应规律。研究结果表明：灰岩材料内部的缺陷层次直接决定岩样的强度、变形破坏方式等力学性质;每种非均匀岩石材料都存在一个明显的特征尺度,它与岩石材料内部微缺陷的构造层次(微缺陷自身尺度大小及其相对于岩样尺度的大小)密切相关;岩石材料的尺度效应根源于材料的非均匀性,而并非试件与加载端头之间的端部摩擦效应所造成。     

Determination and applications of rock quality designation(RQD)

Characterization of rock masses and evaluation of their mechanical properties are important and challenging tasks in rock mechanics and rock engineering.Since in many cases rock quality designation(RQD)is the only rock mass classification index available,this paper outlines the key aspects on determination of RQD and evaluates the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses.First,various methods for determining RQD are presented and the effects of different factors on determination of RQD are highlighted.Then,the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses are briefly reviewed.Finally,the empirical methods based on RQD are used to determine the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses at five different sites including 13 cases,and the results are compared with those obtained by other empirical methods based on rock mass classification indices such as rock mass rating(RMR),Q-system(Q) and geological strength index(GSI).It is shown that the empirical methods based on RQD tend to give deformation modulus values close to the lower bound(conservative) and unconfined compressive strength values in the middle of the corresponding values from different empirical methods based on RMR,Q and GSI.The empirical methods based on RQD provide a convenient way for estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses but,whenever possible,they should be used together with other empirical methods based on RMR,Q and GSI.     

岩盐力学特性的试验研究

针对岩盐这一特殊性质的岩石，进行了基本的力学特性试验，包括单轴压缩、间接拉伸及变角剪切。通过试验，发现无水芒硝岩盐是一种软岩，强度较低，变形较大。在单轴压缩变形破坏过程中，具有与普通岩石试件不同的四阶段性特征。另外，由变角剪切试验结果分别获得了无水芒硝和钙质芒硝岩盐的强度曲线方程。     

Physical and mechanical properties of rock masses at Stromboli: a dataset for volcano instability evaluation

Stromboli island has a complex geological history with repeated changes in the volcanic activity alternating with destructive events, caldera collapses and flank landslides. The last activity resulted in the creation of the Sciara del Fuoco depression which was modified by the recent 2002–2003 landslide. The variation in lithology, degree of tectonization and disturbance has resulted in the presence of a wide spectrum of geotechnical materials. This paper summarises the physical and mechanical properties of Stromboli’s intact rocks, rock masses and loose deposits, based on field surveys and laboratory tests. A new classification of the rock succession is introduced and four lithotechnical units defined: Lava, Lava-Breccia, Breccia and Pyroclastic deposit. The range of variability in bulk volume, porosity, intact rock compressive strength and geological strength index is presented. The Hoek and Brown’s failure criterion was applied for each lithotechnical unit and the rock mass friction angle, apparent cohesion, tensile and compressive strength, global strength and modulus of deformation calculated in a specified stress range.      

岩体轴向抗压强度与变形尺度效应的节理分布影响

 采用相似模拟材料,用预置硫酸纸模拟试件节理,研究5种分形节理岩体的轴向抗压强度和变形的尺度效应,获得同一尺度下岩体强度和变形随节理分形维数变化的试验数据。在分析强度与变形受尺度和节理分布维数单因素影响规律的基础上,建立二维影响关系经验公式。试验结果表明,岩体强度和变形模量均随尺度和节理分形维数的增加而降低,泊松比则随尺度和分形维数增加而增加;试件破坏的总体规律是随尺度和节理分形维数增加,岩石的延性增加,但破坏过程与方式受节理分布的控制。     

Numerical evaluation of strength and deformability of fractured rocks

Knowledge of the strength and deformability of fractured rocks is important for design, construction and stability evaluation of slopes, foundations and underground excavations in civil and mining engineering. However, laboratory tests of intact rock samples cannot provide information about the strength and deformation behaviors of fractured rock masses that include many fractures of varying sizes, orientations and locations. On the other hand, large-scale in situ tests of fractured rock masses are economically costly and often not practical in reality at present. Therefore, numerical modeling becomes necessary. Numerical predicting using discrete element methods(DEM) is a suitable approach for such modeling because of their advantages of explicit representations of both fractures system geometry and their constitutive behaviors of fractures, besides that of intact rock matrix. In this study, to generically determine the compressive strength of fractured rock masses, a series of numerical experiments were performed on two-dimensional discrete fracture network models based on the realistic geometrical and mechanical data of fracture systems from feld mapping. We used the UDEC code and a numerical servo-controlled program for controlling the progressive compressive loading process to avoid sudden violent failure of the models. The two loading conditions applied are similar to the standard laboratory testing for intact rock samples in order to check possible differences caused by such loading conditions. Numerical results show that the strength of fractured rocks increases with the increasing confning pressure, and that deformation behavior of fractured rocks follows elasto-plastic model with a trend of strain hardening. The stresses and strains obtained from these numerical experiments were used to ft the well-known Mohr-Coulomb(MC) and Hoek-Brown(H-B) failure criteria, represented by equivalent material properties defning these two criteria. The results show that both criteria can provide fair estimates of the co     

南宁电厂白垩系碎屑岩的强度和变形特征研究

对国电南宁电厂新建工程场地白垩系下统上组(KC1)的泥质粉砂岩、含砾中至粗砂岩及砾岩的单轴抗压强度和变形破坏特征进行了较为详细研究,结果表明:三种碎屑岩的单轴抗压强度受岩石含水量的影响很大,天然状态下,泥质粉砂岩的单轴抗压强度最小,含砾中至粗砂岩与砾岩的差异不大,但三类岩石单轴抗压强度受含水量影响的敏感程度存在显著差异。     

含水率对泥质白云岩力学特性影响的试验研究

水-岩相互作用,将对岩质边坡和路基的稳定发生严重的影响,分析不同含水率情况下泥质白云岩的变形特性和强度变化规律,可以为水-岩相互作用地层中的工程设计、施工和运营提供参考。本文根据干燥状态下泥质白云岩纵波波速波动范围对岩样进行分组,并对岩样进行含水率配制,将不同含水率岩样进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:随着含水率的增加,泥质白云岩的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量呈下降趋势,而泊松比呈上升趋势;岩样干燥状态下纵波波速越大,岩样越密实,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量越大;岩样含水率越小,对单轴抗压强度和弹性模量的影响程度越小;采用纵波波速对岩样进行分组,可以减小试验数据的离散性,增加试验结果的规律性和可靠性。     

Strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses

The Hoek-Brown(HB) failure criterion and the geological strength index(GSI) were developed for the estimation of rock mass strength in jointed and blocky ground where rock mass failure is dominated by sliding along open joints and rotation of rock blocks. In massive, veined and moderately jointed rock in which rock blocks cannot form without failure of intact rock, the approach to obtain HB parameters must be modified. Typical situations when these modifications are required include the design of pillars,excavation and cavern stability, strainburst potential assessment, and tunnel support in deep underground conditions(around s1/s ci 0.15, where s1 is the major principal compressive stress and s ciis the unconfined compressive strength of the homogeneous rock) in hard brittle rocks with GSI ! 65. In this article, the strength of massive to moderately jointed hard rock masses is investigated, and an approach is presented to estimate the rock mass strength envelope using laboratory data from uniaxial and triaxial compressive strength tests without reliance on the HB-GSI equations. The data from tests on specimens obtained from massive to moderately jointed heterogeneous(veined) rock masses are used to obtain the rock and rock mass strengths at confining stress ranges that are relevant for deep tunnelling and mining;and a methodology is presented for this purpose from laboratory data alone. By directly obtaining the equivalent HB rock mass strength envelope for massive to moderately jointed rock from laboratory tests,the HB-GSI rock mass strength estimation approach is complemented for conditions where the GSIequations are not applicable. Guidance is also provided on how to apply the proposed approach when laboratory test data are not or not yet available.