建筑能耗分析逐时气象资料的开发研究

逐时气象资料对建筑能耗动态模拟是不可缺少的。在编制《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》时 ,应用了动态模拟计算软件。为了开发逐时气象资料 ,通过与美国劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室的技术合作 ,研究建立了我国城市的逐时资料。介绍了由我国气象台站报道的气象参数建立太阳辐射量的数学模型 ,阐述了典型气象月的选取原则 ,以及逐时数值插补方法。     

标准年气象资料的研究及应用

本文根据济南市近10年(1979—1988)的气象资料,分析空调动态负荷与气象参数之间的关系,确定了构成标准年各平均月的选取原则。文章还对各平均月之间的联结方法进行了探讨,最后扼要说明了标准年气象资料的应用。     

淄博市气象资料分析与冬期施工日期界定

对淄博市气象资料进行了分析研究,提出确定淄博地区进入及解除冬期施工日期的指导方法。     

数值模拟气象资料在建筑能耗计算中的应用

在应用DOE-2计算不同地区的建筑能耗过程中，如何获得该地区的典型气象年的资料一直是最关键的问题。介绍了一种使用计算机数值模拟仿真的方法，即使用Meteonorm软件来求得任意地区的气象资料，再将其输入到D0E-2中来计算建筑能耗；以及将这种方法应用于湖北省地区的住宅节能标准的研究的情况。     

气象在农业生产中发挥的作用

作为农业大国,农业的发展是重中之重,我们又是人口最多的国家,农业的发展就更不能忽视,本文的研究目的为了了解在农业生产过程当中气象占据的比例的基本情况,为农业的发展提供依据,也为农业气象的发展指明方向。涉及农业的发展、生产过程中气象起到的作用、气象专业培养人才、政府投入及其与各高校开设农业气象专业等专题。包括我国及世界各地有关农业与气象的关系,以及在农业生产发展过程当中气象一概提供哪些技术支持与帮助等。     

城市极端气象灾害的综合安全设计研究

2013年10月21日，北京市气象局、市人大法制办、北京减灾协会等单位联合举办城市防灾专家咨询会。议题围绕“北京气象灾害防御条例立法项目”、“中国气象局新型城镇化气象服务保障若干问题研究”两个课题展开。笔者在发言中，先后从立法视角分析了各类重大气象灾害如何依法解决，还对比了新型城镇化的气象服务保障与传统模式的诸问题，尤其研究了在城市与城镇化建设背景下，气象防灾减灾综合规划设计的思路与方法。     

基于社会调查的农业气象服务需求分析

为了提升和改进农业气象服务效果,采用2013—2017年中国公众气象服务评价调查数据,利用GIS技术和统计分析法从气象服务需求分析、服务产品以及传播渠道等3个维度,就农业气象服务的需求情况,以及接收、使用气象服务产品的行为习惯特征进行研究。研究表明:(1)农村用户相较城市用户对气象服务的需求更大,但对气象服务内容的实用性评价仍有待提升;(2)不同农事期及不同农业类型对气象服务产品的需求不同;(3)农村用户对气象服务渠道的及时性和便捷性评价均呈现逐年上升趋势,但仍与城市用户存在一定差距。在此基础上提出三点建议,以期能够为气象部门改进农业气象服务提供参考和支撑。     

利用标准气象参数分析北京的气象特性和空调负荷特性

本文参照了日本的东京机幌两城市的标准气象参数,主要对北京的气象特性及空调负荷特性进行研究。     

基于气象环境影响效应的城市规划——以青岛市为例

"城市规划"与"气象"是一对相互影响、相互制约的复杂矛盾因子.通过城市规划的气象环境影响效应研究,发现城市发展与气象变化的客观规律,研究城市规划的应时措施,对提高城市规划的科学性有重要意义.结合青岛市气象局的历史资料分析和数值模拟预测研究成果,重点从城市功能布局、防灾减灾、生态功能区的保护、城市发展建设密度等方面探讨适应气象条件的城市规划对策.     

温度作用设计中气象参数代表值的确定

在结构温度作用计算中需气象参数作为其边界条件,主要有日照辐射、气温日较差、风速这三个参数。根据上述环境气象参数的变化规律,在对上海地区最近30年的气象资料分析的基础上,确定了太阳辐射日最大值、夏季最大气温日较差、年最大气温日较差的概率分布接近极值I型分布,日平均风速最小值的概率分布接近正态分布。根据概率分布模型,可得到对应于不同重现期的气象参数代表值。本文所提出的方法使得结构温度作用计算中边界条件的确定建立在概率统计分析的基础上,从而使结构温度作用的计算与工程结构可靠度设计方法相协调。     

The influence of calculation error of hourly marine meteorological parameter on building energy consumption calculation

The ocean is a crucial area for future economic development. The marine environment has high energy-efficient and ecological requirements for building construction. Meteorological parameters are the key basis for the analysis and design of building energy efficiency. The lack of meteorological parameters for energy efficiency, particularly hourly data, under oceanic climatic conditions is a universal problem. The appropriate calculation methods of hourly meteorological parameters under oceanic climatic conditions are explored in this study. The impact of the calculation errors of the hourly meteorological parameters on building energy consumption is also analyzed. Three key meteorological parameters are selected: temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Five hourly calculations methods, including linear interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, pieceated three-Hermite interpolation, Akima interpolation, and radial basis function interpolation, are selected to calculate the error of the difference method, with Xiamen, Haikou, and Sanya as the locations of meteorological research. Appropriate interpolation methods are selected for the three parameters, and the seasonal and regional characteristics of the errors of each parameter are compared. Different interpolation methods should be selected for different meteorological parameters in different seasons. The error data of the three parameters of different magnitudes are constructed. A quantitative relationship between the sum of squares due to error of the three meteorological parameters and the rate of change of cooling energy consumption is established. The hourly calculation errors of meteorological parameters have an important impact on the calculation of dynamic energy consumption. The energy consumption differences caused by the errors of different parameters are significant. Obvious regional and seasonal differences also exist. This research strengthens the research foundation of building energy consumption calculation under oceanic climate conditions.     

Weather Tool在绿色建筑设计中的应用

本文以汉中气象数据为实例,使用Weather Tool气象数据分析软件研究当地的建筑气象数据,为该地今后的绿色建筑设计提供了有利的依据。     

典型气象年和典型代表年的选择及其对建筑能耗的影响

介绍了典型气象年和典型代表年的选择原理和几种常见的选择方法。不同的方法考虑了不同气象参数的加权因子和气象数据的连续性。介绍了将太阳辐射总量分为太阳直射辐射量与太阳散射辐射量的应用模型,并依据香港的气象数据,分别计算选出了香港的典型气象年与典型代表年。为了验证不同方法计算出的典型气象年与典型代表年对研究对象、系统的影响,作了一个实例建筑物能耗动态模拟。结果表明,不同典型气象年对模拟结果的影响偏差较小,而典型代表年的影响较大;选择合适方法计算的典型气象年对保证模拟评估结果的正确性具有重要意义。     

New design-day method for building cooling load calculation in China

ABSTRACT

Design days are the fundamental parameters for design cooling load calculations. At present, the coincidence and coupling relationship of meteorological elements are ignored by the design-day selection methods provided in the current standards, which results in conservative and unreasonable designs. This research proposes a method of selecting design days for design cooling load calculation that considers the coincidence and correlation of meteorological elements. First, a joint distribution function is constructed; on this basis, the coincident near-extreme meteorological parameters are selected. Then three meteorological elements from a 30-year meteorological record are integrated into one single normalization parameter. Finally, a design day reflective of the variation trend of near-extreme climate conditions is selected from the meteorological record. This paper uses Tianjin in China as an example to generate the research design day. It was found that the outdoor non-guaranteed rate of the research design day is roughly consistent with the corresponding indoor thermal environment risk level. Compared with the standard Chinese design day, the peak values of the research design day are reduced effectively, and the gap between the indoor thermal environment risk level and the outdoor non-guaranteed rate is narrowed.     

南宁地区建筑外遮阳设计

本文通过对南宁地区典型气象年的气候分析,就该地区建筑外遮阳设计进行计算,进一步探讨了外遮阳对室内环境的影响,为建筑外遮阳设计提供一定参考。     

Statistical methods for interpolating missing meteorological data for use in building simulation

Building performance simulation is increasingly used to aid in decision making about the design, construction, retrofit, operation, and maintenance of new and existing buildings. Such simulations require a complete set of meteorological data sampled at regular intervals. A data file with even a single missing measurement value becomes useless for simulation. Unfortunately, it is extremely rare to find such a perfect body of data. Measurement errors and sensor failure are frequent occurrences in meteorological data collection and are among a host of reasons for missing measurement values. To overcome this problem, simulation users may rely on Typical Meteorological Years (TMYs) instead of actual historical data, or they may apply an existing interpolation method to fill the gaps in historical data. Historical data is often preferable, since TMYs fail to account for atypical weather conditions. Clearly, this could lead to poor decision making when the decision outcomes are strongly affected by the occurrence of atypical conditions. This paper presents several methods for statistical interpolation between discrete weather-data points. A normalization procedure is first used to transform meteorological data into a set of Gaussian-distributed sample data. Next, a vector autoregressive model is calibrated using the normalized site-specific meteorological data, and is then used to determine the most likely value for one or more missing data points. Variations of the model are described to address specific combinations of missing data, and the methods are validated for several cities in the USA. Results show that the normalization procedure is the most important contributor towards a significant improvement in accuracy relative to other interpolation methods.     

数据分析技术在特高压直流工程施工中地质灾害预警的应用研究

昌吉-古泉±1100kV特高压直流输电线路工程,以18、19标段作为研究区。对研究区沿线遥感影像数据、地质灾害数据、现场勘查数据和国家气象数据进行收集整理。通过数据分析,确定对输电线路造成威胁的地质灾害点,划分为低、中、高3个等级。建立结合降雨数据的地质灾害预警模型,进行雨量计算,并分析预警模型与地质灾害风险等级的关系。将地质灾害预警信息按照红、橙、黄、蓝4个等级进行预警,为特高压的安全施工提供一定的参考。     

桥梁结构日照温度作用研究综述

为深化对桥梁结构日照温度问题的认识,从桥梁结构日照温度场分布特性、研究方法、温度作用模式与取值方式等方面,综述桥梁结构日照温度作用国内外研究现状,探讨后续的研究重点和发展方向。研究结果表明：桥梁温度场有着典型的周期性时程特征和不均匀空间特征,主要受结构形式、气候和地理环境3类因素的影响,存在明显的桥型间和地域性差异;桥梁日照温度场以数值模拟与实桥测试为主要研究方法,数值模拟中太阳辐射和对流换热的选取尚不统一,基于气象数据开展长期实桥测试十分必要,且应重视测点布置以充分反应桥梁温度非线性分布规律;现有研究多采用多次抛物线、指数曲线和多折线来描述桥梁的温度梯度形式,普遍基于气象参数相关性和统计分析来获得温度作用取值;桥梁日照温度作用的主要发展方向应关注于组合构桥梁温度场的实桥测试与温度作用模式的研究、不同地域和复杂地形条件下桥梁温度作用实测分析,以及大跨复杂结构桥梁日照温度场精细化模拟。     

Daily forecasting of air pollution potential

Experimental forecasts performed at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium during the winters 1979–1980 and 1980–1981 are described and analysed. These forecasts are based on the evaluation of an air pollution potential index which uses three important meteorological parameters : wind speed, vertical stability and temperature.These meteorological forecasts combine numerical forecasts at the 850 mbar level with a semi-climatological scheme giving air temperatures associated with the air mass characteristics. The meteorological index is converted into potential air pollution levels by means of a relation deduced from a linear regression using SO₂ measurements from the previous winter. The results of the two seasons of experimental forecasts are very encouraging.     

Klimatische Einwirkungen und ihre Überlagerung

The Superposition of Climatic Actions. In many cases, climatic actions like wind, snow or temperature are relevant for the design of modern stadiums. For these structures, a detailed analysis of meteorological data may be very useful in order to obtain an economical and safe design. These analysis have to consider also actions which are not covered by the relevant codes, e.g. hail. If necessary, new additional load cases have to be defined, which consider these actions. Normally the determination of characteristic values or combination factors based on meteorological data leads to significant lower design loads. For architects and engineers, these results allow a new scope of design. In many cases, new concepts for structures, including innovative materials can only be realized by performing detailed analysis of meteorological data. Therefore, determination of characteristic actions and combination factors based on detailed analysis of meteorological data is an innovative instrument, which should be used to get structures sustainable and more efficient.