内蒙古乌审召水源地区域水文地质条件分析

通过对乌审召地区地质、水文地质条件的深入分析,基本查明了勘查区含水层数目、特征、分布规律以及地下水的补、迳、排条件和动态规律,证明了该地区有着良好的供水前景。     

GMS在长江三角洲(长江以南)深层地下水资源评价中的应用

长江三角洲地区地下水的过量开采已引起地裂缝、地面沉降等地质灾害 ,严重制约了该区社会经济的可持续发展。必须加强地下水资源的管理 ,其基础和前提是对该区地下水资源量进行调查和评价。由于长江三角洲面积大 ,含水层系统结构复杂 ,所以准确评价该区的地下水资源是一项十分困难的工作。本文采用GMS ,实现了对该区长江以南深层地下水的三维数值模拟。应用过程及模拟结果表明GMS具有操作简便、三维可视效果好、前后处理能力强等突出优点 ,即便用于长江三角洲如此大范围、条件复杂、实际工作量非常大地区的地下水数值模拟 ,仍可以达到较高的精度要求。     

新疆沙湾县西戈壁镇地下水赋存条件

本文就西戈壁地区水文地质条件、含水层特征及两水转化关系等问题进行专题研究,通过对构造控水作用在前山区形成的“地下水库”及含水层岩性、水文地质参数、富水性的分析,经验证提出了对该区进一步开采地下水解决西戈壁镇人畜钦水问题的建议。     

工程项目地下水勘查的技术探讨

工程项目地下水勘查能够详细查明拟建场区地下水含水层分布、埋藏条件、地下水类型、补给迳流、渗透系数、排泄等水文地质条件,为工程设计提供依据;判定环境水和土对建筑材料的腐蚀性;判定地基土及地下水在建筑物施工及使用期间可能产生的变化及其对工程的影响,提出防治措施和建议。因此必须重视做好地下水勘查工作,本文从地下水的腐蚀性、渗透系数、水动水压等方面探讨了工程项目地下水勘查的技术。     

电法在苏丹达尔富尔执行水源勘探中的应用

苏丹达尔富尔地区水文地质条件复杂,地下水资源十分贫乏。该区的地下水储存体主要为花岗岩风化裂隙和构造裂隙,而且分布极不均匀。在此地区执行水源勘探任务遇到的最大困难是没有当地的水文地质资料,工作难度很大。本文通过电阻率测深法和激发极化法结合钻探验证结果,在达尔富尔地区执行地下水勘探中的成功运用,介绍了两种物探方法的组合形式在地下水勘探中是一种行之有效的地球物理勘查模式,能够取得良好的物探效果。     

利用瞬变电磁技术进行地下水资源勘察

为了解决内蒙古白旗地区水资源严重短缺的问题,采用瞬变电磁技术在该区进行了勘察。通过分析平原地区含水层的矿化度和孔隙度对岩石电阻率的影响,并以导电球体的模型计算地下含水层异常的可分辨时间窗口,确定该区地下含水层异常出现最大值的探测条件。在结合已知自流井的电性差异基础上,对地下含水层和含水深度进行准确勘察,确定新的水井位置,经钻孔验证涌水量满足了白旗地区供水水源的需求。     

某滨海度假休闲区地下水分析与评价

以惠东县某滨海度假休闲区实例为依托,对该区地下水进行了分析与评价。查明各含水层／带的埋藏和分布规律,以及地下水与地表水之间的水力联系。阐明区内地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件,地下水动态的一般特征,初步阐明测区地下水化学特征。初步评价测区地下水资源,为开发利用地下热水资源提供了依据。     

峨眉山玄武岩地区优质泉水分布规律研究

本文从贵州盘县老厂地区峨眉山玄武岩分布规律、岩石地球化学特征、水岩相互作用、地下水化学特征、优质泉水水质评价等研究该区玄武岩分布区优质泉水分布规律。结果表明:盘县峨眉山玄武岩分为三段,岩石中富含Si、Zn等微量元素,地下水主要赋存于峨眉山玄武岩第三段火山角砾岩分布区的浅部风化及构造裂隙中,地下水中富含对人体健康有利的偏硅酸、Zn、Sr等微量元素,是一种优质泉水。该研究为该地区峨眉山玄武岩分布区开展优质水资源勘查评价、开发利用规划,优质水资源管理及招商引资提供技术依据。     

群乐背斜紧密褶皱带地热水赋存特征及勘查开发建议

正安县桐梓垭地区在三江河谷边缘有温泉群出露(水温33.2℃)。通过对区域地热地质条件的综合分析,认为该区为混合热储类型,地热水成矿条件较好。因该区属背斜隆起紧密褶皱带区,岩层产状陡,两翼地热水埋藏深度大,轴部强烈隆起、热储含水层抬升,地热水埋藏深度较浅;考虑断裂构造具有良好导热导水作用,建议以群乐背斜轴部为勘探构造部位、以在热储含水层中揭露断裂构造为勘探目标,从而实现增加成井率、减少勘查风险。     

地下水除铁VYREDOX法在我国的应用

一、前言 在我国的一些地区,地下水中含铁量高,必须进行除铁后才能作为生活饮用水或工业用水。按照我国饮水标准含铁量不得超过0.3mg/L。自1980年以来,国内的一些水厂开始应用VYREDOX法(地层除铁法)除铁,在高含铁量地区,用此法作为预处理,在含水层中除去一部分铁,其余部分的铁则在地面的常规处理厂中除去。 二、在含水层中除铁机制 在含水层中的除铁过程,主要是接触氧化过程。地下水曝气充氧后灌入含水层中,已沉积在含水层砂粒表面的氢氧化铁膜,吸附水中的     

Environmental effects in a karstic aquifer due to seepage from an in-river reservoir

The paper estimates the anticipated changes in the seepage conditions towards the karstic aquifer, the recharge of the aquifer from the combined rainfall, seepage and exploitation as well as the potential alteration in the quality of the aquifer due to the creation of a nearby reservoir. It is shown that despite the somewhat increased seepage of polluted river water towards the aquifer, the quality of the groundwater in the karstic aquifer is not expected to degrade appreciably. However, since the water of the aquifer is used for the supply of neighbouring communities, it is proposed that in the areas where the thickness of the intervening semi-permeable alluvia is small, artificial sealing is installed using either compacted clay or plastic membranes.     

Grundwasserströmung und -beschaffenheit im Einzugsgebiet der Eckernförder Bucht, Schleswig-Holstein

Within the scope of the Sub-GATE-project (Submarine Groundwater Fluxes and Transport Processes from Methane Rich Coastal Sedimentary Environments), hydrogeology of the catchment area of the Eckernfoerde Bay within gehe whole Pleistocene succession down to the up-permost continous Tertiary aquitard was studied. This aquitard usually consists of clays of the Miocene Vierland-Stufe, which occur at 160 to 190 m bsl. Regional catchment areas of the most important aquifers and their main characteristics were estimated by evaluation of hydraulic and hydrochemical data from wells in this region. Groundwater in the Miocene aquifer in general is more reduced than groundwater in the Pleistocene aquifer, mainly due to the advanced activity of microorganisms. Recharge areas of the Pleistocene aquifer occur NW and S of Eckernfoerde, while recharge areas of the Miocene aquifer are situated in the SW of the study area and at the southern coast of the Eckernfoerde Bay. Some uncertainty arising from data aquisation at different times used in geostatistical regionalisation was accounted for by application of a fuzzy-kriging-procedure.     

A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan

Vulnerability assessment to delineate areas that are more susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources has become an important element for sensible resource management and land use planning. This contribution aims at estimating aquifer vulnerability by applying the DRASTIC model as well as utilizing sensitivity analyses to evaluate the relative importance of the model parameters for aquifer vulnerability in Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture central Japan. An additional objective is to demonstrate the combined use of the DRASTIC and geographical information system (GIS) as an effective method for groundwater pollution risk assessment. The DRASTIC model uses seven environmental parameters (Depth to water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic Conductivity) to characterize the hydrogeological setting and evaluate aquifer vulnerability. The western part of the Kakamigahara aquifer was dominated by "High" vulnerability classes while the eastern part was characterized by "Moderate" vulnerability classes. The elevated north-eastern part of the study area displayed "Low" aquifer vulnerability. The integrated vulnerability map shows the high risk imposed on the eastern part of the Kakamigahara aquifer due to the high pollution potential of intensive vegetable cultivation. The more vulnerable western part of the aquifer is, however, under a lower contamination risk. In Kakamigahara Heights, land use seems to be a better predictor of groundwater contamination by nitrate. Net recharge parameter inflicted the largest impact on the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer followed by soil media, topography, vadose zone media, and hydraulic conductivity. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the removal of net recharge, soil media and topography causes large variation in vulnerability index. Moreover, net recharge and hydraulic conductivity were found to be more effective in assessing aquifer vulnerability than assumed by the DRASTIC model. The GIS technique has provided efficient environment for analyses and high capabilities of handling large spatial data.     

Drainage ditch–aquifer interaction with special reference to surface water salinity in the Thurne catchment,Norfolk, UK

Open drainage ditches located in low permeability material can interact with an underlying aquifer, especially if the drains almost or totally penetrate through to the aquifer. This interaction can be represented by drain coefficients incorporated in regional groundwater models. The drain coefficients depend on both the vertical distance from the base of the drain to the aquifer and the hydraulic conductivities of the low permeability deposits and the underlying aquifer. In a case study of drained marshes in the Thurne catchment in Norfolk, UK, drains with a water level below ordnance datum (OD) draw in saline water from the coast and freshwater from recharge areas. Pathlines, derived from a regional groundwater model analysis, explain the salinities measured in drains. In addition a series of vertical section numerical model solutions are used to develop general guidance on the selection of drain coefficients.     

Chlorinated Solvents in UK Aquifers

The paper reviews background data on chlorinated solvents and all published data on chlorinated solvents in UK groundwaters. New data from an aquifer-wide survey of the organic water quality of the Birmingham aquifer (carried out by the University of Birmingham and the Water Research Centre (WRc)) show that contamination by chlorinated solvents is extensive and is greater than that observed in previously published UK studies. Trichloroethylene contamination is particularly apparent in the Birmingham aquifer, with 40% of the boreholes sampled containing waters above the new UK limit for this contaminant. Fortunately the Birmingham aquifer is not used for public supply. Land use and hydrogeological factors are shown to influence the contamination observed in particular boreholes. The difficulties associated with locating contaminated zones in aquifers, due to the immiscible flow of chlorinated solvents, are indicated. It is concluded that the occurrence of chlorinated solvents in groundwaters makes a significant contribution to the poor water quality of many UK aquifers that underlie, or are close to, urban and industrial areas.     

青海巴音格勒河冲洪积扇区水文地质条件分析

青海巴音格勒河山前冲洪积扇中上更新统冲洪积砂砾石含水组层厚度大,岩性颗粒粗,结构松散,渗透性好,补给充足,富水性强。区内水量丰富地段主要分布于巴音格勒河的现代河谷、古河道及冲洪积扇的轴部,为单一大厚度孔隙潜水,据钻孔揭露含水层厚度65.0～101.90 m,含水层岩性主要为中上更新统洪积、冰水堆积的含漂石卵石的砂砾石层,部分含泥质,结构松散。潜水水位埋深80 m左右,单井出水量1900～2410 m³·d-1,水质好,易开采,可作为主要的供水源。区内大厚度潜水含水层主要接受巴音格勒河水的渗漏补给,向冲洪积扇前缘方向径流,进入细土平原带后,由于地形坡降变小,含水介质变细,地下水以泉的形式排泄。     

岩溶塌陷灾害的水动力条件危险性评价指标——以广西贵港青云村为例

针对广西贵港覃塘镇青云村岩溶塌陷问题,开展该区岩溶塌陷水动力条件的危险性评价指标研究工作。通过实时、高分辨率的自动化监测设备对该区的岩溶地下水进行了监测。结果表明,岩溶地下水的变化是该地区岩溶塌陷发生的主要诱发因素。通过对比抽水活动强烈,无岩溶塌陷事件发生地区的地下水动态监测资料,综合分析提炼出岩溶塌陷水动力条件危险性评价指标,即:岩溶水日波动最大幅度及水位恢复时间、岩溶水位瞬时最大下降速度。该指标可应用于评价工程活动对地下水的影响,实时获取工程活动对地下水的影响程度,判断岩溶塌陷的可能性,反过来也可指导工程活动,减少灾害的发生及损失。     

煤矿底板突水评价突水系数–单位涌水量法

 在突水系数Ts基础上,引入反映充水含水层富水性的指标——单位涌水量q,并在大量突水实例统计分析基础上,对突水危险性与突水系数、充水含水层富水性之间的关系进行深入研究,得到一些规律性的认识;提出评价底板突水危险性的新方法：突水系数–单位涌水量法,作为突水系数法的补充,可为含水层富水性较弱而突水系数较大的深部开采底板突水安全评价提供参考依据。     

干旱半干旱矿区水资源保护性采煤基础 与应用研究

 干旱半干旱矿区水资源保护性采煤既是一项重要的国家发展战略,也是重要的基础和应用科学研究内容之一。结合神东矿区具体地质采矿条件,从矿区水文地质结构分析、采动覆岩导水裂隙通道发育规律与隔水关键层稳定性、有隔水层区上覆含水层保水采煤方法、无隔水层区上覆含水层预疏放转移存贮等多个方面,系统地展开了对干旱半干旱矿区水资源保护性采煤的基础与应用研究工作。通过水文地质分析,将浅层含水区域分为4种水文地质结构类型,又把有隔水层区结构细分为5种隔水层结构,进而提出了5种保水采煤分区。通过现场实测、数值模拟和理论分析等,揭示了采动覆岩裂隙演化、渗流通道发育与渗流规律,并给出了隔水关键层稳定性判别条件。根据不同的地质采矿条件,提出了针对有隔水层区上覆含水层的控制隔水关键层结构稳定保水开采方法、控制采动导水裂隙闭合保水开采方法、局部支撑区域充填保水开采方法,提出了针对无隔水层区上覆含水层预疏放向采空区转移存贮水方法,并在实践中取得了良好的应用效果。     

A proposal for the dimensions of protection areas

Although the only way of safeguarding the quality of the groundwater is to prevent any risk of pollution in the whole recharge area, it is mostly impossible to maintain that principle for practical and social reasons. Therefore many different systems for the protection of watersupply-areas are applied, which are based on technical and on socio-economic and administrative factors.From a technical point of view a protection system has to depend on the hydrogeological properties of the aquifer. In this respect an important distinction can be made between porous-permeable (mostly unconsolidated) aquifers and fissured and karstic (consolidated) aquifers, especially in relation to the flow velocity of the groundwater. Moreover, it is appropriate to distinguish between a pollution with persistent compounds and a pollution of a degradable nature, which may lead to a zoning within a protection area.For both types of aquifer a protection zone around the well field is established which should guarantee a delay-time of at least 50–60 days before the groundwater in the aquifer is pumped; that time should be sufficient to break down disease germs.Much larger protection areas are necessary to protect against compounds which are not or hardly degradable; to the question of the size of these areas considerations of safe and continuous water supply are relevant.For porous-permeable aquifers a protection area is proposed which has to guarantee a delay of the groundwater in the aquifer of 25 years; an internal zoning based on a delay of 10 years may be appropriate. As the flow velocity of the groundwater in fissured and karstic rocks is very high, and so the protection areas would be of an enormous extent, this principle may be impractical. In that case the protection area should be restricted to a distance of 2 kilometers from the wells; this distance has been succesfully applied in Germany for a long time.Regulations in the different protection areas can be applied in order to restrict the presence of hardly degradable substances in the zones of 10 and 25 years and of 60 days of delay. In the inner zone of 60 days an additional restriction on the introduction of disease germs is necessary.