基于Cosserat理论的柱状节理岩体本构模型

柱状节理岩体复杂的各向异性对相关工程设计及施工提出了挑战,准确掌握其各向异性力学参数对降低工程风险十分重要。基于Cosserat理论和Goodman当量叠加原理,首先建立了四棱柱、五棱柱、六棱柱柱状节理岩体二维本构模型。通过引入应力集中系数,将本构关系扩展至三维空间。针对白鹤滩水电站柱状节理岩体,采用3种模型分别计算了工程常数取值,并分析了3种模型计算结果与工程经验取值差异,比较了3种模型各向异性特征。结果表明,3种模型计算值与经验公式估算结果及现场原位承压板试验结果相近,四棱柱、五棱柱、六棱柱柱状节理岩体模型的弹性参数变化曲线分别反映出各模型正交各向异性、准横观各向同性、横观各向同性的各向异性特征。     

Determination of mechanical parameters for jointed rock masses

Combining with empirical method, laboratory test and numerical simulation, a comprehensive system was presented to determine the mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses. The system has the following four functions: (1) Based on the field investigation of joints, the system can consider rock mass structures, by using network simulation technology. (2) Rock samples are conducted by numerical simulation with the input engineering mechanical parameters of rocks and joints obtained from laboratory tests. (3) The whole stress-strain curve of jointed rock masses under certain normal stress can be plotted from numerical simulation, and then the shear strength parameters of jointed rock masses can be obtained from the whole stress-strain curves under different normal stresses. (4) The statistical values of mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be determined according to numerical simulation. Based on the statistical values, combining with engineering experiences and geological investigations, the comprehensive mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be achieved finally. Several cases are presented to prove the engineering feasibility and suitability of this system.     

Damage mechanics and its application for the design of an underground theater

This paper presents a damage mechanics method for the evaluation of the elastic damage of jointed rock mass and its application in predicting damage distribution in the jointed rock mass in the excavation for an underground structure in the framework of continuum damage mechanics. The damage variable is a second-order damage tensor which is assumed to describe the damage effect of jointed rock mass. The elasticity tensor defined in the model is verified by employing laboratory cement mortar specimens with various cases of joint distribution. The same specimen is analyzed using the developed damage mechanics method as well as the normal FE method, which employs joint elements to simulate jointed cracks. In order to apply the developed damage elasticity theory to three-dimensional damage analysis in underground structure excavation, a three-dimensional grouted rockbolt element is introduced, which considers the resistance of the grout to the relative shear displacement between the bolt and the rock mass around it in the axial direction. Plastic behaviors of the steel bar and the grout of the grouted bolt are considered in the model by using various constitutive laws. Finally, an engineering example for damage analysis is presented, namely an underground theater assumed to be excavated in a geological environment of jointed rock.     

基于双参负指数分布的改进的岩体本构关系

在结构面迹长、间距服从双参数负指数分布以及对迹长进行统计区间[α1,α2]积分的基础上,结合室内岩石力学实验,建立改进的岩体统计本构模型。通过引入剩余剪应力比h,建立结构面产状与地应力之间的函数关系,量化主地应力方向、岩体结构面产状对岩体力学性质各向异性的控制性作用。研究结果表明:当地应力方向发生变化时,将改变剩余剪应力比h值,进而引起岩体应力–应变曲线发生变化;在此改进的岩体统计本构模型基础上,计算云南小湾水电站坝基岩体的应力–应变曲线,揭示该坝基岩体在不同应力条件下的各向异性特征。     

柱状节理岩体各向异性特性及尺寸效应研究

 白鹤滩水电站坝基基岩及深部洞室围岩以柱状节理岩体为主,其力学特性极其复杂。为此,开发多弱面软化本构模型,可以方便地定义和描述多组斜交节理面的力学属性和屈服后的软化特性;并考虑柱状节理岩体内部介质的非均匀性,从细观角度建立整体力学属性满足Weibull分布的概率模型;在对概率分布参数进行敏感性分析的基础上,结合刚性承压板试验结果,确定反映现场岩体结构的概率分布参数。同时,采用Voronoi算法构建了无规则性和随机性排列的四面体、五面体和六面体柱面的随机模型,综合该三方面因素对柱状节理岩体的各向异性特性展开研究,得出不同方向承载性能和变形特性的差异。对不同尺寸下多组试块进行分析计算,获取了不同方向的弹性模量和抗压强度随试块尺寸的变化曲线,证明柱状节理岩体还具有明显的尺寸效应,并确定了其特征尺度。     

基于统计岩体力学的隧道围岩分级方法

国标《工程岩体分级标准》(GB50218—94)在隧道设计阶段应用广泛,但是由于地质条件的复杂性及岩体各向异性的影响,不能精准预测施工阶段隧道围岩等级。本文基于统计岩体力学提出了针对隧道施工阶段的围岩分级方法,即通过现场岩体结构面统计和岩石力学试验,获取结构面参数和岩石力学参数,应用统计岩体力学强度理论及本构理论,获得具有各向异性特征的岩体弹性模量参数E_m,进而应用经验公式换算得到BQ值,从而确定隧道围岩基本分级。在实例中,小盘岭2号隧道GDK347+360里程处围岩设计分级为Ⅲ级;应用此方法重新分级的结果为Ⅳ级,低于设计分级,这与现场观察和监测的围岩性状吻合,说明本方法在隧道施工阶段能较为客观地反映围岩性质。以上研究结果表明,在含碳泥质板岩隧道围岩施工阶段岩体分级过程中,本方法具有良好地适用性。     

块体理论赤平解析法在龙滩水电站地下厂房洞室群稳定分析中的应用

龙滩水电站地下厂房开挖区域岩体不连续面发育，确定厂房开挖面是否可能产生可动块体并判断其稳定性具有重要实际意义。块体理论是适用于分析断层、节理发育破碎刚性岩体稳定性的有效方法，在对场区工程岩体勘察资料的详细研究基础上，运用块体理论赤平解析法分析龙滩水电站地下厂房洞室群的稳定性，对各开挖面构成可能移动块体的不连续面分布情况进行较系统的评价，得出厂房各部分可动块体分布的直观统计结果，为设计有效的加固方案提供了依据。     

基于组合模型法的贯通节理岩体动态损伤本构模型

针对贯通节理岩体动态变形特点并结合已有岩石动态本构模型的相关研究成果,将贯通节理岩体变形过程中的动态应力视为贯通节理岩体静态应力分量与相应动态应力分量的叠加。其中贯通节理岩体静态应力分量采用考虑岩石细观损伤的非线性元件、节理面闭合及剪切变形元件等3个基本元件的串联来模拟,动态应力分量采用黏性元件来模拟,从而建立了贯通节理岩体动态单轴压缩损伤本构模型。其次,根据贯通节理岩体在单轴压缩荷载下往往会沿节理面发生剪切破坏的特点,在前述已建立的损伤本构模型中引人节理剪切破坏准则对该模型进行修正,从而更好地考虑了节理剪切强度对该模型的影响,最终建立了考虑节理剪切强度的贯通节理岩体单轴压缩损伤本构模型。最后利用该模型对贯通节理岩体在压缩荷载作用下的力学特性进行了分析计算,重点讨论了节理倾角对岩体单轴动态压缩峰值强度的影响规律。研究结果表明随着节理倾角的变化,节理岩体将发生岩块张拉或剪切破坏、沿节理面的剪切破坏及上述两种破坏模式的复合破坏,相应地节理岩体的单轴压缩动态峰值强度也随之有较大变化。     

Determination of mechanical parameters for jointed rock masses

Combining with empirical method, laboratory test and numerical simulation, a comprehensive system was presented to determine the mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses. The system has the following four functions: (1) Based on the field investigation of joints, the system can consider rock mass structures, by using network simulation technology. (2) Rock samples are conducted by numerical simulation with the input engineering mechanical parameters of rocks and joints obtained from laboratory tests. (3) The whole stress-strain curve of jointed rock masses under certain normal stress can be plotted from numerical simulation, and then the shear strength parameters of jointed rock masses can be obtained from the whole stress-strain curves under different normal stresses. (4) The statistical values of mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be determined according to numerical simulation. Based on the statistical values, combining with engineering experiences and geological investigations, the comprehensive mechanical parameters of jointed rock masses can be achieved finally. Several cases are presented to prove the engineering feasibility and suitability of this system.     

水泥–化学复合灌浆在断层补强中的应用效果评价

锦屏I级水电站f2断层及两侧挤压错动带内岩体破碎、力学性能较差、抗渗指标低,对坝基的承载能力影响较大,工程实践过程中采用水泥–化学复合灌浆对其进行加固处理。通过现场声波、孔内变形模量测试及室内物理力学试验,对灌后岩石的孔隙率、抗压强度及抗剪强度等主要指标进行研究。结合扫描电镜(SEM)手段,分析灌后岩石的细部结构特征及化学浆液充填情况,综合试验检测数据对水泥–化学复合灌浆对断层处理的效果进行评价。研究结果表明：灌后f2断层岩体声波波速、抗剪强度提高较为明显,达到设计要求。化学浆液在微裂隙中填充饱满,最小可灌入0.01 mm的裂隙。水泥–化学复合灌浆技术可使断层破碎岩体的完整性及力学性能得以改善,是处理岩体软弱结构面一种有效方法。     

多裂隙岩体的损伤断裂分析及工程应用

本文通过对裂隙岩体内的应力、应变的体积平均,提出了适合于多裂隙岩体特性的等效连续模型。综合运用损伤力学和断裂力学理论,定义了岩体损伤张量、有效应力张量、损伤应变等;建立了损伤演化方程和多裂隙岩体的本构关系。利用所建立的模型,对一座水电站地下厂房的分步开挖进行了数值模拟。     

白鹤滩水电站边坡结构面强度及稳定性分析

结构面变形及其破坏特征是岩体岩石力学研究的基本问题之一,针对白鹤滩水电站边坡工程,本文利用数值方法,研究了影响控制性结构面强度的一般性因素,确定了控制性结构面强度上限值;基于反演手段,获取了控制性结构面综合强度指标,并由此建立河谷演化模型再现河谷地应力场,根据结构面地应力赋存环境为选择合理的结构面本构模型奠定理论依据。在上述基础性研究前提下,利用平面数值计算手段分析了左岸边坡稳定性特征,并对平面计算结果进行了合理性评价;最后,基于岸坡改造、破坏过程中结构面性状弱化这一前提假设,利用强度折减法揭示了左岸边坡变形、破坏方式。解决了工程问题,并得到有关的方法应用认识。     

应变敏感的裂隙及裂隙岩体水力传导特性研究

通过将岩体单裂隙视为非关联理想弹塑性体，导出单裂隙在压剪荷载作用下，其机械开度和水力传导度的解析模型，并采用已有相关试验研究成果对解析模型进行验证。在此基础上，通过将岩体概化为含一组或多组优势裂隙的等效连续介质，给出一种描述裂隙岩体在复杂加载条件下考虑非线性变形特征及滑动剪胀特性的等效非关联理想弹塑性本构模型。基于该模型，给出裂隙岩体在扰动条件下应变敏感的渗透张量的计算方法，该计算方法不仅考虑裂隙的法向压缩变形，而且反映材料非线性及峰后剪胀效应对裂隙岩体渗透特性的影响。该模型通过引入滑动剪胀角和非关联理想塑性，较为逼真地反映了真实裂隙及裂隙岩体峰后的剪胀特性、变形行为和水力传导度变化特征。通过数值算例，研究了裂隙岩体在力学加载及开挖条件下渗透特性的演化规律。     

Practical equivalent continuum characterization of jointed rock masses

A simple practical method to characterize the strength and stiffness of jointed rock masses is presented in this paper. The empirical relations for the strength and stiffness of rock masses have been arrived based on the statistical analysis of a large amount of experimental data, which are used for representing the jointed rock mass as an equivalent continuum. The effect of joints in the rock mass is taken into account by a joint factor. These obtained relations are incorporated in a non-linear FEM code to represent the equivalent continuum analysis. The equivalent continuum model has been validated against experimental results for jointed rock masses with different joint fabric and joint orientation and also with the results from explicit modeling of joints using FEM. The developed model has also been applied to calculate the deformation around a large power station cavern in rhyolite rock at 200 m depth.     

二维应力场作用下岩体弹性波速与衰减特性研究

基于岩体在二维应力场作用下的节理变形分析,运用节理变形对岩体中节理体积率的改变,建立节理对岩体中弹性波传播影响的等效模型,从而推导节理岩体在应力场作用下的弹性波传播速度和衰减随应力的变化关系。为检验理论公式的可靠性,对2组含裂缝的石膏模型进行弹性波测试,试验测试结果表明,理论计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性。     

Anisotropic characteristics of jointed rock mass: A case study at Shirengou iron ore mine in China

Rock mass is characterized by the existence of distributed joints whose properties and geometry strongly affect the mechanical behavior of jointed rock masses. A finite element model considering the anisotropic characteristics of fractured rock mass was proposed which could deal with a wide variety of joint distribution in rock mass and then applied in Shirengou iron ore mine in Tangshan, China. First, the scale effects and anisotropy were investigated by using multi-scale discrete fracture network models under uniaxial compression tests. Then, the principal direction of elasticity was found and used in the constitutive law of the equivalent continuum model. Finally, the deformation and failure behavior were studied and verified through site-specific microseismic data. It is found that the stress and damage zone are influenced by joint orientation. This proposed model can efficiently study the effects of rock joints on rock mass behavior and thus contribute to a more reasonable explanation on the dominant effect of the joint sets on deformation and failure of rock mass.     

Finite element analysis of jointed rock masses reinforced by fully-grouted bolts and shotcrete lining

This paper presents the formulation of an equivalent constitutive model for jointed rock masses reinforced by fully-grouted bolt and shotcrete lining and its implementation in a finite element program. This model takes into consideration the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of the rock masses as well as the contribution of the bolt and lining to both the stiffness and shear resistance of the jointed rock masses. The equivalent model and corresponding software are verified by comparison to conventional numerical models which consider the individual contribution of the reinforcement. The relationship between the constitutive parameter “effective height” and the thickness of the lining is evaluated using the ANN approach. Finally, the interest of the proposed model is illustrated through its application for the analysis of the excavation of an underground cavern in a hydropower project.     

裂隙岩体表征单元体的确定及工程应用

以某水电站为工程背景,介绍了两种确定裂隙岩体REV的新方法:数字图像处理法和非连续变形DDARF法。依据水电站岩性差异、风化及卸荷程度,将围岩划分为若干工程地质区段并建立随机裂隙网络模型,研究尺寸效应对岩体力学参数的影响规律,获得了REV表征尺寸和等效力学参数;得到岩体的非线性强度准则,嵌入FLAC^3D对水电站开挖进行模拟,并监测关键点位移。结果表明:水电站围岩的抗压强度与围压成正相关;洞室开挖对厂房上下游中部和拐角处影响较大,应加强对这些部位的支护;关键点的位移数值结果与现场监测值基本吻合,误差小于5%。数字图像处理法和DDARF法为裂隙岩体REV的确定开拓了新思路,对复杂条件下地下洞室围岩的稳定性分析有广泛的应用前景。     

节理岩体变形分析与计算模型探讨

主要分析了岩体模型的简化,提出了均质节理岩体的本构模型,并在简单讨论了非连续变形数值分析方法的同时,讨论和分析了非连续变形计算力学模型的基本原理,它可以很精确地预测岩土工程中的变形和接触力分布及其整体稳定安全系数,并论证了它的合理性。     

非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型

非贯通节理岩体是同时含有节理、裂隙等宏观缺陷及微裂隙、微孔洞等细观缺陷的复合损伤地质材料,基于此提出了在非贯通节理岩体动态损伤本构模型中应同时考虑宏、细观缺陷的观点。首先对基于细观动态断裂机理的经典动态损伤本构模型——TCK模型进行了阐述,其次针对目前节理岩体损伤变量定义中仅考虑节理几何参数而未考虑其强度参数的不足,基于能量原理和断裂力学理论推导得出了同时考虑节理几何及强度参数的宏观损伤变量(张量)的计算公式;第三,基于Lemaitre等效应变假设推导了综合考虑宏、细观缺陷的复合损伤变量(张量);第四,借鉴前人基于复合材料力学的观点,考虑了节理法向及切向刚度等变形参数对岩体动态力学特性的影响,进而建立了基于TCK模型的非贯通节理岩体单轴压缩动态损伤本构模型。并利用该模型讨论了载荷应变率、节理内摩擦角、节理厚度、节理法向及切向刚度和节理倾角等对岩体动态力学特性的影响规律。计算结果与目前的理论及试验研究结果比较吻合,从而说明了该模型的合理性。