要在二分半地上做文章

时代的进步,首先是人们思想观念的.进步,只有人们思想观念的不断更新,才能推动时代的进步。由于历史的原因,人们的思想深处还根深蒂固地存在着宅宽院阔,一房大屋深的传统观念,对宅基地限制在二分半以内有抵触情绪,多占宅基,滥用土地的现象还十分严重的存在。再者由于传统的小农经济意识的影响,不但农民自身存在的小而全的思想,就是有组织的农居设计方案竞赛,也将小而全作为评选优秀方案的参评标准,明明     

好雨当春

黔阳古城往北,是一座崭新的黔城,它是今天洪文明的彩练,唱出冰心玉壶的承诺,擂起招贤纳才的江市的行政中心。新老黔城,仿佛一见如故的忘年战鼓,建设锦绣黔城,进而让洪江青山常驻,绿水长交,更像血肉相连的亲人,守望相助。因了黔阳古流,城乡富庶,人民安居乐业。     

魂牵梦绕铁道兵

简单、充实,黑白、葱茏的军旅岁月,令人追忆,一遍又一遍。一张张笑脸,一个个身影,质朴而坚毅,平实又伟岸,已经化作了座座丰碑,静立于岁月深处,须仰视。——编者2011年8月,我正式退休,我的职业生涯就此画上了一个圆满的句号。在家闲来无事,偶然翻起了几篇关于铁道兵的纪实文学,那朴实的语言,似曾相识的故事,让我不禁想起了自己的军旅岁月。1976年,我光荣参军,成为一名铁道兵。告别家人,     

乔家大院和雪岩故居营造之比较——论行商心态对民居建造的影响

商帮,是我国自古以来便有的一种经济现象,商人们由地缘结成联盟,生意场上同气连枝,守望相助,借助一种乡土情结来分割天下财富.其中最具代表性和传奇色彩的两支就是晋商和徽商,山西乔致庸和江南胡雪岩便是其中的翘楚. 晚清风云变幻,列强肆虐,民患频繁,社会正处在动荡的变迭时期,工商业的资本化和官僚化为商人们积累了富可敌国的财富,也为他们营造府第奠定了坚厚的物质基础.思潮的碰撞和商场上的机变,使手握重财的商人无法满足普通的高墙深院,他们开始打破道统,追求个性.     

解析文人建筑与商人建筑——书院与会馆建筑的比较研究

书院与会馆是两种不同类型的传统建筑,具有共性,又有鲜明的个性。本文对比研究两种建筑的异同,透过建筑表象,折射出文人建筑与商人建筑不同的人文内涵。土人修身养性,融于自然,追求雅趣：商人重义取利,融于社会,追求财富,不同的文化背景和价值取向,诱发不同的建筑观和审美情趣,渗透到建筑,使其蕴涵丰富的文化内容,呈现不同的风格和特色。校区文物建筑的保护与利用提出了自己的见解。     

为“塔”披上最美丽的衣裳——沈阳远大铝业工程有限公司发射塔幕墙施工侧记

2011年3月26日,河南广播电视发射塔试运行。蓝天白云下,发射塔灵秀,挺拔,五朵圆形花瓣组合而成的塔楼,由下至上逐层扩大,犹如缓缓开放的梅花,轻盈,秀美。外立面蓝黄相间的玻璃和不锈钢板,为发射塔粗犷的钢结构骨骼披上一袭华美的外衣。设计师巧妙构思,合理布局,使玻璃和不锈钢板相互掩映,相互衬托,将金属的质感和玻璃的轻盈完美地融为一体。     

云上天峨

朋友说,这水下,就是当年繁华一时的老向阳镇,我的家,我的老家,就在这水下了,祖上几代都是居住在这个老镇。他的话很自然,但声音和语气却似乎凝结在水面,似乎还要沉下水底,去触摸那些曾经的青砖黑瓦,和那些巷道里平滑的青石板……十年前,我经常与这位朋友在老向阳镇的半间小木屋里,举杯横对雨后的西山白云。而现在,他告诉我,曾经的西山,就是我们现在船边的这座小岛,而我们的游船刚划过的地方,或许就在当年的那些飘绕的云朵之上。     

易在河南

伏羲,中华民族人文始祖,是我国古籍中记载的最早的王,所处时代约为新石器时代早期,他根据天地万物的变化,发明创造了八卦,成了中国古文字的发端,也结束了“结绳纪事”的历史。他又结绳为网,用来捕鸟打猎,并教会了人们渔猎的方法,发明了瑟,创作了《驾辨》曲子。他的活动,标志着中华文明的起始,也留下了大量神话传说。     

红灯掩映,年华寂寞——晋商大院中的女性空间

正黛瓦青墙,漆黑的木门,锁住了生如夏花的芳华,围住了逝如冬雪的过往。朝阳初升的路上,渐渐响起了悠悠的调子,一段饱含啜泣的《走西口》传出很远,画面中离家的男人走得很慢,最后的一个转身,中间却是眼泪才能衡量的距离。女人止步,久久无语凝噎,只好回到用等待搭成的大院里,用回忆以候良人的归来。     

流传千古的凝固音乐——布达拉宫

世界文化遗产、流传千古的凝固音乐—布达拉宫,建筑在西藏拉萨市中心的布达拉山上。布达拉,是观音胜地普陀洛迦的梵语译音,意思是持航或航行解脱海岛之舟,表示观音持航以普救众生。布达拉山最早叫红山,有着坎坷的经历,辉煌的历史,公元6世纪,雅砻部落第27代赞普拉脱脱日年赞“居拉萨红山之顶”。公元7世纪之初,松赞干布迁都拉萨,“筑王宫于红山顶居之”。之后,大兴土木,建造偌大的城堡,“高达30围墙,既高且阔,每边一里余”,“城的四面有四道门,各有门楼,每门设岗”,“红宫900,合顶之王宫,共1000间,一切宫檐,以宝为饰,走廊台阁,铃铎泠然。”(…     

Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit von magnetisch induktiven Betondeckungsmessungen

Assessment of the accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current devices The use of non‐destructive testing in civil‐engineering (NDT‐CE) is well established to assess as‐built drawings for existing structures as well as for quality assurance of new buildings or in case of concrete repair. To gain reliable results the choice of the appropriate testing method in combination with the correct data assessment is essential. Hence this article starts with the basics of the two typical testing methods for concrete cover measurement with high precision. Methods based on Eddy Current and based on Radar are different. The strengths and limitations of both methods are presented. In the second part the achievable accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current will be assessed for the most important parameters that have been varied in a wide range. It is shown how results are influenced by an improper input of the diameter or by the effect of neighbored rebars. At the end of the article it is shown how the deviation of the results can be minimized using the internal neighboring rebar correction of some of the devices. This article does not intend to be a product test rather the influence parameters of measurements close to reality will be identified and quantified how the accuracy of concrete cover measurements is affected.     

基坑开挖对邻近任意角度建筑物影响的有限元分析

实测结果表明,邻近基坑的建筑物与基坑边互不垂直时,基坑开挖将导致墙体同时发生挠曲变形与扭转变形。三维有限元分析表明,对与基坑边成一定角度的建筑物,当其跨越坑外沉降槽最低点或沉降曲线上凸区域时,建筑物所产生的扭转变形最为显著。随着建筑物与基坑距离的变化和建筑物纵墙与基坑边之间夹角的变化,当建筑物位于天然地面沉降挠曲程度较大的位置时,建筑物的挠曲变形对墙体拉应变起主要作用,墙体最大拉应变发生在建筑物纵墙垂直于基坑边,即纵墙与基坑边相互垂直时是建筑物的最不利位置;而当建筑物位于天然地面挠曲程度较小的位置时,墙体的拉应变源于挠曲变形与扭转变形的共同作用,纵墙墙体的最大拉应变将发生在与基坑边成一定角度的建筑物纵墙上,此时纵墙与基坑边垂直并不是建筑物的最不利位置。     

ÖBB Steyrtalbrücke – Belastungsprobe und Langzeitmessungen

ÖBB Steyrtalbridge – Load test and long term measurements At km 65,621 of the railroad track between Linz and Selzthal the Steyrtalbridge was rebuilt in the years 2013 and 2014. The essential design criterion from the client ÖBB Infrastruktur AG was the endeavor of an optimized bridge under consideration of life‐cylce‐cost, which among other things despite a bridge length of 182 m can be designed without high‐maintenance breather switches. Based on the current standards and certain design flexibilities, which are allowed in the codes special ways and techniques were used to calculate the rail tension. With this results of the rail‐structure‐interaction it was possible to design without breather switches. As consequence of the assumptions in the planning process it was necessary to make comprehensive measurements which shall give information of the real behavior of the bridge and compare them with the assumptions and results of the static calculation. Therefor static and dynamic load test were performed before opening to regular traffic. In addition long term measurements were carried out to evaluate the load‐bearing behavior over time and to confirm the calculation approaches for the verification of the rail‐structure‐interaction. In this article the planning of the monitoringsystem, the implementation and results of the load test and the following long term measurements are illustrated.     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Beurteilung der Tragfähigkeit von geschädigten Stahlbetonbrücken auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse einer Bauwerksprüfung

Structural Reliability Assessment of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridges on the Basis of the Results from a Bridge Inspection The regular bridge inspection is of high importance for the reliable use of the infrastructure. This paper describes and explains a method with supports the engineers of a bridge inspection in the assessment of the damaged bridges during or directly after the inspection. Based on this initial estimate the urgent measures i.e. a lower permitted bridge class can still be carried out before more detailed inspections and calculations have been done. The reliability analyses for the damaged bridges are carried out using first order and second order reliability method (FORM and SORM). The probability of failure, p_f or the safety index, of the system respectively are the main results of the calculation procedure. This paper shows the approach and the application with an example. Particularly in the communal sector the method can be helpful, because it can not be assumed that in all cases the regular bridge inspections and the appropriate maintenance have been carried out.     

捕捉“光线”——解读葡萄牙“梅莉德斯周末住宅”

本文以阿雷斯·马特乌斯兄弟设计的梅莉德斯周末住宅的院子为线索,通过其与冈卡罗·伯内设计的“阿维罗大学的校长楼”进行比较,揭示了“光线”是其设计的核心。这为我们研究葡萄牙建筑提供了更为全面的视野。但更为重要的是,文章表明了类型学的方法论在中国大规模快速建造的今天更具现实意义。     

Bewertung einer alten genieteten Stahlbrücke – Die Bösebrücke in Berlin

Evaluation of an old riveted steel bridge – The Böse‐Bridge in Berlin, Germany. This report is about the recalculation of the Böse‐Bridge in Berlin which was built between 1912 and 1916. A special feature of this three‐bayed truss arch bridge is the nickel steel used in the main bay. Different models have been used to recalculate the main structure, the truss nodes and the carriageway slab. The static analysis is based on the semi‐probabilistic concept. As a result of this recalculation the construction was classified to have the bridge capacity 30‐30 according to DIN 1072. Finally, this report concludes by determining the remaining lifetime depending on the concept of the Wöhler curves.     

Feldversuche mit dem Brückenklappverfahren

Field Tests with the Balanced Lift Method As a counterpart to the lowering arch construction method the “balanced lift method” for bridge girders is suggested. The bridge girders can be built in combination with the pier using climbing forms in a vertical position. Therefore, during the production no bending stresses are generated in the girders. Thus, the balanced lift method allows lower costs and a shorter construction time than the traditional balanced cantilever method. The span of the bridge girders is reduced by the compression struts or tension ties which results in substantial savings in construction materials compared to the balanced cantilever method for bridge construction. The proposed method will be especially advantageous for bridges with high piers. The range of the span length for the application of the balanced lift method ranges between 50 m and 250 m.     

Entwicklung eines baupraktischen Näherungsverfahrens zur Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit von Massivbrücken auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse von Bauwerksüberprüfungen

Im vorliegenden Teil 2 des Beitrags wird die Entwicklung des baupraktischen Näherungsverfahrens für die Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit von Massivbrücken im Rahmen der RI‐EBW‐PRÜF vorgestellt. Wesentlicher Inhalt ist dabei die Modellierung der Modellunsicherheit Bauwerksprüfer, da die Bewertung der Mängel und Schäden an einem Brückenbauwerk durch den jeweiligen Bauwerksprüfer einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zustandsbewertung hat. Zudem wird auf die Dimensionsanalyse von Grenzzustandsfunktionen näher eingegangen, da damit bei geschickter Normierung eine allgemein gültige Anwendung des Verfahrens erreicht werden kann. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens erfolgt mit einem Software‐Tool, das abschließend vorgestellt wird. In Teil 1 des Beitrags wurden die Grundlagen des Verfahrens sowie die Entwicklung der veränderten stochastischen Material‐ und Geometrieparameter infolge Schädigung behandelt. Development of an Approximation Procedure for a Structural Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridges on the Basis of the Results from Bridge Inspection Part 2 of the paper shows the development of the approximation procedure for the reliability assessment of reinforced concrete bridges according to RI‐EBW‐PRÜF. An essential part of this is the development carried out by the model uncertainty bridge inspector, as the respective bridge inspector's individual assessment of the damage of a bridge has a decisive influence on the condition evaluation. Furthermore, the dimensional analyses of ultimate limit states are shown, as the general use of the developed methodology can be achieved with an ingenious standardization. The application of the procedure with the developed software tool is presented in conclusion. Part 1 of the two papers describes the basics of the methodology and shows the development of the stochastic models for the material and geometry parameters which have changed as a result of damage.     

Museumsinsel Berlin – Geotechnische Untersuchungen für die Grundinstandsetzung und Ergänzung des Pergamonmuseums

Museum Island in Berlin – Geotechnical investigations for the overhauling and completion of the Pergamon Museum. Overhauling the Pergamon Museum on the Museum Island in Berlin is a particularly complex task concerning geotechnics. On the one hand the substratum and ground water conditions in the area concerned are very inhomogeneous and on the other hand the Pergamon Museum and its neighbouring museums are especially valuable buildings worthy of protection. The initial target of the geotechnical investigation programme was to further safeguard the substratum and ground water conditions. Here systematic investigation of the substratum was carried out based on old historical drillings in order to enable the use of innovative special civil and underground engineering procedures. Furthermore it was necessary to investigate the foundation situation of the existing buildings. The planning objective is the technical and cost‐effectively optimized choice of the required geotechnical measures for the intended overhaul and refurbishment of the Pergamon Museum.