服装卖场的火灾荷载调查及统计参数

在山西、安徽、上海三地对服装卖场进行了火灾荷载的调查统计,对调查所得火灾荷载数据进行计算分析,确定服装卖场活动式火灾荷载密度标准值为750.07 MJ/m2,其平均值为223.94 MJ/m2,指出该数据不拒绝服从极值Ⅰ型分布,并给出分布形式,在此数据基础上进行建筑防火设计更加可靠。     

西南民族村寨火灾荷载调查研究

为了调查分析西南民族村寨火灾的潜在风险,本文选取贵州省民族村寨作为调查对象,采用直接调查法对西南民族村寨建筑的固定火灾荷载、活动火灾荷载分别进行了统计归纳和数据处理。研究发现,西南民族村寨民居的活动火灾荷载密度分布较平均,总火灾荷载与建筑占据空间呈线性正相关分布;火灾荷载密度远超国内外相同类型建筑与不同类型建筑,存在较高火灾风险。     

北京地区住宅中活动式火灾荷载的调查分析及标准值的确定

对北京地区的普通住宅进行了活动式火灾荷载的调查统计,并采用课题组前期理论研究成果进行了数据分析,确定活动式火灾荷载密度标准值为1197.17MJ/m2。通过对卧室、客厅、厨房火灾荷载值的分别计算可知,卧室的火灾荷载密度最大;通过对不同可燃物在可燃物总值中所占比例的计算,发现木材在住宅中是主要的可燃物;另外通过计算确定建筑物的活荷载与火灾荷载之间的比例分布也不拒绝服从极值Ⅰ型分布,其标准值为22.92。     

朝天门地区商品批发市场火灾荷载调查

通过实地调研的方式得到朝天门地区部分批发商场的火灾荷载数据,对获得的数据进行统计分析,并对比分析商场火灾荷载分布规律。得到结果表明,所调查的8家商品批发市场中,有6家的火灾荷载密度分布服从对数正态分布。比较不同商品种类在同一层楼内火灾荷载的分布和同一市场内的各层火灾荷载分布情况,并探讨火灾荷载数据在自动喷水灭火系统、灭火器的配置、灭火救援预案制定以及灭火战斗中的应用,提出相应的消防安全对策。     

高校学生宿舍火灾荷载概率模型研究

介绍火灾荷载的分类并根据学生宿舍的特点对其进行调整.用数理统计的方法,对中国建筑科学研究院建筑防火研究所采集的全国高校学生宿舍火灾荷载数据进行统计分析,使用K-S检验法检验认为学生宿舍的固定火灾荷载和活动火灾荷载均服从极值I型分布,建立了高校学生宿舍火灾荷载的概率分布模型.根据JCSS规则提出了我国高校学生宿舍火灾荷载标准值的建议取值.     

建筑火灾荷载不定性参数统计分析

火灾荷载是反应房间内包含可燃物多少的参数,是研究火灾的基本条件。许多国家发布了火灾荷载的相关数据,我国有一部分火灾荷载的统计数据,但统计范围不大,且没有火灾荷载不定性相关参数统计分析,本文收集国内火灾荷载统计数据若干组,包括办公楼、住宅、宾馆、超市、商场、建材市场、展览馆等不同功能的建筑火灾荷载数据。对其进行K-S假设检验,得到火灾荷载统计数据满足极值I型分布。最后对统计数据进行荷载不定性参数统计分析,分别得到不同功能建筑的荷载不定性统计参数,为抗火设计提供参考。     

办公楼的火灾荷载调查统计及参数确定

办公楼人员密集,火灾时人员疏散困难.在北京市共选取6栋办公楼进行火灾荷载的调查统计,对调查所得数据进行了拟合计算,确定办公楼活动式火灾荷载密度平均值为651.63MJ/m2,标准值为2057MJ/m2,所得办公楼火灾荷载数据不拒绝服从极值Ⅰ型分布,本文给出了分布形式,在此数据基础上进行了建筑性能化防火设计.     

某超五星酒店客房火灾荷载调查与统计分析

火灾荷载是评价建筑火灾危险性的重要依据,基于与防火楼层组合布置的星级酒店的工程案例,浅谈火灾荷载调查与统计分析方法在内装修设计中的应用。根据客房装修的布置情况及条件,统计了典型客房的实际可燃物数量,计算了典型客房的火灾荷载密度,分析了客房的固定火灾荷载与活动火灾荷载的分布情况。并根据统计与分析结果提出了相应的精细化消防设计建议,也为组合布置酒店的消防管理措施制定提供了参考。     

宁夏典型清真寺火灾荷载统计分析及火蔓延研究

本文通过实地调研的方式得到宁夏典型清真寺的火灾荷载数据,利用统计分析的方法对数据进行分析处理,通过试验测量重要建筑材料的热释放速率,计算火灾荷载的热值,分别比较了不同建筑风格清真寺以及同一清真寺不同场所的火灾荷载分布规律和火灾危险性特点,通过对清真寺火灾荷载的统计分析,可以为消防部门确定灭火预案提供基础,可以作为城市和社区综合消防安全管理决策科学化的基础,对于消防监督检查也具有重要意义。     

对"活动火灾荷载"的讨论

通过对活动火灾荷载的分析，提出了活动火灾荷载的定义范围和火灾荷载密度新的定义方法，讨论了火灾荷载与火灾“两性”的关系，对进一步的研究提出了新的思路。     

高校学生宿舍火灾荷载调查研究

简要介绍了国内外火灾荷载调查统计现状,分析了高校学生宿舍建筑的可燃物状况及其计算方法.选取具有代表性的宿舍建筑,对可燃物种类及数量分别进行了问卷调查和实地调查.调查结果显示,最不利情况下老式学生宿舍建筑及新式学生宿舍建筑的火灾荷载密度分别为697.71 MJ/m2和434.11 MJ/m2.     

火灾工况下公路隧道竖井通风模式试验研究

为了建立火灾工况下有效的竖井通风模式,通过大比例火灾模型试验,对不同通风模式下,主隧道、风道及竖井内温度场的传播分布、烟流蔓延扩散规律进行了研究。试验模型隧道长100 m,内径1.8 m,设有直径1 m的送风竖井、排风竖井各一座。火源采用燃烧床盛放油料模拟,试验中设定了A、B、C三个火灾规模用以模拟实际隧道火灾场景,考虑了三个火灾位置:火灾位置I、II和III。试验结果表明随着通风风速、火灾规模、火灾位置的不同,隧道、通风道及竖井内温度场分布及烟流流动差异很大,而且随着时间的推移,其分布发生显著变化。这表明当隧道中发生火灾时,应根据火灾点与竖井的相对位置分阶段,实施不同的通风模式。基于试验结果,建议了秦岭隧道火灾时的有效通风模式。     

山地历史街区的火灾隐患分析及防火策略案例研究 ——以重庆磁器口为例

磁器口是重庆市主城区首个进行保护性规划设计的历史街区,其安全现状与现代社会的防火要求有诸多的不符之处。通过实地调研,从建筑布局、防火分隔、建筑使用功能、建筑耐火性能、火灾荷载、消防设施等几个方面分析磁器口存在的火灾隐患,进而提出针对山地历史街区的防火策略,包括强化街区防火分隔,构建安全疏散系统;合理安排功能布局,降低火灾蔓延威胁;增强建筑耐火性能,避减多种火灾隐患;增设加强消防设施,完善消防管理组织。     

Performance of steel moment‐resisting beam‐supporting column transfer structures under fire

This paper investigates the structural fire response of steel beam‐supporting column transfer structures. Two three‐story (Case 1) and seven‐story (Case 2) structures with different span lengths are designed first to withstand gravity and seismic loads. All the structural members are also designed to meet their required fire resistance ratings based on the ISO834 fire. The structural vulnerability is then evaluated under two fire scenarios: the natural fire as a uniform and the traveling fire as a nonuniform temperature distribution inside the structures. The fire loads are applied to the first story of the structures where the structural irregularity is evident. The natural fires are determined based on Eurocode 1 and based on different opening ratios of 0.04, 0.067, 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16 to provide different duration of the heating phase. The results indicate that under the uniform fire scenarios, Case 1 collapses after 134 min under the opening ratio of 0.04. As well, Case 2 collapses under the opening ratios of 0.04, 0.67, and 0.08 at 95, 142, and 160 min, respectively. The results also show that under the nonuniform fire with a size of 25%; Case 1 collapses at 89 min, and Case 2 collapses at 93 min. Although it is believed that the cases studied should logically remain stable under possible fire scenario, the results indicate that this is not a true presumption. The results of this study provide beneficial information about structural fire response of beam‐supporting column transfer structures as an important structural irregularity.     

钢筋混凝土底框架商住楼耐火设计审核与火灾扑救

钢筋混凝土底框架商住楼建筑的下部火灾荷载和上部实际重力荷载均较大，在火灾中可能会引起倒塌。以某商住楼火灾倒塌事故为例，依据室内火灾发展规律和结构耐火理论，对此类建筑的耐火设计审核与火灾扑救战术提出建议。     

Nonlinear analysis of SRC columns subjected to fire

Both experimental and numerical methods were employed to investigate the behavior of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) columns subjected to fire. Twelve specimens were tested at ambient and elevated temperatures. A procedure was developed to predict the temperature distribution and ultimate strength of the SRC columns subjected to fire by following certain assumptions. In the procedure, a combined method of finite element and finite-difference was adopted to analyze the temperature distribution, and the responses of the SRC columns under loads were predicted by the procedure both at ambient temperature and elevated temperatures. To illustrate the problem and verify the accuracy of the predictions, we present a few comparisons between the test data and calculated results. At the end of the paper, equations for the ultimate strength of the SRC columns subjected to fire were obtained by a regression analysis.     

Experimental behaviors of steel staggered-truss system exposed to fire under lateral force

This paper presents an experimental investigation on structural behaviors of a six-storey steel staggered-truss system model with a scale of 1/10 under lateral force and fire exposure. Pan fire with the fuel of methanol was used to simulate a natural fire. The vertical and lateral loads were applied to tested model using counterweights. Temperatures, deformations and strains of the structure were measured. And probable failure mode of the system was obtained. The results indicate that it is hard to predict the failure of components in fire purely according to the load design of the structure at ambient temperature, due to the complicated redistribution of the internal force and the non-uniform temperature distribution. The mid-span of the top chord and the vertical web members at the center panel at the fire storey presented an obvious deformation during the test, while the components in the truss show a good compatibility. The impact of high temperature on lateral stiffness of the structure mainly concentrated on the storey exposed to fire, but rarely on the adjacent truss and the storey not exposed to fire.     

Wirklichkeitsnahe Brandeinwirkungen für die Planung und Nachrechnung von Tunnelschalen

Realistic fire loads for design and re‐analysis of tunnel linings Meanwhile, the development of numerical systems for the simulation of flow phenomena has reached a level, which even allows the analysis of complex scenarios such as tunnel fires, within acceptable time‐periods. On the one hand, this provides the possibility to critically question fire‐curves from standards (derived and calibrated for the general case) against the background of tunnel‐specific temperature fields. On the other hand, both temperature and smoke development as well as expected structural impairment may be assessed on a relatively realistic basis without large‐scale conflagration tests being necessary. In addition to general options of non‐linear structural analyses (i.e. utilisation of load re‐distribution and activation of additional bedding reactions) [1] the simulation‐based evaluation of fire loads particularly provides a valuable potential for the re‐analysis of existing tunnel linings. This especially applies in such cases where the calculation with conventional fire‐curves requires extensive strengthening and retrofit, whereas more favourable loading conditions may be expected by taking into account the tunnel‐specific boundary conditions. In the present paper, firstly tunnel fire accidents and the derivation of fire‐curves are generally discussed. Then, the possibilities, the theoretical background and limits of CFD modelling of fire scenarios are presented and finally, major influence factors on the thermal loading (in particular the cross‐sectional size of the tunnel) are investigated by sensitivity studies.     

受火后钢-混凝土组合梁材料性能试验研究

为研究火灾高温后组合梁桥的基本材料力学性能与特征,共制作3片具有代表性的缩尺梁模型：简支 T 形梁、简支箱形梁及连续箱形梁,利用火灾试验炉进行局部三面受火试验,并给出详细的试验方案。通过受火后取样试件与未受火试件的材性试验结果对比,可以发现受火（最高温度在700～900℃）对钢板材料的屈服强度及极限强度均有一定程度的降低,降低幅度为10％～20％;而钢板材料弹性模量随温度升高略有变化,但变化值不大。火灾对混凝土强度材性的影响可以忽略不计,但对其冷却后的材料强度有一定影响,相对于常温混凝土其强度会降低5％左右。