内循环双层玻璃幕墙热工性能优化分析

建立内循环双层玻璃幕墙(DSF)三维分析模型,分析了不同设计参数对DSF热工性能的影响。研究结果表明,空气间层内无通风的DSF,内玻内表面的加权平均温度均随外玻1内表面辐射率的增大而降低,U值随其增大,空气间层厚度为300mm对应模型的内玻内表面温度最大而U值最小;空气间层内有通风的DSF,模型内玻内表面的温度随出风口风速的增大的提高,其U值随出风口风速的增大而降低,当出风口风速相等时,不同空气间层厚度对应模型的内玻内表面温度相差极小,其U值亦几乎相等。     

变热流条件下XPS板辐射引燃特性试验研究

为研究XPS保温板在变化热流作用下的引燃特性,对10组变热流条件下2.2,4.5cm厚XPS保温板辐射引燃特性进行了试验.测量了XPS保温板表面接受到的热辐射强度、引燃时间、表面温度以及质量损失速率.结果表明：0.0194kW/（m2·s）热流变化率不足以引燃XPS保温板试样;当热流变化率大于0.0373kW/（m2·s）时,在热流的作用下XPS保温板表面温度逐渐升高;当温度达到临界着火点时,XPS保温板瞬间燃烧,发出耀眼火焰和黑色浓烟,同时温度闪升至970.5℃左右;当有焰燃烧结束时,表面温度突降,燃烧过程结束;在有焰燃烧阶段,XPS板质量呈线性递减;临界着火点温度为336.0~387.0℃,且XPS保温板引燃时间与热流变化率具有乘幂关系,幂指数约为-0.765.     

真空复合保温预制直埋管散热损失实验研究

针对真空复合保温预制直埋管(以下简称真空复合保温管,工作管内直径x壁厚为42.0 mm×4.4 mm,外护管外直径x壁厚为73.0 mm×3.4 mm,纳米气凝胶毡厚度为6 mm,真空层厚度为1.7 mm)展开散热损失实验研究。以导热油为循环介质,分别采用热流计法、表面温度法、热平衡法进行测试。对3种方法的测试计算结果进行对比,分析存在差异的成因。真空复合保温管的散热损失随导热油进口设定温度的增大而增大。导热油进口设定温度一定时,真空复合保温管的散热损失随真空层绝对压力的增大而增大。真空层绝对压力为2.0 kPa时,真空复合保温管的散热损失最小。真空层绝对压力为12.0、22.0、101.3 kPa时,真空复合保温管的散热损失接近。在保温材料种类、厚度、安装方式一定的前提下,真空层绝对压力对获得更低的散热损失发挥着决定性作用。热流计法的测试结果与表面温度法的计算结果接近,热平衡法的计算结果与前二者的差别较大。该实验宜采用热流计法、表面温度法。     

堆积状态下面粉层最低着火温度实验研究

为了评估面粉粉尘的危险性,为面粉加工厂防爆设备以及防爆工艺选型提供依据,利用恒温热板装置,研究加热板温度和堆积厚度对面粉层最低着火温度(MITL)、着火延迟时间的影响。结果表明:面粉的燃烧方式为阴燃;根据GB 16430-1996,面粉最低着火温度超过标准规定的最高温度400℃;随着堆积厚度的增大,面粉层最低着火温度呈线性减小,堆积厚度为12.5 mm时,面粉层最低着火温度为280℃;当堆积厚度≥15 mm时,面粉层最低着火温度不再变化,即面粉层最低着火温度为270℃。     

转弯移动荷载下机场复合道面轮辙研究

复合道面转弯区因同时受竖向力和水平侧向推力作用,再加上速度慢、作用时间长和高温天气条件,容易产生轮辙破坏,威胁航空器安全运行。因此,通过分析转弯移动荷载作用次数,基于复合道面三维有限元模型采用变形等效原则将转弯移动荷载等效为循环荷载波形式,并结合昆明地区环境温度条件建立转弯区轮辙分析有限元模型,分析温度、转弯速度、加铺层厚度及胎压对轮辙变形的影响规律发现：温度对轮辙发展影响巨大,20℃~30℃时轮辙变形很小,最大为3.05mm;40℃时轮辙量达14.5mm,50℃时轮辙量达22.74mm;随着转弯速度的增加,轮辙深度逐渐减小,超速较低速时减小23%,而综合轮辙深度指标（CRD）逐渐增大,超速时为低速时的8倍,表明水平侧推力对轮辙变形影响增强;轮辙深度随加铺层厚度先增大后减小,而CRD值随加铺层厚度增加小幅降低,加铺层厚度由10cm增加至20cm时,CRD值仅降低0.03;轮辙深度随胎压呈线性变化。进一步考虑温度、速度、加铺层厚度和胎压修正系数建立复合道面转弯区轮辙发展预估公式。     

典型木竹地板燃烧特性实验研究

运用辐射引燃仪和TY2000-B型气体检测仪对白蜡木地板、桦木地板、龙凤檀地板和竹地板的燃烧特性进行测试。从表面温度变化、质量损失率、热释放速率和烟气中CO含量4个方面比较4种地板的火灾危险性。实验表明:相同条件下,竹地板的点燃时间最短,着火温度最低,质量损失率、热释放速率、烟气毒性最大。白蜡木地板质量损失率、热释放速率、烟气毒性最小。综合几方面因素,竹地板的火灾危险性最大,白蜡木地板的火灾危险性最小。     

常功率平面热源法测定建筑材料蓄热系数的研究

对常功率平面热源法测定建筑材料的蓄热系数进行数学建模,根据半无限大一维非稳态传热模型得出建筑材料蓄热系数随测试时间变化的数学表达式,并对热脉冲法测定材料蓄热系数的装置进行简化,得到适用于测试建筑材料蓄热系数的简单装置,并以聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板、岩棉板、蒸压加气混凝土砌块为样品进行实验研究。研究表明,热流密度与测试时间一定时,试件的过余温度与试件的导热系数成反比。导热系数较小的样品,蓄热系数随测试时间先减小而后趋于稳定,导热系数较大的样品,蓄热系数随测试时间先减小而后逐渐增大。导热系数较小的样品,其蓄热系数基本不随热流密度的变化而变化,而导热系数较大的样品,其蓄热系数随热流密度的增大而增大。     

低温热水有源相变墙体的辐射供暖特性

在有源相变墙体二维数学模型基础上,对在不同的相变温度,相变潜热、相变层厚度及设计室温条件下的有源相变墙体辐射供暖特性进行了模拟计算,分析了各因素对低温热水有源相变墙体辐射供暖特性的影响。结果表明:随着相变温度增大,墙体表面平均温度和热流密度值随之增大,但波动幅度减小;相变潜热对墙体表面平均温度影响较小,而对墙体表面热流密度影响较大,且相变潜热越大,二者也随之增大;相变层厚度增加,墙体表面平均温度和表面热流密度逐渐减小;设计室温越高,墙体表面温度越高,而表面热流密度减小。     

岩石非线性细观响应中温度对岩石力学性能的影响

对饱和岩石随温度变化情况进行实验研究,其结果显示：饱和岩石随温度升高,模量、波速减小;随温度继续升高,模量、波速又随温度升高而增大。这一规律是热激活弛豫波动理论模型的佐证。将这一温度效应引入隐含内力的细观PM（Preisach-Mayergoyz）模型中,则模型中的模量Ki变为与温度相关的函数Ki（T）。温度T的变化同样会引起PM空间中滞回细观单元（HMU）特征长度和PM空间HMU密度分布的变化,从而引起宏观模量的变化,为此建立温度对PM空间非经典单元（NCU）密度影响的函数关系。在此基础上进行温度效应的细观研究,且对循环加载滞回圈的温度效应进行模拟,取得滞回圈随温度升高向应变增大方向移动,滞回圈模量降低,随温度继续升高,滞回圈又随温度升高朝低应变方向移动,模量增大。这一细观模拟结果与国内外相关实验结果是一致的。     

周期外扰下排风隔热墙传热特性研究

排风隔热墙是一种新型节能外墙,建立其一维非稳态传热模型。利用该模型计算出周期外扰下墙体各位置的温度波响应,经过与二维非稳态模型计算结果相比较,发现一维非稳态传热模型具有很好的准确性,适合工程计算和分析。对渗流层厚度、渗流速度、外层结构厚度对墙体内表面温度波响应的单因素分析表明:随着渗流层厚度、渗流速度的增大,内表面温度波的幅值减小,但对相角延迟的影响不明显;随着外层结构厚度的增大,内表面温度波的幅值也减小,而且相角延迟增大。     

热塑性高分子材料强制点燃过程模拟与分析

采用锥形量热仪对典型热塑性高分子材料——聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)在不同外部入射热通量下进行了强制点燃的实验研究。在气相反应和固相反应动力学及传递过程分析的基础上，建立了热塑性高分子材料强制点燃过程的数学模型，通过数值分析的方法将点燃数据相关联，得到PMMA强制点燃的点燃时间与临界表面温度的表达式，并计算了PMMA不同外部入射热通量下强制点燃时间及点燃的临界表面温度。模拟计算结果与实验结果的比较表明，二者基本吻合。采用所得到的数据关联式对强制点燃过程的影响因素进行了定量分析。     

Coupled analytical approach to predict piloted flaming ignition of non-charring polymers

Classical thermal theory of piloted ignition is extended by coupling the heat balance at the exposed sample surface and the finite-rate pyrolysis in the material volume. Approximate analytical solutions for the sample temperature are obtained for an arbitrary sample thickness, with the external radiative heating, surface re-radiation, heat of gasification, and the convective heat flux corrected for blowing taken into account. The volatile mass flux is evaluated by integrating the pyrolysis rate throughout the layer, with the assumption of high activation energy limit. Critical mass flux of combustible volatiles is used as the ignition criterion. This enables the ignition temperature to be evaluated instead of being pre-assumed as is done in the classical thermal theory. Coupled analytical approach proposed in this work is verified by comparisons to the numerical solution obtained by the Pyropolis model for the same problem setup. This approach has also been validated by comparisons to published experimental data (ignition temperatures and times to ignition) for three non-charring thermoplastics: polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene and polypropylene.     

碳酸钙对木质粉尘层最低着火温度影响研究

为研究碳酸钙含量对木质粉尘层最低着火温度的影响,利用HY16430粉尘层引燃温度试验装置测定油磨木粉、人工打磨木粉及两者分别与碳酸钙混合的粉尘层最低着火温度.结果表明:油磨木粉、人工打磨木粉、碳酸钙中位粒径分别为7.344、7.269、7.859μm,堆积厚度为5 mm时,油磨木粉尘层最低着火温度为324℃,人工打磨木...     

高压击穿电弧作用下SMC绝缘隔板引燃特性

绝缘隔板是高压开关柜的重要部件,采用高压起弧实验平台,针对5,10 mm两种厚度的SMC绝缘隔板开展了电弧引燃与燃烧实验,研究了质量损失率、余焰时间、温度曲线等特征量随电弧作用时间的变化规律。结果表明,高压作用下,两电极首先绕SMC竖直板形成倒“U”型夹持加热电弧;持续电弧作用下的烧蚀过程可以分为起弧上扬、夹持引燃、侧面弧降、余焰燃烧四个阶段。10 mm样品余焰的产生时间较晚,且需要更长的加热时间达形成显著自维持燃烧,烧蚀结束后样品炭化烧蚀度较低,可见,SMC绝缘隔板增厚,有利于其结构完整性和防火隔火能力的提升。由样品不同区域的表面温度曲线,弧根对该区域对样品表面的加热强度反而较弱,即样品表面的温升受弧柱距离和自持火焰的双重作用,包含多个互相影响的热过程。研究结果可用于高压开关柜绝缘隔板的科学选型与优化布设,为开关柜防火安全性能的提升提供科学依据。     

燃料覆盖率对非连续分布固体竖向火蔓延的影响

非连续分布固体燃料是指多个固体可燃物非常靠近但被气隙隔开的状态,与连续分布燃料相比,非连续分布燃料更能够代表一些现实的火灾情况,以往的研究中较少涉及.笔者通过实验的方法分析不同燃料覆盖率下固体燃料竖直向上火焰蔓延的特点.所选用的浇筑型聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(简称"PMMA")材料广泛应用于高层建筑外立面中,呈现出一种非连续分...     

历史文化街区、传统村落活化利用消防设计研究

摘 要：我国要求在城乡建设中系统保护、利用、传承好历史文化遗产,对于历史文化街区、传统村落的活化利用形成一批可复制可推广的经验。然而近年来相关火灾事故频发,火灾隐患整治和消防能力提升活动持续进行。归纳总结了国内外相关标准规范情况,针对历史文化街区、传统村落活化利用过程中消防设计难以遵照现行消防规范执行的现状,总结提炼出针对性消防设计的思路,从区域、建筑、监控管理三个层面提出消防设计策略。     

Smolder ignition of polyurethane foam: effect of oxygen concentration

Experiments have been conducted to study the ignition of both forward and opposed smolder of a high void fraction, flexible, polyurethane foam in a forced oxidizer flow. Tests are conducted in a small scale, vertically oriented, combustion chamber with supporting instrumentation. An electrically heated Nichrome wire heater placed between two porous ceramic disks, one of which is in complete contact with the foam surface, is used to supply the necessary power to ignite and sustain a smolder reaction. The gaseous oxidizer, metered via mass flow controllers, is forced through the foam and heater. A constant power is applied to the igniter for a given period of time and the resulting smolder is monitored to determine if smolder is sustained without the assistance of the heater, in which case smolder ignition is considered achieved. Reaction zone temperature and smolder propagation velocities are obtained from the temperature histories of thermocouples embedded at predetermined positions in the foam with junctions placed along the fuel centerline. Tests are conducted with oxygen mass fractions ranging from 0.109 to 1.0 at a velocity of 0.1 mm/s during the ignition period, and 0.7 or 3.0 mm/s during the self-sustained propagation period. The results show a well-defined smolder ignition regime primarily determined by two parameters: igniter heat flux, and the time the igniter is powered. These two parameters determine a minimum igniter/foam temperature, and a minimum depth of smolder propagation (char), which are conditions required for ignition to occur. The former is needed to establish a strong smolder reaction, and the latter to reduce heat losses from the incipient smolder reaction to the surrounding environment. The ignition regime is shifted to shorter times for a given igniter heat flux with increasing oxygen mass fraction. A model based on concepts similar to those developed to describe the ignition of solid fuels has been developed that describes well the experimental ignition results.     

Radiative ignition mechanism of solid fuels

Transmittance of external radiation from a CO₂ laser through a boundary layer of decomposition products over a vertical sample surface is measured during the ignition period. The results indicate that there is significant absorption of the external radiation for PMMA, and a lesser but still not negligible amount, for red oak. An increase in gas phase temperature over surface temperature is observed over much of the ignition interval. Using the experimentally measured incident flux at the sample surface, surface temperature history was calculated from a model that included re-radiation and convection losses from the surface, endothermic decomposition and conduction into the material. The results confirm the significant effect of gas phase absorption on surface temperature. Steady-state-derived surface regression rate expression was used for PMMA in this model. The results raise questions about the validity of such data for the dynamic heating conditions during the ignition period. Further studies needed to understand the radiative ignition mechanism are identified.     

Influences of Talc on Fire Performance of Low Density Polyethylene

In this paper the effects of talc on the ignition time, the burning rate and the downward flame spread rate of low density polyethylene were studied through the cone calorimeter test, the modified UL 94 vertical burning test and a designed downward flame spread experiment. Cone calorimeter tests show that the mass loss rate (MLR) and the heat release rate (HRR) decrease with increasing the talc content, which is ascribed to the residue formed by talc. When the loading of talc is low, talc powders aggregate to form separate talc tablets during burning, leading to the slight decrease of MLR and HRR. When the mass fraction of talc is higher than 20%, possibly the percolation threshold for barrier effect of talc, an integral crust covering the whole specimen surface is generated to act as a good heat and mass barrier, resulting in the significant drop of MLR and HRR. However, no evidence of char in the residue is found. The ignition time in both the cone calorimeter test and the modified UL 94 test initially decreases and then increases with increasing the talc content. It is supposed that the wick effect of talc aggregations reduces the ignition time while the dilution effect and the barrier effect delay the ignition time. The downward flame spread rate initially increases and then decreases with increasing the talc content, which is suspected to be related with the reduction of ignition time and melt flow rate during burning caused by talc.     

Downward flame spread over PMMA sheets in quiescent air: Experimental and theoretical studies

To explore the flame spread mechanisms over noncharring material, downward flame spread over polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheets from 1.5 to 10 mm thick is studied experimentally in the quiescent air in an open space.The experimental results show that the flame spread rate decreases with increasing thickness of sheet and it tends to a constant value for thick samples. Also the angle of the pyrolysis region is roughly constant for different sheet thicknesses.In this study, a heat transfer model is proposed to examine the rate of heat transfer for noncharring materials. Based on this model and the experimental results, a correlation between the flame spread rate and thickness is derived, in which the flame spread rate is inversely proportional to the sheet thickness. The proposed model estimated the convection heat flux and the gradient of temperature in the solid and gas phases. The experimental data are in good agreement with the results of the theoretical model.