共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
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近年来,我国城镇化进程不断加快,城市人口不断增多,各类公共场所的人群聚集活动也越来越多,突发事件下应急疏散安全风险问题愈发严峻。为了更好地评估城市公共场所应急疏散的安全风险,降低风险发生的概率,本文运用文献检索和案例分析法归纳总结出影响城市公共场所应急疏散安全风险的因素,采用熵权法和模糊综合法构建城市公共场所应急疏散安全风险评价模型,并通过该模型对南京新街口地下中心广场应急疏散安全风险进行评价,验证了模型的可行性和合理性。本文的研究为城市公共场所应急疏散安全管理提供了一定的理论支撑,有助于保障城市公共场所活动的健康秩序。 相似文献
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会展建筑展厅在展览时展出类型多、布展复杂、人员密集。若发生火灾等突发事件,人员疏散需依靠应急疏散标识的有效指引。应急疏散标识布局受标识可视性影响,实际情况中展厅内的应急疏散标识布局大都未随展览类型的变化而变化,出现标识被遮挡、不易识别等情况,导致人员对逃生方向与路径的选择产生困难,影响安全疏散。本文首先对不同位置的应急疏散标识可视性作用与标识可视性量化研究的现状进行梳理,总结了以真人实验与计算机仿真模拟2种标识布局的评估方法,在此基础上,针对会展建筑展厅布置多样化的特殊性,提出应急疏散标识布局的研究展望,以期充分发挥会展建筑展厅内应急疏散标识的作用,提高人员疏散效率。 相似文献
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为有效评估多出口建筑的人群应急疏散能力,从各疏散路径的最不利点视角分析其疏散过程,首先建立预作用时间、通行时间、滞留时间、步行时间等4 个时间段的控制方程及最不利点人员通行时间计算算法,然后构建多出口建筑的人群疏散数学模型。以西安某地铁换乘站为原型,通过数学模型和仿真模型分别计算车站的人员疏散时间。结果表明:疏散过程中,某条疏散路径的最不利点疏散人员在某个通行结构上消耗的通行时间不仅与该结构的通行能力有关,还与到达该通行结构之前经过的所有通行结构的通行能力及它们相互之间的需疏散人数有关;楼梯通行能力以及人员在楼梯上的移动速度均与楼梯宽度呈正相关关系,与人体厚度和宽度呈负相关关系。该疏散模型与仿真模型的计算时间误差仅为1.47%。 相似文献
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Mitko Aleksandrov Abbas Rajabifard Mohsen Kalantari Ruggiero Lovreglio Vicente A. González 《Fire Technology》2018,54(5):1171-1193
Modelling people behaviour during emergencies has become an essential issue in attempting to increase safety aspects in buildings. This paper evaluates people’s choice behaviour for evacuation of tall buildings. A Stated Preference (SP) questionnaire was designed to understand underlying factors behind people behaviour and predict the likelihood of selecting evacuation lifts as opposed to stairs. Various scenarios including six different navigational cases, three levels for the density of people on stairs, three different number of people in the lift lobby and three vertical positions for refuge floors were administrated to 566 participants. A mixed logit model approach was then used to investigate how those factors influence the occupant’s decision-making as well as to capture the heterogeneity of different preferences among people. Traditionally, lifts were not allowed to be used in case of emergency, but the results indicate that people would tend to choose evacuation lifts in situations when they are suggested as the main exit option, and situations when stairs are overcrowded. Thus, if people are navigated by dynamic signs to use evacuation lifts, the percentage of lift users could go approximately from 70% to 80% for refuge floors between 15 and 55, respectively. In contrast, in situations when people have to make a decision between using lifts or stairs to evacuate, stairwells with fewer people as well as overcrowded refuge floors could lead to a decision in favour of stairs. This study represents the first SP experiment combining people decisions, pre-event opinions and beliefs related to evacuation lifts and stairs to understand their route choices for evacuation from tall buildings. The findings of this study can be used in the development of behavioural models for evacuation simulations of tall buildings. 相似文献
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以南京某高校图书馆为例,依据“最不利影响”原则,充分考虑气象因子、建筑结构和可燃物等环境因子,利用建筑信息模型和时空分析模型模拟火灾产生因素的时空规律,构建火灾场景,剖析人员疏散时所能承受危险源的阈值,获取了4个季节建筑物内部的危险区域。结合室内路网模型和路径搜索算法,规划设计了人员疏散的生命安全保障路径,且与时间最短路径和距离最短路径进行对比分析,评估生命保障路径的疏散效果。通过上述研究,实现建筑物火灾的时空模拟和人员疏散的动态规划,为制定城市火灾应急响应的适应性措施提供理论基础和技术支持。 相似文献
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Kecklund Lena Andrée Kristin Bengtson Staffan Willander Sara Siré Elena 《Fire Technology》2012,48(1):27-41
An exploratory focus group study of people with different types of disabilities, e.g. mobility, visual and auditory, was carried
out to explore how evacuation safety in historical buildings can be improved for people with various disabilities. Accounts
of real life experiences on how well evacuation routes in historical buildings are adapted to people with different types
of disabilities, as well as suggestions for safety enhancing measures, were collected. Some examples of reported problems
were level differences on the way to and in evacuation routes for people with mobility impairments. Other examples were problems
with orientation for people with visual disabilities and problems with detecting the evacuation alarm signal for people with
auditory disabilities. In general the participants expressed different problems and needs depending on their type of disability.
A common view amongst all the participants were that organizational parameters concerning evacuation of people with disabilities
have to be improved. One conclusion from the study was that there are shortcomings in the physical environment as well as
in the organization of evacuation in historical buildings today. This means that emergency evacuation safety must be properly
focused on when improving accessibility in historical buildings. Measures must be taken to address the different needs of
people with various types of disabilities as well as to make improvements for all user groups. 相似文献
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为了提高地下空间密集人群紧急疏散的科学性安全性,针对轨道交通与地下空间耦合发展的城市形态演化趋势,通过文献梳理与案例分析,开展疏散风险辨识与安全评估理论研究。并利用Anylogic 平台,基于社会力模型和多主体建模方法,构建了某地铁站仿真疏散模型,开展可视化仿真和对照组实验。在站内行人密集程度达到总数1 800 人时开始紧急疏散。实验结果表明,该站现有疏散设施基本满足6 min 内安全疏散的规范要求,但存在行人异质性对疏散瓶颈形成的不利影响,而分区疏散策略有助于缓解瓶颈压力和降低拥堵风险。 相似文献
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为了预防建筑火灾发生和减少火灾中人员的伤亡,利用消防大数据分析技术和贝叶斯网络分析方法,研究了建筑火灾发展过程及人员疏散响应过程的推理与动态评估方法。通过对建筑消防设施响应状态和火灾中人员心理和行为特征的分析,探讨了火灾阶段划分方法和人员疏散行为的分类,提出了火灾中人员伤亡的轨迹交叉理论,进而构建了基于贝叶斯网络的建筑火灾动态风险和人员疏散安全评估框架。分别探讨了建筑火灾发展、人员疏散响应等2 条研究主线的推理过程,探讨了疏散条件评估过程。研究表明,该模型可通过对建筑特征、消防设施状态信息以及人员响应信息等消防大数据进行融合,实现火灾中人员疏散响应过程推理与动态风险评估,从而提高建筑消防安全管理水平 相似文献
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介绍了模糊综合评价法原理和评价步骤.从个体、组织、环境三个角度分析疏散人员行为对疏散结果的影响,并结合模糊综合评价的方法建立人员疏散评价指标体系.应用该方法对某企业疏散过程中的人员行为进行模糊评价. 相似文献