初春时节说山寨 黄陂清凉古寨

山寨,也称之为寨堡,是指筑有栅栏等防守工事的山庄。通常也指由官府倡导、民间响应,带有军事防御色彩的聚落,常以高山深壑为生存环境,是古代乡村社会人们为临时躲避战乱或因地方战术层面上的需要而修筑的一种局部性的防御性建筑。其最初的形式可上溯至魏晋时期的坞壁,而湖北地区的山寨据考主要集中在鄂东北和鄂西北两块区域。     

山寨的谱系——中国建筑山寨史溯源

不可否认，山寨建筑这样一个名词，是在近一两年出现的建筑话语。，它的得以命名，显然是来自干人们对于山寨手机等数码产品的戏仿。如果抛开词语的形式套笼不说，我们或可以去思考这样的问题：在山寨建筑这样一个词语之前有没有山寨建筑呢？中国当下风行一时的山寨建筑在历史上有它的根源吗？     

十堰黄龙村会馆建筑保护初探

鄂西北地区独特的地理区域和特殊的社会背景,使其形成了自己独特的多元文化,而会馆建筑又是鄂西北地区建筑的重要类型。会馆建筑的功能具有独特的性质,其建筑风格直接反映了当时最新的建筑思潮,在一定程度上反映了当地政治、社会和经济的变化特征,对当下的城镇发展具有重要意义,但目前鄂西北地区对会馆建筑的维护却不太乐观。文章主要以十堰市黄龙村会馆建筑为调研对象,从历史沿革、建筑设计,以及建筑保护三个方面对该建筑进行调查研究,同时为会馆建筑的保护方法提供一些参考。     

山寨建筑缘何横行中国？

近年来，山寨建筑横行中国，从埃菲尔铁塔到丹麦的小镇，从伦敦塔桥到美国白宫，从天安门到世博中国馆……中国就像一个喜好搜集全球建筑怪癖的家伙，在很短的时间里尽其所能且最大限度地完成了这项搜集任务，五花八门的山寨建筑无所不“抄”，让人叹为观止。人们不禁要问，     

鄂西北地区乡村住宅的节能设计优化研究

乡村住宅是我国建筑行业推行节能减排关注的重要领域。鄂西北地区位于夏热冬冷地区范围的北部,冬夏两季乡村住宅普遍热环境较差,能耗问题严重。对鄂西北地区农村住宅现状从基本概况、建筑热环境、建筑能耗等方面进行了调查研究。基于农村住宅节能设计我们选取外墙传热系数、屋顶传热系数、外窗传热系数、建筑窗墙比等7个主要的设计因素,以建筑的能耗量为评价目标,通过正交试验设计出不同的组合方案。利用DeST软件进行能耗模拟,分析出各因素对住宅能耗影响的趋势和重要程度顺序。最后综合考虑能耗和造价,推荐了适宜的节能方法和组合方式,为鄂西北地区乡村住宅节能提供了参考策略。     

山寨！山寨——没有最雷，只有更雷——中国当代山寨建筑不完全记录

从小县城里的中国馆，到中国第一村的美国国会大厦；从大西北的小天安门，到上海滩的山寨白宫，再到南中国的人民大会堂……近两年来，山寨建筑在中国各地的城市版图中风行一时，从而也成就了一种颇具寻思意味的建筑现象。     

极限条件下的“山寨建筑”及两个案例

文章从解释"山寨"的由来及其社会文化语境开始,对"山寨建筑"的产生进行追溯。通过"中国建筑图景"网站的记录,分析两个"山寨建筑"案例,试图探讨在极限条件下,"山寨建筑"和建筑学的具有积极性的联系。     

安徽省树建筑规划设计新风

为推动建筑规划设计走上鼓励原创、重视质量、节约资源、传承文化的良性发展道路，安徽省政府就加强建筑规划设计，治理一些建筑的“低级审美”、“盲目山寨”等问题，对加强建筑规划设计管理作了详细规范。     

儒释道哲学观影响下的民间宗祠装饰——以鄂西北民间宗祠为例

民间宗祠是中国宗法社会体系下村落中特殊的礼制建筑,它集合了所有族人的心血,花费巨大的人力、财力、物力加以装饰。鄂西北地区因为特殊的地理区位,使鄂西北民间宗祠建筑拥有更复杂的文化基础和地域特色,不同哲学要素的影响也让鄂西北民间宗祠的装饰更能凸显多元化的特征。该文通过田野调查及对现有资料的总结归纳,探讨宗祠装饰的基本特征,描述鄂西北民间宗祠的装饰特点,并从中发现中国传统的儒释道哲学观对宗祠装饰的影响。     

问题导读:山寨建筑与盗版文化

与其说我们在讨论盗版或者山寨,不如说我们在借助山寨这一讨论,重新切入其反面,那些已经浸淫在图像传播时代的建筑及其知识体系的生产。与其说我们在讨论山寨建筑的再生产,不如说我们试图揭示的是,正在对其进行限制的某些建筑批评,事实上已经被拖入到图像     

Integrated multi‐type sensor placement and response reconstruction method for high‐rise buildings under unknown seismic loading

Structural health monitoring system has been implemented on high‐rise buildings to provide real‐time measurement of structural responses for evaluating their serviceability, safety, and sustainability. However, because of the complex structural configuration of a high‐rise building and the limited number of sensors installed in the building, the complete evaluation of structural performance of the building in terms of the information directly recorded by a structural health monitoring system is almost impossible. This is particularly true when seismic‐induced ground motion is unknown. This paper thus proposes an integrated method that enables the optimal placement of multi‐type sensors on a high‐rise building on one hand and the reconstruction of structural responses and excitations using the information from the optimally located sensors on the other hand. The structural responses measured from multi‐type sensors are fused to estimate the full state of the building in the modal coordinates using Kalman filters, from which the structural responses at unmeasured locations and the seismic‐induced ground motion can be reconstructed. The optimal multi‐type sensor placement is simultaneously achieved by minimizing the overall estimation errors of structural responses at the locations of interest to a desired target level. A numerical study using a simplified finite element model of a high‐rise building is performed to illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. The numerical results show that by using 3 types of sensors (inclinometers, Global Positioning System, and accelerometers), the proposed method offers an effective way to design a multi‐type sensor system, and the multi‐type sensors at their optimal locations can produce sufficient information on the response and excitation reconstruction.     

Linear and nonlinear seismic response of a 52‐storey steel frame building

This paper presents the results of a study on the seismic behaviour of a well‐instrumented 52‐storey steel frame building in Los Angeles, California. This building has been subjected to ground motions from several earthquakes among which the records obtained during the 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake were selected for this study. Detailed time and frequency domain analyses of the recorded motions from these two earthquakes were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics of the structure. This information was used to calibrate a three dimensional dynamic computer model of the building. Nonlinear dynamic computer analyses were then employed to investigate the response of the structure during severe ground shaking. The results of this study showed that by performing a linear three‐dimensional analysis, the response of the building during past earthquakes can be reproduced with confidence. The results also show that because of the torsional response of this high‐rise building is not negligible, two‐dimensional analysis is not feasible for reliably predicting its nonlinear response during earthquakes. By further performing a nonlinear three‐dimensional analysis, the state and sequence of damage could also be predicted. The study also included an investigation of the effectiveness of pushover analysis for predicting the nonlinear behaviour of the building. This type of analysis has the deficiency of excluding the participation of higher modes, which is obvious for high‐rise buildings, especially for shaking from near‐field type ground motions. Improvements to the pushover analysis for such a type of shaking were explored. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京城八区政务大厅考察

政务大厅是近年来国家建设“服务型政府”过程中出现的新类型建筑,主要以集中的开敞大厅为办公地点,空间开放而透明,向市民及企业提供各种行政服务。本文以当代北京城八区政务大厅建筑为研究对象,通过调研、分析和总结,从建筑概况、空间特征、空间构成以及人性化设计这几个方面对北京政务大厅建筑进行了初步探讨。     

Parametric study on the performance of green residential buildings in China

The parametric study of the indoor environment of green buildings focuses on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of residential building construction in China and the achievement of indoor thermal comfort at a low level of energy use. This study examines the effect of the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zones. This work is based on a field study of the regional thermal assessment of two typical cases, the results of which are compared with simulated results of various scenarios of “energy efficiency” strategy and “healthy housing” environmental control. First, the simulated results show that the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control is actually balanced in terms of occupancy, comfort, and energy efficiency. Second, adaptive thermal comfort control can save more energy for heating or cooling than other current healthy housing environmental controls in China's HSCW zone. Moreover, a large proportion of energy use is based on the subjective thermal comfort demand of occupants in any building type. Third, the building shape coefficient cannot dominate energy savings. The ratio of the superficial area of a building to the actual indoor floor area has a significant positive correlation with and affects the efficiency of building thermal performance.     

Seismic capacity of typical high‐rise buildings in Singapore

Pushover analysis is a simplified method to determine the lateral load capacity of buildings. However, recent studies have suggested that pushover analysis could underestimate the capacity by as much as 25%. Thus, this study uses dynamic collapse analysis to determine the overstrength of a 16‐storey and a 25‐storey building, which are typical in Singapore. The results are compared with previously performed pushover analyses to justify the adequacy of pushover analysis for determining the ultimate capacity of such buildings. It is found that the buildings in Singapore, which are not designed for earthquake loads, possess overstrength varying from 4 to 12 times the design strength depending on the type of building. Furthermore, the pushover analysis could underestimate the capacity of such buildings up to 14%. It is suggested that one may choose to adopt pushover analysis to evaluate the lateral load capacity of such high‐rise buildings to err on the conservative side. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下空间天井环境研究

天井式建筑自古以来在我国建筑史上占有重要的地位。天井式建筑有好的室内空气质量和健康的环境，而其基本原理是由下沉窑洞住宅的基础上发展的，如四合院的天井建筑就是过去中国喜闻乐见居住效果好的住宅建筑形式。应推陈出新将此古代中国的瑰宝发扬光大到城市的地下空间发展上，特别是为城市地下住人空间的健康发展找出门路。     

A graph- and feature-based building space recognition algorithm for performance simulation in the early design stage

This paper presents a graph- and feature-based building space recognition algorithm for a boundary representation format (B-rep) geometric model, which can identify the building element type and space. The flow of the algorithm is described in detail, including the construction of a building geometric topology relation graph (BTG), the recognition of building element type, and the extraction of building space based on graph and local feature. The algorithm can be applied to the design of a building scheme; it can quickly identify and transform the geometric model into the input model required by the performance simulation software. This is a key step in realizing a performance-oriented design in the early design stage. We implemented this algorithm using SketchUp for testing its performance. Through the case study, it is proved that the algorithm can recognize the model and extract all the building spaces accurately. There is linear correlation between the recognition time and number of faces. Moreover, at the time of analysis, a model composed of 500 spaces and 3001 faces did not exceed 1.69 s, which meets the requirements of most applications well. Compared to previous works, this algorithm performs well in both recognition accuracy and time efficiency simultaneously, and can better serve the actual demand of automatic real-time building performance feedback in the early design stage. Finally, the future work regarding performance-oriented design based on model recognition is proposed.     

Impact of organization size and project type on BIM adoption in the Chinese construction market

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is perceived as an effective tool for improving the delivery and coordination of construction projects. The Chinese construction sector has demonstrated significant interest in implementing the 3-dimensional modelling-based process. BIM adoption is influenced by several factors which can either be operational or strategic related. Factors which can have a significant impact include the size of the construction organization and the type of projects that the organization has to deliver (i.e. building vs infrastructure projects). This study aims to evaluate the effect of project type and size on BIM adoption in the Chinese market, via an adoption model which analyses factors impacting the adoption decision. The study examines 200 samples collected from the Chinese construction industry, split equally between infrastructure and building construction data groups, as well as SMEs and large organizations. The collected data are first analyzed by principal component analysis and then through a Structural Equation Modelling-based multiple group analysis. Results demonstrate that essential factors such as operational risks are considered by small organization, whereas large organizations focus on implementation challenges. Implementation benefits and challenges are significant on the adoption decision in infrastructure organizations, but not in building organizations. In addition, the study reveals that “technical support” is an important factor when it comes to BIM adoption among all types of organizations, regardless of the organization’s size and project type delivered.     

Robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings under code‐specified ground motions

The robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings is investigated under code‐specified ground motions. Friction‐type bearings are often used in base‐isolated high‐rise buildings to make the natural period of those buildings much longer. While additional damping can be incorporated into every story in passive controlled structures with inter‐story type passive members, that can be incorporated into the base‐isolation story only in the base‐isolated building. This fact leads to the property that, as the number of stories of the building becomes larger, the damping ratio reduces. This characteristic may cause some issues in the evaluation of robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the robustness of base‐isolated high‐rise buildings. A kind of inverse problem for the target drift in the base‐isolation story is formulated in order to determine the required quantity of additional viscous damping. It is demonstrated numerically that, as the base‐isolated building becomes taller, the damping ratio becomes smaller and the ratio of the friction‐type bearings in the total damping becomes larger. This may lead to the conclusion that base‐isolated high‐rise buildings have smaller robustness than base‐isolated low‐rise buildings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层建筑创作对地域环境的呼应

高层建筑作为一种非历史传承的建筑形式,缺少其他建筑常有的地域性特征,很难与环境和谐共生。很多建筑师通过高层建筑创作实践形成一些系统的创作手法和设计原则,这些创作手法对高层建筑地域性创作起到了推动作用。也充分证明了高层建筑作为发源于工业社会的新建筑类型,完全可以与各地区的地域文化特色相结合,使高层建筑具有蓬勃的生命力。