多级可拓综合评价法在绿色建筑评价中的应用

为进一步完善我国绿色建筑评价方法,以适应绿色建筑的快速发展,将多级可拓综合评价法引入绿色建筑评价中。针对已满足《绿色建筑评价标准》在相应等级所规定要求的绿色建筑,对其在一般项和优选项中的所有达标项目建立多级可拓物元评价模型,引入可拓理论的简单关联函数确定评价指标权重;计算待评对象对各等级的综合关联度,从而判定此绿色建筑的综合评价等级。并以某一绿色办公建筑为例,验证了该方法应用于绿色建筑评价合理可靠,能够较客观、细致地表达绿色建筑的绿色程度。研究成果为丰富和完善我国绿色建筑评价方法开拓了思路。     

傍河水源地选址适宜性评价方法研究

傍河取水是能够兼顾供水水量和水质状况的1种取水方式,其选址的适宜性是水源地质量的前提保证。针对傍河水源地选址的适宜性问题,通过建立评价指标体系和模型,实现对水源地选址适宜性的准确评价。基于对哈尔滨市利民区水文地质条件的分析,采用层次分析法通过土地利用类型、安全距离、含水层渗透系数、含水层厚度、河流年平均径流量、河流水质、地下水水质、地下水埋深8个指标构建了傍河水源地适宜性评价模型。确定各指标权重与评分分级标准,利用ArcGIS计算平台分析傍河取水适宜性指数,并根据傍河取水适宜性分级标准对研究区进行适宜性等级分区。研究结果表明,哈尔滨市利民区万宝镇至陈家一带,南到万乐,北至张家店,可作为适宜的傍河水源地。从理论分析和实际应用结果来看,本次研究提出的评价方法适用于傍河水源地选址适宜性分析。     

综合赋权法在储气库选址中的应用

针对主客观结合赋权时系数不确定的问题,结合博弈论综合赋权法的研究成果,基于已建立的圈闭储气库选址结构模型,将层次分析法、变异系数法主客观赋权再综合博弈论赋权并结合灰色系统理论模型,形成一种主客观赋权并结合博弈论的综合赋权法在京津冀圈闭储气库库址优选中应用,评价结果显示shek2、d5、shjxw适合建库,这种方法评价得出的结论与专家验证的一致。评价方法具有简单、合理、科学等优点,可为储气库选址提供参考借鉴。     

基于可拓理论的既有建筑节能改造评价研究

既有建筑节能改造效果评价是受多种因素共同影响的复杂系统,也属于节能改造的一项重要工作内容。建立了一套建筑节能改造评价指标体系,介绍了评价指标的赋值方法,并建立了评价等级划分标准。基于物元理论和关联函数,将可拓理论引入到节能改造效果评价当中,提出了节能改造效果评价的可拓方法。以某节能改造工程为例,在合理选取指标的基础上,建立了可拓模型,计算结果表明该方法可行。     

惰性气作含水层型地下储气库垫层气数值模拟

针对惰性气体代替天然气作含水层型地下储气库垫层气的情况,研究了惰性气体与天然气的混合问题,建立了气水两相渗流模型及气体扩散模型,建立了二维平面有限元模型,采用部分离散方法对数学模型进行了有限元方程的推导。应用建立的模型进行含水层型地下储气库以惰性气体作为部分垫层气的建库过程和工业运行的数值模拟。通过对单井储气库注采进行数值模拟,分析了在注采过程中对采出气质量影响较大的参数。     

枯竭气藏改建储气库盖层封闭能力综合评价研究——以兴9枯竭气藏为例

盖层质量是决定枯竭气藏能够改建地下储气库的关键因素。在室内试验的基础上,建立基于全应力–应变特征的盖层岩石脆性评价模型,综合盖层常规物性封闭和岩石力学2种评价方法,提出一种改进的储气库盖层质量综合评价方法。在对枯竭气藏储气库盖层影响因素进行详细分类和分析的基础上,提出了各评价指标的等级划分标准,建立枯竭气藏储气库盖层质量评价体系的目标层次结构模型,应用层次分析法确定模型中12项基本指标在评价体系中所占的权重,建立盖层质量评价的适宜度计算公式。将该方法应用于兴9枯竭气藏储气库盖层评价,评价结果与专家论证结果一致,表明该方法的有效性。     

基于可拓学理论的砂土液化势综合评价研究

将可拓学理论引入到砂土液化势评价工作中，利用网络编程技术开发了基于Web平台的可拓综合评价系统，选取最关键的7个参数作为评价指标，建立了砂土液化势的可拓评价模型，从而找到了砂土液化势评价行之有效的新途径。     

基于可拓理论的绿色建筑综合评价

为了进一步推广和发展绿色建筑,本文将可拓理论引入绿色建筑综合评价中.在关联函数设定和物元变换的基础上,构建了绿色建筑可拓评价模型,通过计算各项指标相对于评价等级的关联度,对待评价对象进行了优劣排序.实例应用表明该模型合理可靠,能够较好地反映住宅建筑的绿色程度.研究成果为绿色建筑综合评价提供了一种新的思路,丰富和改进了绿色建筑评价方法.     

基于可拓学的既有公共建筑综合性能评价研究

我国既有公共建筑存量大,由于建造标准和年代不同,建筑性能差异大。为对既有公共建筑性能现状进行摸底与定量评价,建立基于关键指标的建筑安全、室内环境、能效可拓评价模型,并提出建筑综合性能分级方法。针对指标等级存在多取值范围的情况,提出改进关联函数。对某酒店建筑综合性能进行评价与分析,找出改造提升的重点内容。可拓评价模型评价结果与现行国家标准评价结果相同,证明了模型的合理性。提出的综合性能评价模型与方法可为既有公共建筑综合改造提供科学依据与支撑。     

改进的可拓方法在隧道围岩分级中的应用

相比传统的可拓评价方法,引入了信息熵权和关联变换⑴的概念,结合模糊理论建立了可拓评价模型⑵,从而更好地解决了只能通过不完全的因素来评价岩体质量的矛盾问题,并在某两长大隧道围岩质量的评价中,取得了较好的效果.     

Determination of the maximum allowable gas pressure for an underground gas storage salt cavern——A case study of Jintan,China

Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage (UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the target formation for the UGS construction of Jintan salt caverns, China, in order to obtain the minimum principal in situ stress and the fracture breakdown pressure. Based on the test results, the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern is calibrated. To determine the maximum allowable gas pressure, KING-1 and KING-2 caverns are used as examples. A three-dimensional (3D) geomechanical model is established based on the sonar data of the two caverns with respect to the features of the target formation. New criteria for evaluating gas penetration failure and gas seepage are proposed. Results show that the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern can be increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa (i.e. a gradient of about 18 kPa/m at the casing shoe depth). Based on numerical results, a field test with increasing maximum gas pressure to 18 MPa has been carried out in KING-1 cavern. Microseismic monitoring has been conducted during the test to evaluate the safety of the rock mass around the cavern. Field monitoring data show that KING-1 cavern is safe globally when the maximum gas pressure is increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa. This shows that the geomechanical model and criteria proposed in this context for evaluating the maximum allowable gas pressure are reliable.     

Cost optimization of the underground gas storage

The paper presents the cost optimization of an underground gas storage (UGS), designed from lined rock caverns (LRC). The optimization is performed by the non-linear programming (NLP) approach. For this purpose, the NLP optimization model OPTUGS was developed. The model comprises the cost objective function, which is subjected to geomechanical and design constraints. The geotechnical problem is proposed to be solved simultaneously. Geomechanical rock mass parameters are determined from geological conditions of a selected suitable UGS location and a special FE model is generated. The rock mass strength stability and safety of the system are then analyzed for various combinations between different design parameters like inner gas pressures, cavern depths, cavern diameters and cavern wall thickness. As a result, geomechanical constraints are approximated and put into the optimization model OPTUGS. This way, the optimization enables not only the obtaining of an optimal solution but also that the rock mass achieves sufficient strength stability and safety. The optimization is proposed to be performed for the phase of preliminary design. The numerical example at the end of the paper demonstrates the efficiency of the introduced optimization approach.     

Modeling and performance evaluation of shallow ground water heat pumps in Beijing plain, China

The use of groundwater for cooling and heating purposes is of interest from both the economical and the ecological perspective. The groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system utilizes groundwater as alternative renewable and clean energy source for space heating and/or cooling, withdraws water from a production well, passes it through a heat exchanger and discharges the water into an injection well. By utilizing the relatively stable temperature of groundwater, GWHP system can achieve a higher coefficient of performance. Due to the utilization of groundwater stored in the aquifer, the assessment of the hydraulic capacity of the aquifer based on numerical groundwater models is always needed for the optimum design and the efficient performance of GWHP. In this paper, numerical methods of underground heat-water transfer, energy balance method and thermal storage method were presented to calculate the capacity of unit area of shallow groundwater aquifer. The model results indicate that the numerical method, which is based on performance efficiency of GWHP, represents the behaviour of groundwater pumping/recharging processes, and serves better than energy balance method and thermal storage method, in addition it has been proven itself that this method has the advantages of energy saving and environmental protection. The calculated capacity is positively related to aquifer thickness. It is found that it is easy for ground water recharge in alluvial and pluvial fan located at the piedmont, while the calculated capacity is relatively smaller compared with that of south-east plain where it is not easy for groundwater recharge.     

二氧化碳地中隔离技术及其岩石力学问题

寻求经济又安全的强有力减排技术关系到日本政府能否履行在京都议定书中所作的承诺。二氧化碳是主要的温室气体，二氧化碳地中隔离是把从集中排放源分离得到的二氧化碳注入地下深处具有适当封闭条件的地层中隔离起来，即把二氧化碳归还原处——地球深部。介绍了二氧化碳地中隔离的概念及国际动态，并基于隔离容量、机理、安全性及成本分析，论述其可行性。     

季节性含水层储能系统在住宅中的应用

提出一种含水层储能的住宅集中空调系统。在分析含水层储能的数学模型及其离散算法的基础上，编制了计算机模拟程序，利用该程序对影响含水层储能效果的若干因素进行了模拟计算，认为集中回灌比分散回灌效果好；在回灌热量一定的情况下，小流量大温差运行效果较好；地质条件对系统热效率和抽水温差有影响。     

井对间距对含水层采能区抽水温度的影响

本文介绍了地下含水层储能的基本原理,建立了深井回灌式水源热泵系统含水层储能的数学模型并通过数值计算分别对6组不同井对距离条件下含水层采能区温度场的演化进行了量化研究,并对地温场的演化规律与井对距离之间的关系进行了理论分析,拟合出1个周期运行末期抽水温度相对变化值与井间距之间的关系.研究结果表明,抽、灌井对距离越大,抽水井温度变化越迟缓,且温度变幅越小,其原因是井对间距越大,渗流区水动力影响范围越大,抽、灌区等效渗流速度越小,回灌水向抽水井运动过程中散热(吸热)越充分.     

城市绿地社会健康的概念、效益及影响 因素

城市化带来的生活环境和生活方式改变，对居民的整体健康水平产生了显著的影响。越来越多的研究证明城市绿地具有广泛的健康效益，包括生理、心理和社会健康3个方面。目前，社会健康的定义和测量方式并不统一，现有研究也极少关注城市绿地的社会健康效益。旨在探讨城市绿地和社会健康的关系，以期解决城市绿地对社会健康有什么影响，以及如何建立城市绿地和社会健康的联系问题。通过辨析社会健康的定义和维度，提出城市绿地社会健康效益的内容在个体层面包括社会交往、社会关系、社会支持和社会联系，在社会层面包括社会凝聚力和社会资本；影响社会健康效益的城市绿地因素包括城市绿地的物理特征、感知和使用。城市绿地和社会健康的关联路径包括“暴露-反应”关系及设计实践与健康效益的关联性反馈。研究成果有助于完善对城市绿地社会健康效益的认知，为评估城市绿地的社会健康效益及完善城市绿地健康影响机制的全模型奠定理论基础并提供证据支持。     

The importance of air quality for underground spaces: An international survey of public attitudes

Space is a resource that is constantly being depleted, especially in mega-cities. Underground workspaces (UGS) are increasingly being included in urban plans and have emerged as an essential component of vertical cities. While progress had been made on the engineering aspects associated with the development of high-quality UGS, public attitudes toward UGS as work environments (ie, the public's design concerns with UGS) are relatively unknown. Here, we present the first large-scale study examining preferences and attitudes toward UGS, surveying close to 2000 participants from four cities in three continents (Singapore, Shanghai, London, and Montreal). Contrary to previous beliefs, air quality (and not lack of windows) is the major concern of prospective occupants. Windows, temperature, and lighting emerged as additional important building performance aspects for UGS. Early adopters (ie, individuals more willing to accept UGS and thus more likely to be the first occupants) across all cities prioritized air quality. Present results suggest that (perceived) air quality is a key building performance aspect for UGS that needs to be communicated to prospective occupants as this will improve their attitudes and views toward UGS. This study highlights the importance of indoor air quality for the public.     

含水层和上覆弱透水层水文地质参数的计算方法

本文建立非线性回归方法与地下水三维数值模型———MODFLOW相结合的优化模型 ,利用含水层抽水试验资料确定含水层水平渗透系数Kr 和储存率Ss,以及上覆弱透水层垂直渗透系数Ka 和给水度Sy。通过 2个示例分析模型计算过程 ,结果表明 ,该模型不仅能有效地确定这些水文地质参数 ,而且可以给出计算参数的误差范围和参数之间的相关程度