基于模拟贝努里试验的随机脉冲发生器的实现

利用EPLD器件模拟了n维贝努里试验,通过改变其参数,得到符合二项分布、泊松分布以及高斯分布的随机脉冲。当信号满足泊松分布时,脉冲平均计数率可达100kHz,最小时间间隔为100ns。对电路分别作了一定时间内脉冲计数统计分布检验和脉冲时间间隔分布检验,证明在时间特性上可用于仿真一般核信号源。     

基于随机抽样的核脉冲信号发生器的研究

本文设计了一种基于FPGA的任意核能谱脉冲信号发生器。该脉冲信号发生器以32位随机数发生器为基础,通过对参考谱线在幅度上的抽样,使输出脉冲信号在幅度上满足参考谱线的概率密度分布函数。系统对脉冲出现的时间进行1 024区间分割,并计算得到不同分割区间内脉冲信号出现的概率及该时间间隔的平均时间,采用随机抽样使输出脉冲信号在时间上满足指数分布规律。实际测试结果表明:该信号发生器输出脉冲在计数率上满足泊松分布,在幅度上满足参考谱线的概率密度分布函数;系统噪声低于2.86mV;输出脉冲计数率可调,满足核脉冲信号的规律。     

积分辐射探测器量子效率计算式的新式推导

当入射到积分模式辐射探测器上的每一入射粒子最终产生的可检测光电子数服从参数为g的泊松分布时,探测器的量子探测效率极限值的计算式为g/(g+1)。该工作给出了此计算式在某种程度上更易理解的另一推导,并计算了典型透镜耦合医用X射线数字成像探测器的量子探测效率。计算表明,在光圈数为1.0,系统放大率为11.5倍,采用白色衬底碘化铯闪烁体屏这样的典型情况下,因低的透镜耦合效率造成的量子探测效率的降低仅为33%,在实际应用中尚可接受。     

泊松克里金算法在核辐射场重构中的应用研究

为验证泊松克里金法在核辐射场重构中的应用效果,本文对泊松克里金算法在辐射场剂量率插值计算中的计算原理进行了研究,结合代理模型对泊松克里金算法进行了求解。通过SuperMC软件建立虚拟辐射场,对泊松克里金算法的参数影响进行了分析,筛选出二次多项式基函数和GAUSS误差相关模型。采用6150AD-b闪烁体探测器对实际放射源进行测量,并利用实测辐射场剂量率数据和福岛周边空间剂量率数据对泊松克里金算法在核辐射场重构中的可行性进行了验证。结果表明：小范围简单辐射场中,样本数据量为网格点数的1/10时,平均相对误差在10%以内;大范围辐射场中,辐射热点区域略有偏移,平均相对误差为141.69%。以上结果表明,该方法在快速、低成本解决未知放射源辐射场的重构问题中有一定的潜力。     

大气环境监测激光雷达数据采集系统

为了提高大气环境监测激光雷达探测距离,提出了由光电倍增管和单光子计数器协同工作的方案.具体方法是由光电倍增管探测近距离强回波信号,由单光子计数器探测远距离弱回波信号,并通过多次结果累加来提高信噪比.按照差分吸收(DLAL)测量技术要求设计并实现了双通道高速、高精度数据采集系统,系统基于FPGA设计,使用14 bits ...     

一种仿252Cf中子源脉冲信号频谱分析的FPGA设计与实现

从252Cf自发裂变中子源之裂变中子在时间分布上相互独立的基本原理出发,针对随机核信号在时间上呈泊松分布,在幅度上服从高斯分布的这一特征,开展了基于FPGA技术的仿252Cf中子源随机核信号产生及其频谱分析系统的研究.通过比较仿252Cf中子源核信号与核信号的功率谱趋势,验证了仿252Cf中子源随机信号产生机制的可靠性...     

基于高能γ源的CdZnTe成像探测器极化效应研究

应用第一类边界条件泊松方程,推导了碲锌镉(CdZnTe)探测器晶体内部电势分布,研究了CdZnTe探测器在¹³⁷Cs高能γ源成像探测过程中的极化效应。数值计算与实验结果表明：在低辐射注量率条件下,即CdZnTe晶体内部载流子电荷密度较低时,内部电势分布主要受外加偏压影响,晶体内部电势与偏压为线性关系,电场呈均匀分布。在高辐射注量率条件下,即晶体内部载流子电荷密度较高时,内部电势分布出现极化区域,电场分布发生扭曲,电子载流子向辐照区域外侧迁移,形成辐照中心无信号而辐照边缘区域仍有响应信号的极化探测图像。极化效应造成CdZnTe探测器探测性能严重退化,辐照边缘区域像素事件计数下降约70%。     

泊松分布参数的置信区间及其与按正态分布近似的比较

本文介绍泊松分布置信区间的含义及其估计方法。给出了它的上、下限与目前常用的按正态分布等近似条件估计结果的差别。指出按此差别计算上、下限较为方便。     

呈任意能量分布的核信号模拟

针对核信号在脉冲幅度和相邻脉冲产生的时间间隔上存在的随机性,探讨了核信号统计特性的模拟方法.在进行核信号的能量随机性模拟中,可将核信号的统计特性分解为均匀分布、高斯分布、指数分布、多项式分布和泊松分布等基本分布,并用本文所述方法来实现;对于不便于分解、呈任意能量分布的核信号也可用此法实现,模拟效果较好.     

置信区间与探测下限

本文从探测下限（ＤＬ）和置信区间定义及其与统计检验的关系出发，分析了ＤＬ与置信区间的内在联系及不同性质和用法。强调了ＤＬ用于评述一种测量（包括仪器、方法和操作等）的检出能力，置信区间用于对测量结果的表达；对小于ＤＬ的结果，报小于上置信限（ＵＢ）是自然合理的（对一些不具有单一的ＤＬ的测量更是如此），而且比报小于ＤＬ的范围更窄（ＵＢ＜ＤＬ）。还强调了置信区间包含了统计检验的功能，但它比后者给出更多有用信息。文中还介绍了在方差随待测量水平变化情况及泊松分布、二项式分布中应用的一些技巧。文末还给出了一些有用的机算程序。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Non-FDG PET imaging of brain tumors

Due to relatively high uptake of glucose in the brain cortex, the use of FDG PET imaging is greatly limited in brain tumor imaging, especially for low-grade gliomas and some metastatic tumours. More and more tracers with higher specificity were developed lately for brain tumor imaging. There are 3 main types of non-FDG PET tracers： amino acid tracers, choline tracers and nucleic acid tracers. These tracers are now widely applied in many aspects of brain tumor imaging. This article summarized the general use of non-FDG PET in different aspects of brain tumor imaging.     

基于NPL-NMC系统的γ测量子系统的建模与优化

在军控核查中,核部件的质量、丰度、年龄属性需采用无损方法进行核查,NPL-NMC系统是一套利用中子多重性测量核部件质量属性的装置,为建立完善的属性测量系统,还需在NPL-NMC系统的基础上建立γ测量子系统。本文通过设计γ测量子系统在NPL-NMC系统上的布局及对中子屏蔽的优化,使系统能对铀部件的丰度、年龄属性进行测量。模拟计算结果表明,该γ测量子系统能很好地满足军控核查对铀部件丰度、年龄属性测量的要求。     

Improvement of carbon fiber surface properties using electron beam irradiation

Carbon fiber-reinforced advance composites have been used for structural applications,mainly on account of their mechanical properties.The main factor for a good mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced com- posite is the interfacial interaction between its components,which are carbon fiber and polymeric matrix.The aim of this study is to improve the surface properties of the carbon fiber using ionizing radiation from an electron beam to obtain better adhesion properties in the resultant composite.EB radiation was applied on the carbon fiber itself before preparing test specimens for the mechanical tests.Experimental results showed that EB irradiation improved the ten- sile strength of carbon fiber samples.The maximum value in tensile strength was reached using doses of about 250 kGy.After breakage,the morphology aspect of the tensile specimens prepared with irradiated and non-irradiated car- bon fibers were evaluated.SEM micrographs showed modifications on the carbon fiber surface.     

Measurement system for SSRF pulsed magnets

This paper describes the magnetic field measurement system for pulsed magnets in SSRF.The system consists of magnetic probes,analog active integrator,oscilloscope,stepper motor and a controller.An application pro- gram based on LabVIEW has been developed as main control unit.After the magnetic field mapping of a septum magnet prototype,it is verified that the test results accord with the results of theoretical calculation and computer simulation.     

旁路阀调节对高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿循环瞬态特性影响研究

闭式布雷顿循环是第4代高温堆核能系统的关键技术之一,其典型的动态过程是旁路阀调节。为分析这一过程,建立了循环中关键部件的动态模型,其中压气机在径向平衡模型基础上耦合了对附面层发展的预测,兼顾了计算效率与准确性;换热部件模型基于双曲型守恒律方程,对工质的热物性和参数的快速变化有较好的适应性。在此基础上根据回路的质量守恒和压力平衡原则将各部件的模型耦合,建立了系统的动态模型。由于旁路阀调节是氦气透平发电系统主要的功率快速调节手段,瞬态效应较为显著,以模块式高温气冷堆（HTR-10GT）旁路阀开启后的过渡过程作为算例,分析了主要循环参数的响应特性,并通过分析,给出了降低输出功率的机制。计算结果表明：系统的容积惯性对旁路阀调节的响应速度影响较大,而阀门的开度则决定了系统在末态的输出功率;回热器的温度冲击现象可能发生在调节过程中,但可通过两旁路阀联动的方式缓解;反应堆出口温度变化幅度很小,因此反应堆模型的准确程度对结果基本无影响。     

CEFR 100%额定功率运行汽轮机发电能力分析

中国实验快堆(CEFR)首次100%额定功率发电运行中,实际电功率较设计值相差较多。为判断影响机组实际发电能力的主要原因,以现场采集的运行数据和汽轮机厂商提供的设计资料为基础,进行了相应的计算分析。对汽轮机内效率进行修正,绘制汽轮机近似热力过程曲线,并通过实测的各段抽汽压力,在热力过程曲线上获得抽汽焓值;利用换热器的能量守恒和流量守恒的基本方程进行除氧器和各加热器的热平衡计算,获得各段抽汽的流量;利用汽轮机的功率计算方程,得到汽轮机发电功率的计算值。通过计算值与实际值的比较分析,得出主蒸汽参数不达标是影响CEFR汽轮机发电能力的主要因素。