利用光电倍增管对磁驱动滑移电弧直径的研究

利用光电倍增管测量得到了电弧电流分别为0.7A和1.0A、外磁场0.32—0.8T条件下磁驱动滑移电弧的侧向直径。对于固定的电弧电流,电弧直径随外磁场的增加而减小,并趋向于某一固定值,对于0.7A和1.0A的电弧电流,电弧直径分别维持在0.78mm和0.88mm。根据光电倍增管所得信号对电弧的截面形状进行描述。     

磁驱动旋转电弧运动图像及弧电压脉动的实验研究

磁驱动旋转电弧产生扩散电弧等离子体过程中有许多有趣的物理现象。本文利用高速摄影技术研究了大气压条件下、非均匀磁场中、大尺度磁驱动旋转氩电弧的电弧结构；在一定的弧电流和外磁场条件下，电弧的平面形状表现为不断发展和增长的螺旋结构，电弧螺旋结构的破裂往往产生于阴极附近的等离子体射流。采用图像分析的方法计算了外部磁场作用下阳极斑点沿弧室内壁的移动频率，分析了磁驱动旋转电弧运动过程中的弧电压脉动现象。结合电弧图像分析和电弧电压脉动及其FFT分析得出：电弧电压的大幅波动与多层电弧螺旋结构破裂和重建相关，而电弧电压的小幅波动则是弧根小幅跳动引起电弧拉长和收缩的结果。     

一种用于煤粉点火等离子体发生器的电弧特性研究

介绍了一种用于煤粉点火等离子体发生器的实验装置，由一对并联的条形平行布置的阳极和同平面布置的圆柱形阴极构成，它们设置在煤粉输运通道中。采用高速CCD摄像和电弧电气参数测量等方法，研究了电弧形状、弧根的运动规律等。试验结果表明：（1）阳极弧根沿电极轴向无规则快速跳动及在两条电极间交替跳跃，这种弧根的快速跳跃有利于降低阳极损耗；（2）电弧在两条阳极之间的弧室内呈现不规则快速变化扭曲形状，使电弧弥漫于整个弧室，煤粉通过电弧放电通道高温区时与电弧混合而点火，使等离子体点火效率有了显著提高。     

竖直圆管中泡状流含汽率径向分布的统计测量方法

为了研究竖直圆管中高含汽率泡状流的含汽率径向分布,设计了一种测量含汽率径向分布的方法.该方法通过统计投影视图中的像素信息得到泡状流的投影含汽率,根据汽泡投影重叠概率计算出截面含汽率在投影面上的边缘分布;再基于竖直圆管中含汽率分布轴对称的假设,使用改进的傅里叶级数展开方法求解Abel逆变换,计算出含汽率沿圆管径向的分布.为验证该方法的有效性,测量了较低含汽率时的泡状流径向含汽率,并与匹配方法的测量结果进行比较.实验结果表明:此方法能得到高含汽率或含汽率近壁分布等其他方法难以测量的含汽率分布.     

轴向磁场中电弧螺旋不稳定性的简化数值分析

在静电近似下，通过数量级的分析，简化了能量方程。用数值方法研究了外加轴向磁场，电流分布、弧电流等对电弧曙旋不稳定性的影响。数值结果表明，在具有外加磁场情况下，当弧柱内均匀电流分布时，正向磁场能够使短波长的扰动稳定，反向磁场能够使长波长的扰动稳定。当弧柱内电流为抛物线形分布时，外加正向磁场对于短波情况下的稳定性影响很小，但对于长波情况，稳定性增强，外加反向磁场，同样能稳定中等和长波情况下的电弧。     

一种新型的液滴分布测量方法

介绍了一种新型液滴空间分布测量技术及实验装置,该技术可测得气-水系统中气泡在自由液面处破裂产生液滴的空间分布及运动轨迹。本工作利用染色液滴撞击到水敏试纸(熟宣纸)即被吸收这一原理记录液滴运动位置。通过设计一系列不同直径的纸筒,统计同一大小气泡破裂产生液滴分别在这些圆纸筒上的撞击位置,运用数理统计原理对得到的所有数据进行综合分析,得到气泡破裂产生液滴的空间分布和运动轨迹。     

压力和温度对静力水准系统精度影响分析

静力水准系统(Hydrostatic leveling system,HLS)的工作介质是液体.由于纯净水的诸多优点,在本系统中采用水作为工作介质.液体的特性是极易受到外界的影响而改变它的物理形态.在HLS系统中,压力、温度等因素对系统的测量有着非常大的影响.本文分别分析了压力和温度对静力水准系统测量精度的影响.为了消除压力的影响,在系统设计的时候采用了密封钵体和钵体之间用等压气管连接的办法,保证系统在工作时每个钵体中的工作液体表面上的大气压是一致的.温度的影响包括水管中温度梯度的影响和钵体之间温度差异的影响.通过分析,对于水管中温度梯度的影响,只要在安装系统时保证水管的垂直高差足够小,就可以忽略;而对于钵体之间的温度差异的影响,在每个钵体传感器中都安装了温度传感器,实时地测量钵体的温度,并和CCD测量数据同时采集,通过理论计算得到温度修正公式,对每个钵体中的CCD读数进行温度修正.通过实验数据分析,可以把温度的影响修正到允许的误差范围以内.     

欠热沸腾模型参数敏感性分析

为了提高RPI(Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)欠热沸腾模型在棒束通道数值计算中的准确性并对模型参数的选取提供参考,本文基于FT-6a实验详细分析了RPI模型中3个重要子模型(气泡脱离壁面直径、气泡成核面密度及气泡脱离频率)及两个重要相间非曳力模型(升力及湍流耗散力)对气泡轴向与径向分布及壁面过热度计算结果的影响。分析结果表明:RPI子模型对气泡份额及壁面过热度计算结果的影响较为复杂,不能通过对比单个参数的实验测量值来验证计算的可靠性,应综合对比多个实验值,以确定各子模型的最佳模型参数;非曳力对棒束通道中气泡的径向分布计算结果有明显影响,升力有抑制气泡离开加热壁面的作用,湍流耗散力则有促进气泡向主流区运动的作用。     

锆钇合金靶件性能对镀膜工艺影响研究

采用脉冲偏压电弧离子镀技术在不锈钢基片上制备氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)薄膜.通过改变靶材成分均匀性和致密性,分析其对起弧性能、镀膜工艺稳定性的影响;使用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD),对合金靶材及制备的YSZ涂层进行全面分析.结果表明,通过包覆热轧及退火热处理的合金靶材起弧性能好,镀膜工...     

双投影法识别客体形状及其物性

针对目前单投影检测系统存在的不足,提出了数字辐射图像处理的双投影检测法。该方法根据双投影系统所得灰度曲线的特点,通过分析曲线上拐点的位置及其灰度值,将双透射投影视图数据相互结合计算,得出待测物体的位置、形状、密度、物性等特征信息。另外,通过仿真实验证明该方法的可行性,并对此处理方法的精度、误差来源等进行分析。该系统及辐射图像的处理方法将有效改善目前实际测量系统检测能力不足的问题,可显著提高检测的准确度及效率。     

Motion and Splitting of Vacuum Arc Column in Transverse Magnetic Field Contacts at Intermediate—Frequency

Arc motion and splitting of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency（400-800 Hz） were investigated under transverse magnetic field（TMF）.The experiment was performed on cup-type TMF contacts with contact diameter of 40 mm and a contact gap of 4 mm in a single-frequency circuit.With high-speed photography we characterized the arc appearance at different arc currents from 3.3 kA-rms to 10 kA-rms at intermediate frequencies.As arc current increases from3.3 kA-rms to 10 kA-rms the arc appearance changes obviously.When current value is 3.3 kArms（current frequency 400-800 Hz）,there is almost no splitting arc;when the current exceeds5 kA-rms（current frequency 400-800 Hz）,the arc rotates at a speed above 20 m/s,accompanied by an observable splitting arc.The splitting arc could be observed at different frequencies and the arc-voltage had no noises when splitting occurred.The motion direction and the velocity of arc column were studied.Finally,the formation of a split arc was discussed.     

The Influence of Contact Space on Arc Commutation Process in Air Circuit Breaker

In this paper,a 3D magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) arc simulation model is applied to analyze the arc motion during current interruption in a certain air circuit breaker (ACB).The distributions of pressure,temperature,gas flow and current density of the arc plasma in the arc region are calculated,and the factors influencing the commutation process are analyzed according to the calculated results.Based on the airflow in the arc chamber,the causes of arc commutation asynchrony and the back commutation are investigated.It indicates that a reasonable contact space design is crucial to a successful arc commutation process.To verify the simulation results,the influence of contact space on arc voltage and arc commutation is tested.This research can provide methods and references to the optimization of ACB design.     

Study of Distortion of a Vacuum Arc at a Long-Gap Distance

Experimental study of the long-gap distance vacuum arc distortion for three types of axial magnetic field (AMF) contacts, by using high-speed charge coupled device (CCD), is presented. The arc current was of a half-cycle sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz, produced by an L-C discharging circuit. The time of appearance and duration of vacuum arc distortion under three conditions were studied. It was found that the gap distance, current and diameter of the electrode affected the characteristics of vacuum distortion at a long-gap distance. Some characteristics of the vacuum arc at a long-gap distance was revealed and the experience and data for further investigation were provided.     

Parametric Study on Arc Behavior of Magnetically Diffused Arc

A model coupling the plasma with a cathode body is applied in the simulation of the diffuse state of a magnetically rotating arc.Four parametric studies are performed:on the external axial magnetic field (AMF),on the cathode shape,on the total current and on the inlet gas velocity.The numerical results show that:the cathode attachment focuses in the center of the cathode tip with zero AMF and gradually shifts off the axis with the increase of AMF;a larger cathode conical angle corresponds to a cathode arc attachment farther away off axis;the maximum values of plasma temperature increase with the total current;the plasma column in front of the cathode tip expands more severely in the axial direction,with a higher inlet speed;the cathode arc attachment shrinks towards the tip as the inlet speed increases.The various results are supposed to be explained by the joint effect of coupled cathode surface heating and plasma rotating flow.     

Convection effect on an arc plasma evolution process in a two parallel contact system

A low voltage circuit breaker(LVCB) is an important piece of protection equipment which will switch off the fault current in a power system. The moving contact of a low voltage circuit breaker with a higher rated current consists of two parallel contacts. Therefore, the convection effect on the air arc evolution process in a two parallel contact system is analyzed. A threedimensional(3 D) magneto–hydro–dynamic(MHD) model of arc simulation is built. In this model, the anode consists of two parallel contacts and a bonding conductor. A nonlinear voltage–current density characteristic is employed to represent the near-anode and near-cathode voltage. The current density, arc voltage and currents through every contact are obtained. The influence of convection and conduction on the arc evolution process are quantitatively calculated. The displacements of the arc roots are obtained and the asymmetry of the arc root motion is analyzed. The arc evolution process of a two parallel contact system is preliminarily revealed.     

Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Arc Motion Characteristics in Air Circuit Breaker

In this paper, to simulate the arc motion in an air circuit breaker (ACB), a three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) model is developed, considering the influence of thermal radiation, the change of physical parameters of arc plasma and the nonlinear characteristic of ferromagnetic material. The distributions of pressure, temperature, gas flow and current density of arc plasma in the arc region are calculated. The simulation results show some phenomena which discourage arc interruption, such as back commutation and arc burning at the back of the splitter plate. To verify the simulation model, the arc motion is studied experimentally. The influences of the material and position of the innermost barrier plate are analyzed mainly. It proved that the model developed in this paper can efficiently simulate the arc motion. The results indicate that the insulation barrier plate close to the top of the splitter plate is conducive to the arc splitting, which leads to the signi?cant increase of the arc voltage, so it is better for arc interruption. The research can provide methods and references to the optimization of ACB design.     

Characteristics of Single Cathode Cascaded Bias Voltage Arc Plasma

A single cathode with a cascaded bias voltage arc plasma source has been developed with a new quartz cathode chamber,instead of the previous copper chambers,to provide better diagnostic observation and access to the plasma optical emission.The cathode chamber cooling scheme is also modified to be naturally cooled only by light emission without cooling water to improve the optical thin performance in the optical path.A single-parameter physical model has been developed to describe the power dissipated in the cascaded bias voltage arc discharge argon plasmas,which have been investigated by utilizing optical emission spectroscopy(OES) and Langmuir probe.In the experiments,discharge currents from 50 A to 100 A,argon flow rates from 800 sccm to 2000 sccm and magnetic fields of 0.1 T and 0.2 T were chosen.The results show:(a) the relationship between the averaged resistivity and the averaged current density exhibits an empirical scaling law as η∝ j~(-0.63369) and the power dissipated in the arc has a strong relation with the filling factor;(b) through the quartz,the argon ions optical emission lines have been easily observed and are dominating with wavelengths between 340 nm and 520 nm,which are the emissions of Ar~+-434.81 nm and Ar~+-442.60 nm line,and theintensities are increasing with the arc current and decreasing with the inlet argon flow rate;and(c) the electron density and temperature can reach 2.0 × 10~(19) m~(-3) and 0.48 eV,respectively,under the conditions of an arc current of 90 A and a magnetic field of 0.2 T.The half-width of the n_e radial profile is approximatively equal to a few Larmor radii of electrons and can be regarded as the diameter of the plasma jet in the experiments.     

Properties of intermediate-frequency vacuum arc in sinusoidal curved contact and butt contact

In this report,two new contact structures of a vacuum interrupter with a sinusoidal curved surface are proposed to improve the capability by increasing the surface area.The experimental investigation of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency(360-800 Hz)was conducted and the results were compared with a butt contact with the same contact diameter(41 mm)and the same material.By analyzing the arc behavior,arc voltage characteristics,arc energy,current interrupting capacity,ablation of the anode contact and condensation of the arc products at a 3 mm gap,the differences in their vacuum arc characteristics were determined.The correlations of their arc energy with the amplitude and the frequency of the current were also achieved.Analysis suggests that the ruled curved contact has strong application potentiality because of its low arc energy,low arc voltage noise and arc voltage peak,light ablation on the surface of the anode contact and high interrupting capacity.     

Influce of Initial Opening Speed on Characteristics of a Drawn Vacuum Arc

Influence of the initial opening speed on the characteristics of drawn vacuum arcs for axial magnetic field(MF) vacuum interrupters (VIs) is studied using a high-speed charge- coupled device (CCD) camera. Two values of initial opening speed, 0.5 m/s and 1.5 m/s, were set to make a comparative study. The cup-type electrode was made of Cu-Cr (50%-50% in weight) with a diameter of 30 mm and a gap distance between electrodes of 10 mm. The results show that the transition time decreases by 0.5 ms when the initial opening speed increases from 0.5 m/s to 1.5 m/s at a peak current of 2.5 kA, while the transition time decreases by 1.0 ms when the initial opening speed increases from 0.5 m/s to 1.5 m/s at a peak current of 5.0 kA. The reason why the duration of the transition arc mode decreases is that the e®ect of electromagnetic force and Coulomb force among arcs is increased when the initial opening speed increases.     

Non-Intrusive Magneto-Optic Detecting System for Investigations of Air Switching Arcs

In current investigations of electric arc plasmas, experiments based on modern testing technology play an important role. To enrich the testing methods and contribute to the understanding and grasping of the inherent mechanism of air switching arcs, in this paper, a nonintrusive detecting system is described that combines the magneto-optic imaging（MOI） technique with the solution to inverse electromagnetic problems. The detecting system works in a sequence of main steps as follows： MOI of the variation of the arc flux density over a plane, magnetic field information extracted from the magneto-optic（MO） images, arc current density distribution and spatial pattern reconstruction by inverting the resulting field data. Correspondingly, in the system, an MOI set-up is designed based on the Faraday effect and the polarization properties of light, and an intelligent inversion algorithm is proposed that involves simulated annealing（SA）.Experiments were carried out for high current（2 kA RMS） discharge cases in a typical low-voltage switchgear. The results show that the MO detection system possesses the advantages of visualization, high resolution and response, and electrical insulation, which provides a novel diagnostics tool for further studies of the arc.