One-fold Gold反演法计算空气吸收γ剂量率

介绍了基于One-fold Gold反演法求解空气吸收γ剂量率的计算方法。使用MCNP计算NaI(Tl)探测器的能量响应矩阵,将该矩阵和γ能谱数据代入One-fold Gold反演表达式,求得核素在单位时间内发射的某种能量的特征γ射线的数目,并代入建立的数学表达式,计算出关注核素产生的空气吸收γ剂量率。分别使用~(133)Ba、~(137)Cs标准点源对方法进行实验验证,结果显示,使用该方法计算出的空气吸收γ剂量率相对高压电离室测量值的偏差均小于10%。     

基于G(E)函数法的就地NaI谱仪剂量率测量

在核应急监测中常用NaI谱仪实现剂量率的监测和γ放射性核素识别。本研究利用G(E)函数法对一款3″×3″的NaI谱仪进行能谱-剂量直接转换的刻度。利用¹⁵²Eu、¹³³Ba、²⁴¹Am、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co标准点源获得不同能量下的标准能谱数据,并采用Geant4程序计算其他能量下的能谱数据,实现能谱信息与空气吸收剂量率的转换。结果表明,在一定的剂量率范围内,采用G(E)函数法实现能谱信息与剂量率的转换结果可以接受,满足应急监测要求。     

用γ能谱全能峰计数率测量辐射剂量率的方法研究

提出了通过γ能谱全能峰测量吸收剂量的方法,定义了全能峰角响应函数。采用蒙特卡罗方法计算了50 mm×50 mm NaI(Tl)探测器的平均角响应随射线能量的变化,用标准点源137Cs、60Co、152Eu、133Ba和参考辐射场137Cs、60Co、226Ra、241Am进行了实验验证。结果证明,在近似各向同性的条件下,对标准点源的测量结果与理论值相比误差小于2%,对参考辐射场的测量结果与电离室测量结果相差小于3%。该方法适合低能到高能的较宽能谱段剂量率测量,不仅能测出某种核素对总剂量率的贡献,且能同时分辨核素种类,无需实验刻度。     

蒙特卡罗模拟NaI探测天然γ能谱的软件设计方法及应用

由单个光子在地表介质和NaI探头中的反应轨迹与作用机理以及天然放射性γ能谱的分布规律,建立基于蒙特卡罗方法的随机抽样模拟模型,编制γ能谱探测模拟软件模拟在地空界面上及NaI(Tl)探测器中天然放射性γ射线响应谱线。结果显示,模拟谱线能较好拟合测量谱线。     

基于14 MeV μs脉冲中子发生器与NaI(Tl)和BGO闪烁探测器的爆炸物检测系统的研制

介绍了利用14 MeV μs脉冲中子发生器、NaI(Tl)和BGO闪烁探测器建立的爆炸物检测实验系统.研究了中子感生瞬发γ能谱的时间特性,分别测量了快中子的非弹性散射γ能谱和热中子辐射俘获γ能谱.使用了NaI(Tl)和BGO两种探测器测量γ能谱;NaI(Tl)探测器在测量14N的热中子辐射俘获γ 10.835 MeV时表现出了很好的性能,而BGO探测器则在测量12C和16O的快中子非弹性散射γ时得到了较好的结果.利用这两种探测器测量了22种样品,其中包括RDX、TNT、NQ 3种炸药.根据NaI(Tl)和BGO测量到的中子感生瞬发γ能谱,在分析了1H、12C、14N、16O的元素含量之后,有效地实现了对炸药与普通物品的分辨.     

基于14 MeV μs脉冲中子发生器与NaI(Tl)和BGO闪烁探测器的爆炸物检测系统的研制

介绍了利用14MeV μs脉冲中子发生器、NaI(Tl)和BGO闪烁探测器建立的爆炸物检测实验系统。研究了中子感生瞬发γ能谱的时间特性，分别测量了快中子的非弹性散射γ能谱和热中子辐射俘获γ能谱。使用了NaI(T1)和BGO两种探测器测量γ能谱；NaI(Tl)探测器在测量“N的热中子辐射俘获γ10、835MeV时表现出了很好的性能，而BGO探测器则在测量^12C和^16O的快中子非弹性散射γ时得到了较好的结果。利用这两种探测器测量了22种样品，其中包括RDX、TNT、NQ3种炸药。根据NaI(Tl)和BGO测量到的中子感生瞬发γ能谱，在分析了^1H、^12C、^14N、^16O的元素含量之后，有效地实现了对炸药与普通物品的分辨。     

野外就地测量便携式NaI（Tl）γ谱仪的初步标定及花岗岩标定台的建立

高效率低分辨率的便携式NaI（Tl）γ谱仪野外就地测量是释光、电子自旋共振测年中环境剂量率测量的重要方法之一,其标定是一项重要的基础性工作。我们利用英国牛津大学的混凝土标定台对本实验室的ORTEC Micro Nomad型NaI（T1）γ谱仪进行了标定,初步建立了几何形状、材料成分和密度与野外测量条件相似的NaI（Tl）γ谱仪花岗岩标定台,并通过不同方法测量得到了本标定台的放射性元素含量。     

山林地陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率测量

介绍了NaI就地γ谱仪在海洋性气修山林地进行的陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率测量。用NaI探头的响应矩阵解析就地γ谱的方法，得到0.05-3MeV间不同能量的光子在空气中的注量率谱，进而求得空气吸收剂量率。同时，作为参考，用高纯锗γ谱仪对就地测量点的土壤进行核素分析，间接估算γ剂量率，通过比较，就地测量值是可信的。     

环境测量用NaI(Tl)γ谱仪

本文报道以φ100×100mm的低钾NaI(T1)晶体和GDB-76F型光电倍增管组合探头为探测器的室内外通用γ谱仪。在铅屏蔽室内,γ光子能量从0.05—2MeV范围本底计数率为1053计数/min。对~(137)Cs面源(φ5mm)的γ射线能量分辨率<10％,全能峰效率为16.3％,测量1000min,置信水平为95％,最小可探测下限为0.06Bq。环境就地测量20min可分析出10m半径范围内土壤中U系,Th系、~(40)K和~(137)Cs等核素的比放活度,并可给出距地面1m高处它们各自的γ吸收剂量率及总吸收剂量率值。     

惰性气体β-γ符合测量系统探测器能量及分辨率刻度

β-γ符合法是全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)放射性核素核查中惰性气体氙测量的一种重要方法,探测器能量及分辨率刻度是其首要解决的关键技术。本工作详细介绍了β-γ符合测量系统NaI(Tl)闪烁体和塑料闪烁体探测器能量及分辨率刻度的方法和结果,采用γ放射性核素点源刻度NaI(Tl)γ射线能量及分辨率,利用137Cs661.66keVγ射线康普顿散射电子刻度塑料闪烁体β射线能量及分辨率,并与131Xem内转换电子刻度的β射线能量分辨率结果进行了比较。结果表明:用137Cs康普顿散射电子刻度塑料闪烁体β射线能量是一种简便可行的方法,但用其刻度的β射线分辨率比实际的大。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

Characteristics of pulsed photo-stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence for the identification of gamma irradiated poultry eggs

Pulsed photo-stimulated luminescence (PPSL) is a simple screening method that can be employed qualitatively at the spot for the detection of eggs treated with ionizing radiation.Due to the variations in the results during storage,the eggs of ostrich,duck,hen,and quail were irradiated to doses of 0,1,2,and 3 kGy.Most of the samples were incorrectly identified during storage after four months of irradiation.Thermoluminescence (TL) technique was also tried by using egg shells in order to confirm the irradiation treatment in eggs.TL glow curves were recorded between the temperatures 50℃to 400℃at the rate of 5°/s for all the control and irradiated samples.On the basis of integrated areas of first glow curves (TL1),the glow curve ratios (TL1/TL2) and the shapes of maxima of TL1, the irradiation treatment of all the eggs was confirmed.Furthermore,the presence of calcite and aragonite minerals that cause the TL signal in the egg shells were studied using X-ray diffraction spectrometry.     

数字射线扫描成像系统MTF的测试分析

为有效实现数字射线扫描成像检测系统性能的定量分析评价,据此进行检测工艺参数的优化,对数字射线扫描成像检测系统调制传递函数(Modulation transfer function,MTF)进行了测试分析。采用刀口工具、双线型像质计、分辨率测试卡,对系统在不同焦点大小、放大倍数、运动方向的检测情况,分别进行了MTF的测试并进行了比较。结果表明,双线型像质计与分辨率测试卡的测试结果基本一致,但双线型像质计更便于对比度的定量计算;双线型像质计的对比度传递函数近似符合二次曲线,经转换得到的调制传递函数值高于刀口法的测试值,刀口法计算数值偏低的原因在于运动不平稳所带来的不利影响。分析表明,数字射线扫描成像系统性能受到多个因素的共同影响,MTF测试结果可较全面地对影响因素进行定量评价,可用于确定最佳的检测参数或找出等价的参数组合。     

基于物理体模CT图像的1岁儿童体素体模构建

本文介绍了基于1岁儿童物理体模（Model 704-D）的CT图像和中国成年男性参考人体素体模(CRAM)的1岁儿童体素体模（CPP01）的构建,包括通过对物理体模扫描得到OCP01体模（基于儿童物理体模的CT图像建立的一粗略的体素体模）,进而构建和优化CPP01。该体素体模的各器官组织的质量与GBZ/T 200.2-2007所给数据的相对偏差约在5%以内,且其外部轮廓和主要器官的位置与Model 704-D相匹配。     

Activity level of gross α and gross β in airborne aerosol samples around the Qinshan NPP

The monitoring results of gross α and gross β activity from 2001 to 2005 for environmental airborne aerosol samples around the Qinshan NPP base are presented in this paper. A total of 170 aerosol samples were collected from monitoring sites of Caichenmen village, Qinlian village, Xiajiawan village and Yangliucun village around the Qinshan NPP base. The measured specific activity of gross α and gross β are in the range of 0.02 ～ 0.38 mBq/m3 and 0.10 ～ 1.81 mBq/m3, respectively, with an average of 0.11 mBq/m3 and 0.45mBq/m3, respectively. They are lower than the average of 0.15 mBq/m3 and 0.52mBq/m3, of reference site at Hangzhou City. It is indicated that the specific activity of gross α and gross β for environmental aerosol samples around the Qinshan NPP base had not been increased in normal operating conditions of the NPP.     

Simulation of the mixing process in FCIs with hydrodynamic fragmentation model

Fuel Coolant Interactions (FCIs) are important issues in nuclear reactor severe accident analysis. In FCIs, fragmentation model of molten droplets is a key factor to estimate degree of possible damage. In this paper, the mixing process in FCIs is studied by the simulation of MIXA experiment with hydrodynamic fragmentation model. The result shows that hydrodynamic fragmentation model underestimates the fragmentation rate of high temperature molten droplets under the condition of low Weber numbers. It is concluded that models based on thermal fragmentation mechanism should be adopted to analyze the FCI process and its consequence.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES Volume 25,2014

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Probing stray surface electric patch fields using Rydberg atoms

The stray electric “patch” fields present at a Au(1 1 1) surface are investigated by studying the ionization of Rydberg atoms incident at near-grazing angles. Measurements of the threshold conditions required to observe the resulting ions are used to estimate how large such stray fields can be. The data show that the stray fields can be sizeable, as large as ∼10³ V cm⁻¹ 100 nm from the surface and ∼20 V cm⁻¹ 500 nm from the surface, and illustrate the potential of Rydberg atoms for detecting and characterizing surface electric fields.