AP1000核主泵排气过渡工况下瞬态流动特性研究

为了研究核主泵在排气过渡工况下的气液两相流瞬态流动特性,基于非均相流模型,采用CFX软件对核主泵排气过渡工况进行瞬态数值模拟,通过分析叶轮、导叶流道内的压力脉动、涡量变化及速度分布,得到了排气过渡过程的流动变化规律。研究结果表明：气液两相工况下,叶轮各流道内气相、液相的不均匀分布及两相之间的滑移作用,导致叶轮径向力产生大幅度波动;核主泵采用的扭曲型径向导叶,在进口含气率较高的工况下,其流道内易产生气泡堆积现象,使过流面积减小,产生较大的能量损失;核主泵类球形蜗壳的对称性结构,使左侧类隔舌部位出现低流速区,堵塞了部分出口流道,这也是核主泵排气过渡工况运行不稳定的重要原因。     

Assessment of the CATHARE 1D pump model

The development of an advanced model to determine the dynamic pump performance under two-phase flow conditions is presented. This model is included in CATHARE 2, version V1.3. It is based on the two-fluid six-equation CATHARE model which describes the mechanical and thermal non-equilibria.In a previous review (P. Van den Hove and G. Geffraye, The CATHARE code— one-dimension pump model, Fifth Int. Topical Meet. on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-5), Salt Lake City, USA, September, 1992), various calculations were presented concerning Eva single-phase and two-phase steam–water test results in the first three quadrants. Here, the range of assessment of the first quadrant is enlarged with Eva air–water tests and Bethsy pump steam–water tests. Both pumps are mixed flow pumps, the Bethsy one being radial at the impeller outlet.Some improvements suggested in the above cited paper are tested against all single-phase liquid, single-phase vapor, two-phase steam–water, and two-phase air–water data in the first quadrant. They concern a new deviation model and head losses model, and the model of mechanical interaction between phases.     

A new method to derive one set of scaling criteria for reactor natural circulation at single and two-phase conditions

Natural circulation is one of the most important thermal-hydraulic phenomena that makes the fluid flow along a closed loop without any external driving force. With this merit, it is adopted by the passive heat removal system to bring the residual heat out of the core at accidents, and by the primary system of some new conceptual reactors instead of pumps to drive the coolant in the loop at operation. To investigate the reactor natural circulation and verify system thermal-hydraulic codes, it is a way to construct an integrated effect test facility and perform experiments on it with the scaling criteria. With one-dimensional assumption, the natural circulation system was simplified as the heat source, heat sink and pipes, and described by two groups of equations independently for the single-phase and two-phase flow conditions. Based on these equations, a set of non-dimensional equations were derived and the criteria were obtained both applicable for single-phase and two-phase natural circulation. According to these criteria, the practical application was analyzed and discussed. In the paper, the property similarity was strongly suggested in most cases. Though equal height simulation was widely used in the past, the reduced height simulation is a good way to reproduce three-dimensional (3D) phenomena that are of concern in the investigation. The CHF simulation is not suggested. The mass of metal and its distribution is of concern instead of heat transfer at transient simulation.     

断电停机过渡过程中核主泵气液两相流动特性研究

为研究断电停机过渡过程中核主泵气液两相瞬态流动特性,借助CFD技术对不同含气量下核主泵内的气液两相流动变化规律及径向力进行了研究,并对计算结果进行试验验证。结果显示,数值模拟数据与试验数据变化趋势吻合,断电停机过渡过程中,在叶轮背面附近产生旋涡,旋涡的存在使气相区域变大且相应的气体体积分数增加。随着流量的减少和转速的降低,叶轮和导叶内存在大量的气相,导致叶轮转换能量的能力减弱。含气量较小时,叶轮内气体体积分数先达到最大值后开始呈离散状回旋下降。而含气量较大时,叶轮内的气体体积分数随流量的减少而增加。含气量对流道内流体的速度影响较大,尤其是对靠近叶片进口方向的流体。随着含气量的增加,叶轮的径向力不平衡程度开始减弱,其最大不平衡径向力由正负值不等转变为以负值为主。     

Transient behavior of natural circulation for boiling two-phase flow (flow after pump trip)

The idea of a flow diode has been proposed to improve the pump coastdown characteristics of the internal recirculation pumps adopted by the ABWR. In this paper, the transient behavior from forced to natural circulation was experimentally investigated by simulating a pump coastdown condition for the purpose of providing an available source of information that is necessary for designing the flow diode. The results of the study showed that the transient behavior after pump coastdown was influenced by the coastdown period, the trigger velocity and the initial driving force of natural circulation. The potential of each driving factor was governed by the delay time for boiling, which is a very important parameter in natural circulation of boiling two-phase flow. In consequence, a guide for the designing of a flow diode was proposed.     

CAP1400核主泵导叶和叶轮匹配数研究

为研究导叶和叶轮之间匹配对核主泵性能的影响及作用在叶轮上的径向力分布情况,采用CFD技术对不同方案下的核主泵进行非定常数值模拟,并进行试验验证。研究结果表明：核主泵扬程和效率的计算曲线与试验曲线基本吻合,效率相对误差在2.5%左右,扬程相对误差在4%左右;叶轮叶片数和导叶叶片数对核主泵性能影响较大,对其进行合理匹配能有效地提高泵性能;叶轮和导叶的不同匹配使叶轮径向力分布规律具有很大差别,作用在叶轮上的径向力呈周期波动,脉动频率以叶轮通过导叶频率为主;小流量工况下,随着流量的减小,叶轮的径向力及其脉动幅值增大,而变化速率减小;大流量工况下,随着流量的增加,叶轮的径向力及其脉动幅值增大。     

非稳态流体力作用下两相流管束流弹失稳研究

流弹失稳会引起传热管振幅过大而发生磨损破坏，是两相流作用下蒸汽发生器管束流致振动的重要机理。为了较为准确地预测两相流作用下圆柱管的失稳临界流速，对试验测量的两相流非稳态流体力进行参数拟合，建立了气-水两相流作用下单管的动力学模型。通过无量纲化，运用Galerkin方法对方程变量进行离散后，联立求解方程得到了不同空泡份额的临界流速。数值结果表明，数值解与试验测得失稳临界流速较为吻合，验证了该模型可用于两相流传热管临界流速的预测。      

两相横流作用下的旋转三角形管束流弹失稳研究

为了较为准确的预测两相流作用下圆柱管的失稳临界流速，采用试验测量的两相流准稳态流体力系数，对单向流的准稳态模型进行扩展，建立了气-水两相流作用下的旋转三角形管束中间悬臂自由管的动力学模型，运用Galerkin方法对方程变量进行离散后，求解特征方程得到了不同空泡份额的临界流速，并运用龙格-库塔法求解动力学方程得到位移时程响应。数值结果表明，临界流速随着空泡份额的增大而增大，且所建模型计算结果与试验测量值较为吻合。因此，本研究所建模型可用于两相横流作用下的旋转三角形管束流弹失稳临界流速预测。      

管束间空气-水两相流激振力特性及归一化方法研究

利用管束间空气-水两相流激振力的实验数据,研究了两相流激振力的部分特性,分析了混合物流速、空泡特征长度等两相流参数对两相流激振力的影响。结果表明,两相流激振力约与界面流速、混合物密度和混合物运动黏度呈正比,泡状流下激振力随气泡直径线性增长,证明两相流激振力的无量纲归一化可采用气泡数率作为频率缩比参数。基于上述两相流激振力的特性,从方便工程应用角度给出了两相流激振力的无量纲归一化方法,获得了较好的归一化效果。     

Development of a pump performance model for an integral effect test facility

Modeling methods for the reactor coolant pumps of the existing integral facilities are reviewed from the viewpoint of scaling, single- and two-phase characteristics. A series of separate effect tests was performed for the pumps of the ATLAS (Advanced Thermal-hydraulic test Loop for Accident Simulation) in order to obtain a complete set of single-phase homologous curves in all the quadrant operating regions. Besides the friction loss tests for the sheared shaft and the locked rotor conditions were conducted to extend the homologous curves to the limiting cases. A method which can take into account the two-phase degradation effects of the ATLAS pumps was suggested as a first approximation based on similarity principles. The present data and model can completely replace the pump input model of the MARS 3.1 code both for single- and two-phase conditions.     

基于正交试验的核主泵导叶水力性能数值优化

为提高核主泵整机水力性能,实现叶轮、导叶与环形压水室的最优匹配,以AP1000核主泵为研究对象,保持叶轮与蜗壳几何参数不变,选择导叶进口冲角、导叶包角和导叶出口角为正交试验方法的3个因素,并根据各因素的值确定取值范围。基于雷诺时均N-S方程、RNGk-ε湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法,应用CFD技术对核主泵进行了正交试验和数值优化。正交试验和因素显著性分析表明:额定工况下,优化后的模型泵较原模型泵扬程提高0.55m、效率提高0.66%;小流量工况下,优化后的杨程和效率提升更加明显;导叶包角和导叶出口角对泵水力性能的影响较为显著,导叶流道扩散程度决定了导叶流道的水力损失;导叶进口冲角、导叶出口角和导叶包角之间的相互作用对泵水力性能的影响不显著,可忽略。对导叶包角的研究表明,在小流量工况下,导叶包角与泵的效率呈正比,在大流量工况下,导叶包角与泵的效率呈反比。     

动静叶栅间隙对钠冷快堆二回路泵压力脉动特性的影响

为了研究动静叶栅间隙对钠冷快堆二回路泵压力脉动特性的影响，以钠冷快堆二回路泵原型样机为研究对象，基于剪切应力传输（SST）k-ω湍流模型，对5种导叶进口直径下的模型泵进行非定常数值计算，其中不同模型对应的动静叶栅相对间隙（s）分别为3.030%、4.545%、6.060%、7.575%和9.090%。获得了不同s的模型泵导叶流道区域的压力脉动特性及作用在转子上的径向力特性，分析结果表明:s为7.575%的模型泵，其扬程（H）和效率（η）均为5种模型中最高；导叶流道内各测点的压力脉动主频均为叶轮叶片通过频率，且各测点的叶频处压力脉动幅值沿导叶进口至出口方向逐渐降低；随着动静叶栅间隙增大，各测点处压力脉动及转子所受径向力脉动的叶频处幅值均逐渐降低，且高频脉动成分发生衰减；同时，转子所受径向力矢量大小和方向的波动性也逐渐减弱。      

基于非线性空化的离心泵内部流动特性分析

为研究离心泵发生空化时叶轮内部瞬态不稳定流动变化规律,本文应用ANSYS-CFX软件对离心泵内部发生空化时进行定常和非定常计算,采用泵内部不同流道的速度场、压力场、气体体积分数以及压力脉动情况的计算结果分析流道内部瞬态非线性的流动变化规律。研究结果表明：受动静干涉及蜗壳喉部面积等因素的影响,离心泵内部各流道空化的发展是非线性的,随着空化的发展,叶轮内部压力场、速度场和各流道气体体积分数的分布是不对称的。导致这种非线性空化现象的主要原因是蜗壳结构的不对称以及流道内中间流面到叶片背面所在流道区域的空化进程不同步;在空化不严重的情况下,不同流道的脉动呈现相同的规律,但严重空化情况下,压力脉动主频混乱,规律性减弱。     

1000 MWe核反应堆冷却剂泵多场耦合特性分析

为研究高温、高压介质对反应堆冷却剂泵的影响,应用商业计算软件ANSYS Workbench对其进行多场耦合数值模拟计算,得到核主泵内部流场、温度场及应力场分布。计算结果表明：类球形压水室不利于流体流动,内部流动十分复杂并存在明显回流。叶轮前盖板温度明显高于后盖板,前盖板平均温度达到530 K,而后盖板只有500 K。应力集中大都发生在前后盖板与叶片交接处,叶轮的等效应力最小值位于叶轮的后盖板轮毂侧,而最大值出现在叶轮出口与前后盖板交接位置;由于叶轮出口处叶片间的约束较小,而此处产生的热应力及离心力所产生的拉应力较大,使得叶轮出口后盖板处产生最大变形,为0.24 mm。     

基于竖直圆管空气-水两相流实验的相间曳力模型研究

研究两相流相间阻力特性对系统程序关键本构模型封闭具有重要意义。本文基于竖直圆管开展了空气-水两相流实验,采用四探头电导探针对空泡份额、气泡弦长和界面面积浓度等气泡参数的径向分布进行了测量。结果表明空泡份额和气泡弦长呈现“核峰型”分布,而界面面积浓度并没有表现出随流速的单调关系。进一步开发了泡状流和弹状流的相间曳力模型,考虑了液相表观流速与管径对气泡尺寸分布的影响,建立了临界韦伯数与不同液相流速的关系。计算得到的空泡份额和界面面积浓度与实验数据整体符合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,为两相流相间阻力特性研究提供参考意义。     

核主泵停机过渡过程瞬态水动力特性研究

为研究核主泵停机过渡过程中瞬态水的动力特性,通过Pro/E软件对核主泵内部流道进行三维造型,利用雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε方程,应用计算流体力学软件CFX对核主泵叶轮流道内的停机过渡过程瞬态涡变和径向力进行数值模拟计算。结果表明：叶轮出口涡量小于进口涡量,且叶轮出口涡量受叶轮与导叶动静干涉影响而呈大幅的周期性波动。在泵体与出口管交接处的涡量变化较大,与导叶出口方向相反方向处的涡量变化最大。对比3种停机惰转过渡过程中惰转模型可知,带惰轮惰转模型的径向力呈周期性波动逐渐减小;线性惰转模型与带惰轮惰转模型的径向力变化趋势类似,但其变化幅度少于线性惰转模型径向力变化幅度,t/T=0.6~1时,其径向力变化幅度接近零;常规惰转模型的径向力呈现不规律变化,t/T约为0.25时出现极大值,对核主泵的可靠运行产生较大影响。     

Hydrodynamic and Hydraulic Studies on Void Fractions in Two-Phase Flow

For gas-liquid two-phase flow, two kinds of fundamental equations have been proposed by the methods of hydrodynamics and hydraulics. The hydrodynamic equation, to avoid analytical difficulties, does not deal with two-phase flow itself, but with a hypothetical liquid flow which has actual physical quantities in the region where the liquid phase really exists and has the imaginary physical quantities of liquid in the region where the gas exists, for each instant, and with a hypothetical gas flow similarly. The hydraulic equation differs from the usual form in the treatment of friction term or interaction, and has better physical insight. These equations are analyzed mathematically and some relationship between physical quantities centering void fraction are discussed. Hydrodynamic equation shows the void fraction distribution to have relation to pressure loss and velocity distributions, and, for the case of laminar two-phase flow with axial symmetry, explicit expression is presented. By hydraulic equation, the relation between void fraction and other variables are discussed. For the upward two-phase flow with constant flow area, gas-liquid interaction force is discussed theoretically and experimentally.     

两相条件下主泵特性试验研究

针对自主研发百万千瓦级核电主泵项目,本研究在专设台架上对经过模化缩比后的模型试验泵开展特性研究,首先开展泵单相液体条件下正常工况、水轮机工况、耗能工况、卡轴工况、飞逸工况的流动特性试验,之后逐一针对两相空泡份额为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0条件下的泵在上述具体运行工况开展研究,最终利用比例定律,对多个转速下的实验数据进行整理,进而掌握了其扬程在不同空泡、不同流量下的变化规律,在单相液体基础上的泵扬程比例定律曲线随着空泡份额的增大会存在不断“漂移”和再回归的过程,当空泡份额达到0.7左右时,“漂移”程度最大,当流体变为单相气体时,实现再回归,上述实验结果为后续核主泵设计的深入研究及一回路安全分析提供了数据支撑。      

核主泵变流量过渡过程瞬态水力特性研究

为研究核主泵从设计工况向非设计工况过渡过程的瞬态水力特性及内部流动机理,应用计算流体力学软件CFX对核主泵叶轮流道内的变流量瞬态流动特性进行数值模拟计算。研究结果表明：变流量过渡时,核主泵的压力脉动沿圆周方向分布并不均匀,其变化趋势是逐渐上升到最大值后又降低,基本呈正弦变化规律,瞬态压力波动变化次数等于叶片与导叶片数之间的动静干涉次数,监测点越靠近叶片与导叶交界面,压力波动越大;由于冲角的存在造成叶轮流道内的速度呈先下降后上升的变化趋势;导叶不仅具有将动能转换为压能的功能,同时也具有有效减缓压力脉动幅度的功能;向小流量过渡时,由于流量减少,在靠近叶轮出口处出现二次回流,造成叶轮流道内速度变化幅度随流量的减少而增大。     

Two-Phase Flow Phenomena in Broken Recirculation Line of BWR

When a primary recirculation line of BWR is ruptured, a primary recirculation pump may be subjected to very high velocity two-phase flow and its speed may be accelerated by this flow. It is important for safety evaluation to estimate the pump behavior during blowdown. There are two problems involved in analyzing this behavior. One problem concerns the pump characteristics under two-phase flow. The other involves the two-phase conditions at the pump inlet. If the rupture occurs at a suction side of the pump, choking is considered to occur at a broken jet pump nozzle. Then, a void fraction becomes larger downstream from the jet pump nozzle and volumetric flow through the pump will be very high. However, there is little experimental data available on two-phase flow downstream from a choking plane. Blowdown tests were performed using a simulated broken recirculation line and measured data were analyzed by TRAC-PIA. Analytical results agreed with measured data.