考虑流固耦合效应的快堆堆本体抗震试验模化方法

为准确模拟快堆堆本体中液体晃动对主容器的作用，本文建立了一种考虑流固耦合效应的快堆堆本体抗震试验模化方法，不仅保证加速度相似比严格为1，还保证了流体与结构的质量比与原堆的相同。依照上述试验模化方法，分别设计了与快堆原型比尺为1∶25（大）和1∶50（小）两个缩比试验模型。为验证上述理论方法的有效性，对这两个模型进行了地震动力学数值模拟，并比较了大模型和小模型的模拟结果。比较结果表明，大、小模型的地震动响应参数比值满足推导得到的理论准则，从而通过数值试验方法验证了上述模化方法的有效性。该模化方法可为快堆堆本体抗震试验提供理论依据。     

考虑流固耦合效应的快堆堆本体抗震试验模化方法

为准确模拟快堆堆本体中液体晃动对主容器的作用,本文建立了一种考虑流固耦合效应的快堆堆本体抗震试验模化方法,不仅保证加速度相似比严格为1,还保证了流体与结构的质量比与原堆的相同。依照上述试验模化方法,分别设计了与快堆原型比尺为1∶25(大)和1∶50(小)两个缩比试验模型。为验证上述理论方法的有效性,对这两个模型进行了地震动力学数值模拟,并比较了大模型和小模型的模拟结果。比较结果表明,大、小模型的地震动响应参数比值满足推导得到的理论准则,从而通过数值试验方法验证了上述模化方法的有效性。该模化方法可为快堆堆本体抗震试验提供理论依据。     

基于移动粒子法的快堆自由表面流体对容器顶盖冲击现象的数值模拟

快堆的主容器内存在自由表面流体，当发生长周期地震时，该流体的晃动有可能冲击到容器顶盖，对反应堆的安全造成威胁。文章引入移动粒子法——MPS方法来模拟流体的运动。在验证了该粒子法对于容器内自由表面晃动问题的准确性和有效性之后，进一步模拟了正弦三波激励下液面晃动对容器顶盖的冲击现象，得到的冲击压力可为容器结构完整性分析提供载荷。     

采用组合质量-弹簧模型的快堆卧式贮钠罐晃动分析

在核电工程中广泛使用各类形式的储液容器,储液容器的抗震分析必须考虑液体晃动的影响。针对矩形储液容器,不同于传统的单向质量-弹簧模型将液体晃动对容器侧壁、底部的作用都等效为对侧壁的作用,本文提出一种组合质量-弹簧模型及计算公式,模拟了液体晃动分别对容器的侧壁、底部的作用。组合质量-弹簧模型在三维有限元模型上的加载位置更加合理,容器底部的应力结果更加真实。利用组合质量-弹簧模型对中国实验快堆的卧式贮钠罐进行横向晃动有限元计算,算例表明了计算结果的可靠性。组合质量-弹簧模型为储液容器的有限元抗震分析提供了一种有效的方法。     

中放废液收集槽抗震分析

中放废液收集槽是大型立式储液容器。为考虑容器内液体的晃动效应,引入三维的质量-弹簧模型,用响应谱分析的方法研究模型在地震作用下的响应。结果表明,把质量-弹簧模型引入到三维模型中是有效的方法;结构的最大应力出现在容器与支腿交界处。     

与流体晃动相耦合的快堆主容器地震响应的数值模拟

快堆的主容器内存在着自由表面流体,当发生长周期地震时,该流体的晃动会冲击到容器壁,对反应堆造成威胁.本文采用ADINA软件建立快堆主容器的三维有限元模型,模拟了正弦三波激励下液面晃动对容器壁的冲击现象,得到的冲击压力为容器结构完整性分析提供了载荷,验证了运用ADINA软件对自由表面流动进行分析的可行性以及在处理流固耦合问题上的优越性.     

核电厂中流固耦合现象数值模拟研究综述

流固耦合现象在核电厂中广泛存在，该现象引起的结构动力学问题对核电厂结构完整性和安全性有重要影响。目前，国内外对核电厂中流固耦合现象的研究给予越来越多的关注。本文介绍华北电力大学在该方面的一些研究进展，例如，快堆燃料组件抗震分析新的流体附加质量计算方法研究；蒸汽发生器换热管双管漩涡脱落的数值模拟；一个先进堆燃料组件平行板上流动引起的漩涡脱落数值模拟；由地震引起的自由表面对快堆主容器冲击现象的研究；移动粒子法求解液面晃动及晃动引起离散现象的研究等。     

反应堆堆内构件流致振动特性研究

以某新型工程试验堆为研究对象,采用试验分析与仿真计算相结合的手段探索该试验堆堆内构件流致振动特性。在流致振动试验中,根据相似准则建立了1/2的缩比试验模型,并在整体水力模拟台架上开展了100%额定流量工况下的堆内构件流致振动试验,测量了吊篮组件和二次支承组件在流体作用下的动力响应;根据吊篮组件和二次支承组件所受激励的不同,结合试验结果分别采用不同的计算方法得到了流体力作用下结构的动力响应,分别获得了100%额定流量工况下的最大应力值。     

高温气冷堆石墨堆芯结构双层模型抗震研究

石墨堆芯结构包围球床堆芯,是高温气冷堆的重要组成部分。为满足其长期安全可靠运行的要求,使其设计合理、完整性得到保证,对石墨堆芯结构的动力学响应和结构完整性进行了研究,揭示其在运行中承受各种载荷条件(特别是地震)下的动态响应。完成的石墨堆芯结构双层模型抗震台试验中,测量模型在各种地震作用下的动力特性变化;考核石墨结构的刚度(变形)、强度和位移;分析榫、键等石墨构件的受力变形状况,整体结构的扭转。统计石墨构件经抗震试验后的破损数量,并分析了其破坏原因;通过初步的试验和模拟对比分析,探讨了石墨结构动力学响应的主要影响因素。为今后完成更大比例更复杂石墨堆芯结构模型抗震研究奠定了基础。     

液态重金属冷却剂晃动响应特性研究

铅基堆采用液态重金属冷却剂并具有池式布局的特点,与传统压水堆中冷却剂密度低、回路式布局相比,地震载荷作用下重金属冷却剂晃动对反应堆容器和堆内结构产生的冲击和振动模式显著不同。本文基于双向流固耦合的有限元方法,开展液态重金属反应堆的载液堆本体的地震响应分析,研究冷却剂类型、支撑形式和高径比等因素对堆容器内冷却剂晃动效应的影响。计算结果表明:液态重金属相对轻质冷却剂,其地震响应非等比增加,流体动力粘度对大尺寸反应堆的流固耦合作用不显著;不同支撑方式在支撑处有应力集中,整体表现为梁式振型对支撑方式不敏感;不同充液比激发的振动模态类似,充液比越小,最大应力强度点越往底封头集中。这些结果可为液态重金属反应堆的结构安全设计提供参数化依据。     

Conceptual evaluation of fluid–structure interaction effects coupled to a seismic event in an innovative liquid metal nuclear reactor

The seismic response analysis of such liquid storage systems, especially liquid metal reactors, as for example the eXperimental Accelerator Driven System (XADS), was examined taking into account mainly the coupling effects of the fluid–structure interaction and their influence on its relevant internal systems and components.Therefore this paper deals with the structural analyses of the seismically induced hydrodynamic responses, in the event of a safe shutdown earthquake (SSE), and the free oscillation (known as sloshing waves) of a metal liquid coolant as well as the dynamic buckling effects on involved structures.To the mentioned purpose the interaction and coupling effects among the main reactor vessel structures and the primary coolant response were investigated by means of a numerical evaluation (with a qualified finite element code) because of the lack of analytical linear theories that in any case are not adequate to describe all the complex phenomena related to the seismic loading.For the numerical modelling procedure, 3D finite element models were set up to analyse the propagation of seismic waves as well as its derived structural effects, such as the fluid steep waves motion, the local buckling bulges, etc., taking into account the geometrical and material nonlinearities of the RPV and the considered simplified internals.The obtained numerical results in terms of stress intensity and of the capability of the structures to resist relevant seismic loads are, thus, presented and discussed. Moreover the performed analyses allowed to highlight the structures mostly affected by the assumed loading conditions in order to achieve data useful for an upgrading of the design geometry, if any, for the considered reactor.     

AP1000 ADS-4夹带卸压试验模拟分析

第4级自动降压系统（ADS-4）是AP1000极为重要的非能动安全设施。ADS-4能在AP1000小破口失水事故中为反应堆系统提供可控卸压。然而,大量的冷却剂可通过卸压过程中ADS-4夹带和上腔室夹带被带到安全壳中,从而引发堆芯裸露和堆芯熔化事故。为研究小破口事故中的ADS-4夹带卸压和上腔室夹带过程,在以AP1000为原型、按直径/高度比1∶5.6设计建造的ADS-4喷放卸压试验回路（ADETEL）中,研究了不同初始压力、压力容器混合液位和加热功率下的夹带和卸压行为,以及反应堆内部构件的夹带沉积效应。试验数据表明,大量的水在短时间内迅速通过ADS-4支管被夹带出来。液体的夹带率和压力容器混合液位的降低速率随系统初始压力的增加而增大。值得注意的是,在本试验特定工况下,初始压力为0.5 MPa时出现堆芯裸露。堆内构件对夹带量和压力容器混合液位无显著影响。     

AP1000上腔室夹带试验研究

为还原AP1000中上腔室夹带过程,以AP1000为原型按1∶5.6的模化比例建立了试验回路,研究不同蒸汽流量和压力容器液位下上腔室夹带的夹带率。结果表明：蒸汽流量对夹带率的影响很小,夹带率随压力容器液位的升高而增大;在较低液位,夹带率保持稳定,加入堆内构件后,上腔室夹带明显增强。     

Application of seismic analysis methodology to small modular integral reactor internals

The fluid–structure interaction (FSI) effect should be carefully considered in a seismic analysis of nuclear reactor internals to obtain the appropriate seismic responses because the dynamic characteristics of reactor internals change when they are submerged in the reactor coolant. This study suggests that a seismic analysis methodology considered the FSI effect in an integral reactor, and applies the methodology to the System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART) developed in Korea. In this methodology, we especially focus on constructing a numerical analysis model that can represent the dynamic behaviors considered in the FSI effect. The effect is included in the simplified seismic analysis model by adopting the fluid elements at the gap between the structures. The overall procedures of the seismic analysis model construction are verified by using dynamic characteristics extracted from a scaled-down model, and then the time history analysis is carried out using the constructed seismic analysis model, applying the El Centro earthquake input in order to obtain the major seismic responses. The results show that the seismic analysis model can clearly provide the seismic responses of the reactor internals. Moreover, the results emphasize the importance of the consideration of the FSI effect in the seismic analysis of the integral reactor.     

Aseismic study on the reactor vessel of a fast breeder reactor

This paper presents the results of a seismic study using an scale steel model and a scale plastic model which simulate the reactor vessel of a loop type Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR). The main purposes of this study are to confirm the structure/liquid interaction and the aseismic safety of the reactor vessel experimentally, and also to verify the validity of the seismic response analysis model of the prototype vessel.The characteristics of coupled vibration between the structure and liquid were clarified, and the approach of calculation model to aseismic design was worked out. And, the dip plate and other core internals were found to be effective in suppressing the liquid free surface oscillation.     

Dynamic analysis of a nuclear reactor with fluid–structure interaction: Part I: Seismic loading, fluid added mass and added stiffness effects

The present paper is related to the dynamic (seismic) analysis of a naval propulsion ground prototype (land-based) nuclear reactor with fluid–structure interaction modelling. Many numerical methods have been proposed over the past years to take fluid–structure phenomenon into account in various engineering domains, among which nuclear engineering in seismic analysis. The purpose of the present paper is to make a comparative study of these methods on an industrial case, namely the pressure vessel and internals of a nuclear reactor. A simplified model of the pressure vessel and the internal structure is presented; fluid–structure interaction is characterised by added mass, added stiffness and coupling effects. The basic principles of the mathematical techniques for fluid–structure modelling and dynamic methods used in the analysis are first presented and then applied to compute the eigenmodes and the dynamic response of the fluid–structure coupled system with various numerical procedures (quasi-static, spectral and temporal approaches). Numerical results are presented and discussed; fluid–structure interaction effects are highlighted. As a main conclusion, added mass effects are proved to have a significant influence on the dynamic response of the nuclear reactor.     

Model experimentation and analysis of flow-induced vibrations of PWR internals

In a PWR the reactor coolant flow that goes through the reactor internals and the fuel assemblies is characterized by high turbulence and this flow is able to induce some structural vibration. A few years ago, some nuclear power plants were obliged to shut down for many months, due to the heavy damage caused by vibration. The design of reactors must be carefully checked taking into account the possible interaction between hydraulic excitation and reactor structure response. The reactor assembly of a PWR consists of: (1) a reactor vessel which withstands the internal pressure of the primary fluid and maintains the reactor core; (2) reactor internals which maintain fuel assemblies, guide the control rods and wear a thermal shield in order to reduce the fast neutron exposure of the reactor vessel wall; and (3) fuel assemblies and control rods.The SAFRAN test loop consists of a reduced-scale ( ) model of a reactor vessel, reactor internals, dummies representing fuel assemblies and a system of three loops including pumps and damping tanks connected to the reactor vessel, the purpose of which is to simulate the flow distribution of a three-loop PWR. The scaling laws for designing the model and the test loop are: same geometry and attachment conditions; same flow velocity: V model = V reactor; same Cauchy number, i.e. same ratio of inertia forces to stiffness forces; and same Euler number, i.e. same ratio of inertia forces to pressure forces. Nevertheless, it is not possible to use the same Reynolds number. The ratio between the Reynolds number of the reactor and the Reynolds number of the model, for the same fluid velocity, is 70. This is mainly due to scale ratio and to the viscosity of the fluid in the hot condition. But in most cases, we are above the critical values of Reynolds number where there is a variation of the Strouhal number S = ƒD/V. The measured frequencies in the model will be eight times the frequencies occurring in the reactor. In general, the construction technology used for the model is the same as that used for the reactor. All the structures in contact with the fluid are made of stainless steel. The instrumentation used on the SAFRAN test loop consists of accelerometers, pressure sensors and relative displacement sensors.Vibration phenomena are studied using two different approaches. In the first approach, the vibration properties of the structure are measured by means of tests performed in air and water to obtain, in both cases, frequencies, modes, damping and stiffness values. The hydraulic excitation sources are measured by tests on the loop: frequencies, Δp values, direct- and cross-correlation lengths. During these tests, structures are stiffened in order to prevent their motion. By means of a computer program based on the POWELL method, the structural response can be calculated according to the density of Δp distributed around the structure. The second approach consists of measuring directly the structural response to hydraulic excitations. Comparison of the results given by these two approaches shows: (a) the system non-linearities and (b) the coupling between the fluid and the structure. By using two different approaches a better knowledge of complex phenomena can be gained.     

Seismic response of reactor vessel internals for Korean standard nuclear power plant

This paper presents the development of seismic design criteria for the reactor vessel internals as a part of the standardization programme for the nuclear power plant in Korea. The seismic design loads of the reactor vessel internals are calculated using the reference input motions of reactor vessels taken from Yonggwang nuclear power plant units 3 and 4 which are being constructed in Korea. An overview of analysis related to the basic parameters and methodologies is presented. Also, the response of internal components to the reactor vessel motions is carefully investigated.     

The numerical simulation of the WWER440/V213 reactor pressure vessel internals response to maximum hypothetical Large-break Loss of Coolant Accident

The reactor internals are designed to ensure cooling of the fuel, to ensure the movement of emergency control assemblies under all operating conditions including accidents and facilitate removal of the fuel and of the internals following an accident.This paper presents preliminary results of the numerical simulation of the WWER440/V213 reactor vessel internals (RVI) dynamic response to maximum hypothetical Large-break Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The purpose of this analysis is to determine the reactor vessel internals response due to rapid depressurization and to prove no such permanent (plastic) deformations occur in the RVI which would prevent timely and proper activation of the emergency control assemblies.In the case of the LOCA accident it is assumed rapid “guillotine” break of one of the main coolant pipes and rapid depressurization of the primary circuit. The pressure wave spreads at the speed of sound, enters the reactor pressure vessel and causes deformation and stress in reactor vessel internals.The finite element model was created by MSC.Patran (Patran, 2010) and dynamic response was solved using MSC.Dytran (Dytran, 2008) finite element code. The model consists of reactor vessel internals (Lagrangian solid elements) and water coolant (Euler elements) inside the reactor. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (Belytschko et al., 2003) coupling was used for simulation of the fluid-structure interaction. The calculation assumes no phase change in the water. No comparison with the experiment was performed up to now, because the required experimental data are not accessible for this type of the reactor.The most important acceptance criteria for the reactor internals demands that the movement of the emergency control assemblies under all operating conditions including accident is ensured (BNS, 2008). The numerical simulation of the WWER440/V213 reactor internals response to a LOCA accident showed that the acceptance criteria for RVI is fulfilled and required NPP safety standards are satisfied.