Activity of sorbents in chromatographic studies

The chromatographic method of separating mixtures of different compounds was discovered by M. S. Tsvet as a result of research to create a method of establishing the composition of plant pigments, primarily chlorophyll. This research was completed by the articles “A new category of adsorption phenomena and their use in biochemical analysis” [1] and “A new category of adsorption phenomena. Adsorptions” [2]. In these articles, a column of colorless adsorbent with separate colored zones of individual pigments is known as the “chromatogram” and the proposed method is called “chromatographic.” These terms still persist, although their arbitrariness is obvious in the case of separation of colorless substances in rigid vinyl plastic and metal tubes — columns. Due to an oversight, this article was omitted in Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1999. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 43 – 45, January – February, 1999.     

Treatment of wastewaters in oil and gas plants

The oil and gas complex makes its own “contribution” to the negative effect on nature and society. The production activity of its enterprises on the current technological level is accompanied by intensive environmental pollution, especially water pollution. Crude oil is an environmental hazard both in production and processing and in shipment. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 55 – 56, March — April, 2000.     

Experience in operation of the revamped cat cracker in the GK-3 complex

The results of operation of the cat cracker after revamping with introduction of cracking technology in a once-through reactor in two basic regimes: “mild”-for maximum refining of light petroleum products at a low cracking temperature, and “severe”-for refining naphtha with high octane characteristics at a high cracking temperature. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 29–30, March–April, 2008.     

Improving the antioxidant and anticorrosion properties of vegetable oils

Recommendations are given for improving the antioxidant and anticorrosion properties of vegetable oils by etherification with butyl and decyl alcohols on Zeocar-2 catalyst. Technologies are proposed for obtaining lube oils of the “new generation” with different applications by compounding rapeseed oil butyl ether with high-viscosity (viscosity index VI > 150) castor and petroleum oils and all-season oils by thickening rapeseed oil ether with polymethacrylate PMA “D” (VI > 200). __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 41–43, January–February, 2006.     

Petroleum Binder — A Foundry Binder for Production of Molds and Rods

A new petroleum product — foundry binder — which has been successfully tested in pilot-industrial conditions and is recommended for industrial production, was obtained from asphalt from deasphalting of vacuum resid using a narrow naphtha cut as diluent. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 15 – 16, November – December, 2005.     

Deoiling of slack waxes using a pulsed crystallizer

A process was developed for deoiling of slack waxes with a pulsed crystallizer which proposes totally eliminating scraper crystallizers — regenerative and evaporative — from the process scheme. Exhaustively deoiled waxes are obtained with significantly simplified implementation of the process and reduced operating costs. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 8–9, September–October, 2008.     

Oligomeric accelerant of oxidation of heavy pyrolysis resin

To increase the yield of coke, heavy pyrolysis resin underwent preliminary thermal oxidative thickening. The process lasted for 15–20 h. To reduce the duration of the process, it is suggested that an oxidation “ accelerant” be added to the feedstock-an oligomer based on the dienes contained in the pyrolytic condensate. As a result, the oxidation time is almost halved. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 44–45, May–June, 2006.     

Dzhet A-1 jet fuel. Organization of production at LUKOIL-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez OJSC

The necessity of developing a domestic standard for Dzhet A-1 fuel was substantiated. A program for implementing industrial production of this fuel at LUKOIL-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez Co. is reported. The basic features of standards documentation for Jet A-1 fuel in the USA and Great Britain and the basic sections of the standard GOST R 52050-2003 “Dzhet A-1 (Jet A-1) Aviation Fuel for Gas Turbine Engines” are examined. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 13–17, July–August, 2006.     

Production of base oils from high-sulfur tatar crude oils

The following sequence of processing lube distillates from atmospheric-vacuum tubestill (AVT) units are most commonly used for production of base oils: selective treatment — dewaxing — hydrotreating. As a result of hydrotreating, sulfur and tars are removed from the intermediate product, the carbon residue decreases, and the color improves. This final stage frequently determines the quality of base oils. However, its role in obtaining the required quality is usually small, since the basic indexes are formed in the preceding stages. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 15 – 16, November – December, 1999.     

Optimality of heat-exchange systems and selective decomposition of process fluxes

Optimally reliable chemical process systems are synthesized by generating optimal subsystems made up of optimal units. Optimal resource-saving heat-exchange systems (HES) are formed by generating heat-exchange units equipped with optimal heat-exchange vessels. The heat-exchange units are optimized by selecting the shell and tube dimensions, the number of tubes, the number of passes in the tube space, and the number of sections in the heat-exchange vessel. Joint Stock Company “Novo-Ufa Petroleum Refinery.” Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 16–18, September–October, 1997.     

The carcinogenicity of wood tars

In 1932–1933 when chemical carcinogens—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)—first began to be manufactured, studies were begun concerning their separation from coal tar [1–3]. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 47 – 48, January – February, 2000.     

Hydraulic analysis of a water-ring air blower in a combined dust-collection system

Use of a water-ring gas blower as a stage of the “wet removal” of dust from gases is examined. A procedure is presented for simplified analysis of the required excess pressure created by the gas blower, during which no liquid enters the gas cavity of the impeller and there is no reduction in the operating characteristics of the gas blower. __________ Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie, No. 2, pp. 28–29, February, 2007.     

Motor oil for heavily loaded diesel engineering

A new motor oil — AZMOL GARANT M-4042 VT — was developed for two-and four-cycle heavy-duty, heavily loaded diesel engines. A distinctive feature of this oil is the complex zinc-and barium-containing additives of the dithiophosphate type it contains — MASMA-1606, which ensured high lubricant and antioxidant properties. The oil was approved for production and use after testing with positive results. Ukraine specifications were developed for the oil: TU U 23.2-00152365-229:2006. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 26–28, May–June, 2008.     

Petroleum impregnating and protective materials for railroad cross ties

Almost all wood materials — for construction and repair of railroads, for the mining industry, for telephone and electric power poles — must be protected from rotting, that is preserved to increase the lifetime. The Russian economy is suffering enormous material losses because of the insufficiently serious attitude toward this problem. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 8 – 9, September – October, 1999.     

Membrane technology for processing of acid tars

A process for processing acid tars using membrane technology is proposed. Petroleum products are obtained as a result — lube oil, resin, solid fuel. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 46–47, November–December, 2007.     

Features of operation of a reaction-fractionation column. Different versions of the fractionation stage

A number of methods of implementing the fractionation stage in a reaction-fractionation column — from the version of a distillation column to a complete column with side takeoff of the target product and different versions of feedstock input (discrete and distributed) into the column — was analyzed by mathematical modeling of production of ethylene glycol. In operating the column in the total reflux mode, the quality of the residue obtained is almost independent of the number of theoretical plates between the feedstock input and residue takeoff zones. A region of constant concentrations in vapor and liquid streams is formed in the middle of the column. Distributed feedstock input does not save on power. Better fractionation results were obtained in using the complete reaction-fractionation column with side takeoff of the target product. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 12–19, November–December, 2007.     

Mild catalytic hydropyrolysis of high-viscosity, high-sulfur crude oil

The possibility of increasing the light cut content during mild catalytic hydropyrolysis of high— viscosity, high—sulfur crude oil was investigated. The new technology allows attaining a greater than 60 wt. % yield of motor fuels due to decomposition of resins and asphaltenes without expensive catalysts. The <350°C cut obtained can be used without hydrotreating for synthesis of environmentally safe motor fuels. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 10–11, January–February, 2006.     

Kazakhstan crude oils as sources of feedstock for asphalt production

The results of a study of the physicochemical properties of West Kazakhstan crudes — from the Karaturun, Karsak, and Kara-Arna fields — are reported. The possibility of using these crudes for asphalt production is demonstrated. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 34–36, May–June, 2008.     

Selective treatment of lube oil distillates using pulsation equipment

The possibility of using pulsation equipment, which has exhibited high efficiency in different areas of chemical engineering and in extraction treatment of lube oil distillates — the feedstock for production of base oils — with selective solvents was investigated. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 6–9, January–February, 2008.     

Conversions of hydrocarbons on ACM catalyst at atmospheric pressure

Aluminum—cobalt—molybdenum catalyst (ACMC) is used for hydrotreating platforming feedstock. Due to the tendency toward gradual replacement of this catalyst by more efficient aluminum—nickel—molybdenum catalyst, the problem of use of ACMC can arise. As demonstrated here, it can be used in reforming of naphtha cuts of gas condensates at atmospheric pressure in small units directly in the fields. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 39 – 41, July – August, 2000.