油品带电的影响因素和减少措施

阐明了油品静电产生的原因,分析了管道特性、油品导电性、含水量、流动状态、流速等因素对油品带电的影响,以及发生油库静电事故必须具备的条件,指出金属管道接地可消除管壁电荷、防止电荷聚积,但不能导走油流里的电荷.提出在作业过程中,可采用一些工艺方法减少油品带电,减少油库静电事故的发生,如添加抗静电添加剂,控制油品流速,采用合理的装油方式,防止不同油品相混及油品含水和空气,油品经过过滤器时留有足够的漏电时间.     

柴达木盆地西部古近-新近系油气充注研究

根据含油包裹体丰度、颗粒荧光定量、包裹体均一温度等分析,对柴达木盆地西部跃进一号、油砂山、南翼山、尖顶山等4个典型构造的古近-新近系油气充注研究表明,不同构造油气充注所需的时间与强度不同：跃进一号、油砂山构造发生过较强的油气充注,充注期主要为$N^{1}_{2}$-$N^{3}_{2}$,含油包裹体丰度值高（多数为4%~10%）,颗粒荧光强度也高（多大于50 pc）;南翼山和尖顶山构造发生较有限的油气充注,充注期主要为$N^{2}_{2}$-$N^{3}_{2}$,含油包裹体丰度值较低（大多数样品不超过4%）,颗粒荧光定量强度也较低（多小于50 pc）。关键词：柴达木盆地;油气充注;含油包裹体丰度;颗粒荧光定量;包裹体均一温度     

双复射孔器性能实验研究与应用

双复射孔器由复式射孔枪和复式射孔弹组成。双复射孔器有2种系列,一种是射孔弹前仓配未装火药的适用于高渗透油藏的复式射孔器;另一种是射孔弹前仓配装火药的适用于中低渗透油藏的双复式射孔器。由于采用了复式射孔枪和复式射孔弹结构,使射孔弹和火药能量得到充分利用,与一般的枪径及弹型的射孔器比较,其穿孔深度提高7%以上,孔容提高10%以上。经地面枪体胀径实验、固弹方式、穿深对比实验证实,双复射孔器枪体胀径符合标准,固弹方式牢靠,其性能明显优于其他类型的射孔器。该项成果已在胜利油田应用400多口井,见到良好的效果。     

石油射孔弹金属射流穿孔机理及金属粉末选用研究

从理论上论述了石油射孔弹金属射流穿孔机理，并在实际中对构成金属药型罩的金属粉末的选用作了进一步研究，从而证明了穿孔机理的正确性，对石油射孔弹生产及科研有一定借鉴作用。     

石油射孔枪弹间爆轰波干扰的仿真分析

通过有限元显式动力分析软件的显式算法对石油射孔弹顺序起爆后,弹间爆轰冲击波干扰的过程分别进行了二维和三维数值模拟,对其模拟结果进行了讨论。分析认为,影响高孔密射孔枪射孔效果的弹间干扰产生的主要原因是爆轰冲击波的压力场受到不同程度的干扰,破坏了弹体控制的爆轰波形。数值计算结果符合试验所得物理现象和规律。该模型对减小或消除石油射孔弹间干扰有借鉴作用。     

加油站逃单事件的分析及预防

对某公司加油站发生的21起逃单事件，从逃单时间、选单车辆及逃单当事人的一些特征进行了分析，介绍了一些预防加油站逃单事件发生的对策，以及出现逃单事件后的注意事项。     

粉末罩大孔径射孔弹研究

探讨了粉末罩大孔径射孔弹研制的理论依据和主要方法。通过爆炸成形侵彻体(EFP)与射流理论的结合,成功研制了粉末罩大孔径射孔弹,解决了杵堵问题;实际装枪混凝土靶的检测数据达到同型号铜板药型罩射孔弹的性能指标。     

油气井射孔弹用炸药

介绍了中、美两国射孔弹用南炸药和混合炸药共计４２种，根据炸药的耐热性，射孔弹可分为普通型、高温和超高温型三类。炸药在耐药性与其受热时间有密切关系。最后，简述了林井深估算井温以及选用射孔炸药的方法。     

Development of a granulation process for enamel charges based on secondary material resources by the method of compaction

Results of complex investigations of the granulation of activated charges by the method of compaction under both laboratory and industrial conditions are examined. A granulation process is developed, and optimal theoretical conditions of the process are determined. An algorithm is also developed for analysis of the compaction of enamel charges on the basis of a mixer with forced movement of agitators.     

聚能射孔弹在不同砂岩上的射孔效果研究

在实验室条件下，用同种聚能射孔弹在3种不同砂岩上进行负压射孔，然后进行流动测试。通过实验结果的对比分析，揭示了同种聚能射孔弹在不同砂岩上形成的孔道体积、损害程度不同，而组成砂岩的颗粒、胶结物性质的差异是造成这种现象的主要原因。通过研究对聚能射孔弹在不同砂岩上产生的射孔损害有了进一步的认识，希望为射孔优化设计提供理论依据。     

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有机包裹体是烃类保存至今的原始样品，记录了烃类生成、运移和聚集等过程的丰富信息。文章针对塔河油田奥陶系储层具有多期油气充注的特点，对储层中的有机包裹体进行了岩石学显微观察、荧光显微观测以及均一温度显微测定等研究，以探讨有机包裹体所蕴涵的油气指示意义。结果表明，塔河油田奥陶系储层中捕获的有机包裹体有纯油两相包裹体、纯天然气单相包裹体、油+气+盐水三相包裹体和含烃盐水两相包裹体4类，指示了奥陶系储层分别发生过石油和天然气的充注。进一步分析表明，塔河油田奥陶系储层共经历了4期油充注和1期天然气充注。     

影响石油射孔弹穿孔深度的几个主要因素

探讨了影响石油射孔弹穿孔深度的几个主要因素,主要包括炸药性能、爆轰波形、药型罩材料、药型罩形状和结构、炸高和壳体的作用和影响,综合考虑各种因素的影响,才能使石油射孔弹达到最大的穿孔深度,从而获得最佳的效益。为石油射孔弹的设计开发提供了理论依据和借鉴。     

双复射孔器

分析了现有射孔器存在的问题。论述了复式射孔枪和射孔弹的原理结构。双复式射孔器主要由复式射孔枪、复式射孔弹两部分组成。复式射孔枪是由内枪和外枪双层枪组合而成，可以尽量减薄枪壁的厚度并解决枪体胀径超标问题。外枪采用小直径薄底盲孔，以减小射流通过盲孔的能量损耗，不预制泄压孔；内枪采用全封闭结构，以实现复式射孔弹能量的集束释放。复式射孔弹是由增效头（内装火药）与肩台装药式射孔弹两部分同轴组合而成。复式射孔弹拉近了射流峰压与火药燃气峰压的时差，加速了火药燃气脉冲沿射流方向同轴加载的过程。射孔弹采用肩台式装药，进而增强扩孔造缝的威力。因为该型射孔器既可以适当扩大枪径，又具有穿孔深、孔容大、造缝、解堵力强、减小对套管损伤等特点，因此提出在新井（或新层）特别是中、低渗透油层中射孔，应当首选双复式射孔器。     

Computational Study of Picric Acid and Potassium Picrate

ABSTRACT

The density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/6-311 + g** level was used for predicting the structures, natural bond orbital (NBO) atomic charges, thermodynamic properties, and IR spectroscopy of picric acid (PA) and potassium picrate (PP). The IR spectroscopies were assigned. The C–NO₂ bond is generally lengthier than all the other covalent bonds in both PA and PP, indicating that this bond is the weakest and prone to rupture in the decomposition process. The carbon atom that connects with oxygen atom in PP carries larger positive charges, and nitro oxygen atoms carry larger negative charges than the corresponding atoms in PA. The C–C populations of PP are more unevenly distributed than those of PA, indicating that the benzene ring of the former is less conjugated. Some C–C bonds in PP are much weaker. This weak C–C bond could be ruptured at the same time as the C–N bond in the initial decomposition process.     

体膨型调剖剂在碱加聚合物驱中的应用

针对辽河油田兴28块碱加聚合物复合驱先导性试验中,地层非均质性所造成的注入水和注入聚合物的窜流,研制合成了适应碱加聚合物复合驱的化学调剖堵水剂,它是由阴、阳、非三元共聚交联的高分子聚合物组成.其主要机理是膨胀胶体微粒注入到高渗透水层后,被水稀释产生膨胀而产生机械堵塞,起到堵水调剖的作用,同时膨胀胶粒表面的正电荷与砂岩表面的负电荷发生吸附作用,增大了耐水冲刷强度,延长了堵水调剖的有效期.     

炼油厂水包油型乳状液破乳研究

针对我国原油在加工过程中产生的水包油型乳状液进行了破乳研究。讨论了此类乳状液的形成主要是由于分散相油滴表面带负电荷，形成Ｓｔｅｒｎ层，油滴相互排斥，形成了稳定的乳状液。进行了破乳剂的评选，评选出ＨＳＧ系列中阳离子破乳剂对此类乳状液有好的破乳效果。讨论了阳离子破乳剂的组成对破乳效果的影响，ＨＳＧ、ＨＳ系列阳离子破乳剂中，分子含氮原子数量多，所带的正电荷多，电中和能力强，破乳效果好，进行了破乳机理的探     

Mysterious Cost of Capital for Energy Utilities

No modern energy utility in the world goes for long without a “rate case” or “formula review” designed to produce a set of approved charges for their regulated services.     

ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY AND STABILIZATION OF ASPHALTENES IN LOW CONDUCTIVITY MEDIA

ABSTRACT

The electrophoretic mobilities of asphaltenes in n-heptane and ethanol were determined. The asphaltenes studied show a positive charge in both solvents. However, the magnitude of the charge is considerably lower in n-heptane than in ethanol. It is concluded that although the electrostatic forces are presented in both solvents, the van der Waals’ atractive forces are the main responsable for the flocculation of asphaltene particles. The addition of a well known asphaltene stabilizer, dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA), decreases the electrophoretic mobility of asphaltene particles in ethanol until a constant positive value is reached. This means that the neutralization of the positive charges of the asphaltene particles is not complete, probably due to the limited adsorption of the DBSA on asphaltene surface and also, to the presence of charges inside the asphaltene particles that are not accessible to the DBSA.     

Preliminary study on mechanisms and oil displacement performance of cationic starch

In this paper, the oil displacement performance of cationic starch was investigated. The results show that cationic starch has good efficiency of oil displacement. Using microscopic electrophoresis apparatus, the effect of cationic starch on zeta potential of crude oil emulsion at different pH values and electrolytical concentrations was studied. The results show that cationic starch can reduce negative charges of oil droplets surface and make the charges reversed. This action will be restrained when acidity or electrolytical concentration increases. Ordinary starch has inefficacy of oil displacement and shows no effect on zeta potential of the oil–water emulsion. The oil displacement mechanism of cationic starch was studied preliminarily from the interactions existing between cationic starch and crude oil.     

利用测井资料预测射孔穿透深度

射孔穿透深度是产能评估、产率比计算最基础的资料,是射孔优化方案的基本条件.根据炮弹性能和岩层的强度参数,考虑套管、水泥环的能量损耗,计算了以井壁为起点的实际射深.对枪身不居中、炮弹不贴套管壁进行了间隙校正,计算出最大射深和最小射深.对1口有污染半径资料的井进行了射孔穿透深度计算与分析.许多井的测井资料不具备射孔穿透深度的计算条件,新的射孔穿透深度预测方法使大多数井能准确地计算出射孔穿透深度.