亚麻木脂素抗氧化性能的研究及应用现状

木脂素是由苯丙素单体（C6-C3）氧化聚合而成的化合物。亚麻木脂素具有降低血清胆固醇水平、延缓2型糖尿病进程、预防乳腺癌、前列腺癌及结肠癌等功能,在生物体内和生物体外均有很好的抗氧化特性。综述了亚麻木脂素的种类及结构,亚麻木脂素在生物体内和生物体外的抗氧化活性,亚麻木脂素抗氧化性能的应用现状3个方面的研究内容,为进一步丰富亚麻木脂素抗氧化机理的探究及高效开发利用亚麻木脂素抗氧化性能提供参考。     

青海亚麻籽中木脂素含量测定及抗氧化活性分析

目的：为促进青海地区亚麻籽及其加工副产物的高值化利用。方法：以青海省20种不同产地、品种亚麻籽为原料,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其木脂素开环异落叶松酚葡萄糖苷和开环异落叶松脂素含量,并以 DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除能力评价其抗氧化活性。结果：青海省不同产地、品种的亚麻籽中木脂素含量差异显著（P<0.05）,开环异落叶松酚葡萄糖苷和开环异落叶松脂素含量分别为7.53～23.33,0.85～2.55 mg/g;开环异落叶松酚葡萄糖苷和开环异落叶松脂素均具有清除DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的能力,且差异显著（P<0.05）。结论：青海省不同产地、品种的亚麻籽中木脂素含量不同,均具有良好的抗氧化能力。     

微生物发酵法提取亚麻木脂素

亚麻木脂素(SDG)是一种植物雌激素,具有多种生理功能。按2.5%的接种量将米曲霉Asp.oryzae 39#接种于亚麻籽粉,25～30℃发酵120h,再经丙酮提取,亚麻木脂素粗提物得率为21%～22%,SDG得率为16‰～17‰。发酵法提取SDG的提取率比未经发酵提高了50%。     

亚麻籽有效成分的提取及其综合利用研究进展

亚麻是一年或多年生草本植物,在我国北方干旱半干旱地区大面积种植。亚麻籽是亚麻的种子,目前国内外对亚麻籽的开发主要侧重于对亚麻籽油的提取,而亚麻籽其他功能活性物质未得到有效开发利用。综述了亚麻籽油、亚麻籽胶、亚麻籽蛋白、亚麻籽木脂素4种天然有效成分的含量、组成、生理功能、提取技术以及在相关领域的应用等研究进展,旨在为亚麻籽有效成分的提取和综合开发利用提供技术参考。     

亚麻籽水解物化学成分研究及SDG含量测定

亚麻是亚麻科亚麻属植物。亚麻籽水解物化学成分含有亚麻木酚素(SDG),该成分具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、治疗糖尿病等作用。主要研究亚麻籽水解物,通过硅胶柱层析、C18反相层析分离出多种化合物。借助NMR技术鉴定得到5种,即3,4-二羟基苯基-丙烯酸甲酯(Ⅰ)、十九烷酸(Ⅱ)、松脂醇葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、开环异落叶松脂素二葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)(亚麻木酚素,SDG)、β-胡萝卜苷(Ⅴ)。利用高效液相色谱分析亚麻木酚素的含量,结果显示其在亚麻籽水解物中的含量为22.5%。     

亚麻籽和亚麻籽油理化特性及组成分析

以5个品种亚麻籽为原料,分析和研究不同品种亚麻籽油的基本理化指标、脂肪酸分布、甘三酯组成,测定了亚麻籽及油中木脂素含量以及亚麻籽油中维生素E含量。结果表明:亚麻籽中粗脂肪质量分数为45%左右,油中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,主要为亚麻酸(C18∶3/Ln),相对质量分数为49.20%~55.43%,其次是油酸(C18∶1/O),相对质量分数18.69%~28.21%,亚油酸(C18∶2/L)相对质量分数为10.85%~16.73%,总不饱和脂肪酸质量分数达到88%以上;亚麻籽油中主要的甘三酯为OLn Ln(17.27%~20.50%)和Ln Ln Ln(11.91%~17.02%);高效液相色谱法测定亚麻籽油中维生素E含量均达到6.59 mg/100 g以上;采用紫外可见分光光度计法分析测定亚麻籽和亚麻籽油中木脂素(SDG)的质量分数,分别为1.53%~3.69%和0.03%~0.22%。     

亚麻木脂素提取液渗透模型建立与验证

为提高亚麻木脂素的纯度,在对提取液进行冷冻干燥前,用中空纤维超滤装置对亚麻木脂素提取液进行澄清、净化。以超滤理论为基础,建立了超滤过程中表达平均通量与膜进口压力关系的理论渗透模型。以实验数据为基础,对理论渗透模型进行求解,建立了适合本试验的简略渗透模型。验证实验表明,简略渗透模型能较好地预测中空纤维超滤膜澄清亚麻籽木脂素提取液的平均通量,实验值略高于计算值,最大绝对误差为2.9×10~(-6 )m~3/(m~2·s)),最大相对误差为3.8%。     

不同亚麻籽品种氨基酸含量测定及品质综合评价

目的：研究不同亚麻籽品种氨基酸含量及基于氨基酸含量的品质差异。方法：以6个产地的12个亚麻籽品种为研究对象,测定其氨基酸含量,并以17种氨基酸含量为评价指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,研究不同品种亚麻籽氨基酸含量及基于氨基酸含量的品质差异。结果：亚麻籽品种对不同氨基酸含量的影响顺序为Met>Cys>Phe>Tyr>Arg>Glu>Pro>His>Asp>Ser>Lys>Gly>Thr>Ala>Ile>Val>Leu。主成分分析提取出3个主成分,其累计方差贡献率达86.695%,Ala、Arg、Thr、Leu和Cys可以作为12个亚麻籽品种基于氨基酸含量的品质综合评价指标。隶属函数法评价得出12个亚麻籽品种基于氨基酸含量的品质优劣顺序为晋亚7>晋亚8>轮选2>坝亚9>伊亚3>轮选1>宁亚16>宁亚17>伊亚4>陇亚8>坝亚11>陇亚10。结论：综合品质最佳亚麻籽品种为晋亚7,最差亚麻籽品种为陇亚10,综合评价将12个亚麻籽品种划分为四大类。     

用响应面法优化亚麻籽碱水解条件研究

研究了温和的碱水解条件对亚麻籽中木脂素(SDG)提取效率的影响。采用响应面法优化并确定了最佳的提取分离条件,并比较了我国不同产地亚麻籽中SDG的含量。研究结果表明,当碱度为3~20 mmol/L时,经足够长的时间水解,均能有效解离SDG聚合物。利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验,预测并经验证的最优碱水解条件为:碱浓度13 mmol/L、水解温度53℃、水解时间340.5 min。宁夏和内蒙古产的红色亚麻籽中SDG含量较高,分别为16.29±0.70 mg/g、15.41±0.78 mg/g,河北产的红色亚麻籽中SDG含量为13.13±0.63 mg/g,而河北产的黄色亚麻籽中SDG含量最低,为7.05±0.16 mg/g。研究获得的最优碱水解条件为评估亚麻籽资源品质、高效提取亚麻籽中木脂素及对木脂素进行准确定量等提供了重要的技术支持。     

亚麻木脂素的开发研究

介绍了亚麻木脂素的结构、生理活性及提取方法。笔者结合所做的研究实验工作,对亚麻木脂素的开发研究进展综述。     

加拿大栽培的亚麻和世界上其它地区亚麻基因差异的比较

这项研究报道了加拿大植物基因资源中搜集的世界上多份亚麻材料和在加拿大登记的19个亚麻品种所进行的对比。亚麻品种差异用形态特征和含油量来体现,其比较是建立在单一性状基础上,另一项差异比较是建立在由库帕和丹尼斯建立的种内分类基础上,结果表明加拿大栽培品种属于28个植物变种中的2个变种。这项研究阐述了农业植物特性和基因库的收集对种植的益处。     

Calibration of artificial neural network and partial least squares regression models for the prediction of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside contents in microwave-assisted extracts of various flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) samples

Partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN) regression models were calibrated for predicting the content of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) in six flaxseed cultivars, defatted flaxseed meal and flax hulls extracts. The SDG was quantified by HPLC after microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) from flaxseed; the data were used in conjunction with the light absorption of the extracts measured after Folin–Ciocalteu’s assay at 289, 298, 343 and 765 nm, in order to calibrate the predictive PLS and ANN models. The accuracy and the predictive ability of the models ranged from good to excellent as indicated by RPD values (the ratio of the standard deviation of the reference values to the standard error of prediction) of 5.03–13.7. The PLS and ANN predictive models are useful to the flaxseed processing industry for rapidly and accurately predicting the SDG contents of various flaxseed samples based on their UV–Vis light absorption.     

Evaluation of a Microwave-Assisted Extraction Method for Lignan Quantification in Flaxseed Cultivars and Selected Oil Seeds

An optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was evaluated through repeatability, recovery and efficiency testing. The repeatability tests, performed by three users over time, were not significantly different. The recovery of lignan throughout the extraction, preparation and analysis steps is 97.5% with a coefficient of variation <1%. The MAE method is efficient for extracting lignans from the plant matrix, and it achieves significantly higher extraction yields than the two established reference methods. The applicability of the MAE method was demonstrated by extracting lignans from a variety of plant samples. The secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) content of seven flaxseed cultivars grown in Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC, in 2009 ranged from 14.6 to 18.9 mg SDG per gram of seed. Flax hulls produced in Winchester, ON, in 2010 were very rich in lignan; their SDG content was 40.0 mg/g of flax hull. Sesame seeds contained 0.18–1.89 mg SECO (aglycone of SDG) per gram of seed, with significant differences among black, white and brown sesame seed. Chia seeds contained 0.99–1.29 mg SECO per gram of seed, with significant differences among batches of seeds. Sunflower seeds had 0.046 mg SECO per gram of sample and almonds had 0.029 mg SDG per gram of sample. The optimized and evaluated MAE method is recommended for the general analytical quantification of lignans in plant samples.     

Effects of Humic Substances Obtained from Shives on Flax Yield Characteristics

The effects of humic substances (HS) extracted from flax shives on the fiber and seed yield of fiber flax were examined during 3 years field experiment. HS from shives consists of humic acids—5.3 gL^?1 and fulvic acids—0.7 gL^?1 were applied (6·10^–2 gL^?1 concentration, with 300 Lha^?1 of spraying liquid) in “herring-bone” stage (BBCH 13 growth stage). The HS action was evaluated in different climatic conditions and in three varieties. Application of HS on early stage of vegetation of flax plants increased fiber yield (exceeding control on 16.0–28.1%) and quality (5% of cellulose content), protein and oil content in seeds (up to 1.9–4.2% and 1.6–3.5%, respectively). Positive reply of flax plants on HS from flax shives in tested cultivars allows saying about prospects of this type of humic substances.     

Fiber Flax Breeding in China and Europe

In Western Europe fiber flax breeding was started in the Netherlands in 1816, and pedigree selection was introduced in 1900 in the Netherlands also. Therefore, the commercial breeding of fiber flax started at the end of the 19th century. Flax breeding in other European countries started in the early 20th century. Before Western European variety became available, European varieties seeds were imported from Russia. In China, breeding work on fiber flax began at 1950s. After the end of the 20th century, flax breeding technologies developed more rapidly. The flax breeding methods now include hybridization, induced mutation, interspecific hybridization, utilization of male-sterility, ploidy breeding, tissue culture, gene transformation, marker assisted selection, etc. Despite of new breeding methods, the cross breeding is still the main breeding method for fiber flax. The history of flax breeding, germplasm collection, breeding goals, breeding programs, breeding methods, and new varieties are presented in the article. Some problems about flax breeding were analyzed, and some suggestions were presented.     

Survey of Czech Breeding Methods,Development of the New Czech Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)Variety Venica-The Way of Breeding and Agronomical Properties of Flax and Linseed Cultivars Registered in the Czech Republic

Abstract

The paper presents the main goals, trends, and methods of flax and linseed breeding carried out in the Czech Republic. The list of registered flax and linseed varieties accompanied by their agronomical characteristics is presented. The breeding method of the last registered flax variety Venica, as well as its agronomical properties, are described.     

Comparison of lignans and phenolic acids in different varieties of germinated flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

The study aimed to evaluate the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignans, phenolic acids and also the antioxidant activities in 15 varieties of flax sprouts. The differential contents of lignans (13.30–8987 μg g⁻¹) and phenolic acids (72.55–597.1 μg g⁻¹) among 15 varieties of flax sprouts were observed. The total antioxidant activities ranged from 147.2 to 332.8 μmol TE g⁻¹ in the flax sprouts. The expression levels of five genes in the lignin synthetic pathway were analysed using RT-qPCR, and the results showed dramatical differences among different flax sprouts. Relatively dispersed analysis was showed by principal component analysis (PCA), and 15 flax sprouts were grouped by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on their phenolic acids, lignan compounds, length, gene expression and antioxidants after germination, primarily in relation to variety specificity. Present results would be instructive guidance for bio-fortification breeding and functional foods innovation in flaxseeds.     

发展黑龙江省亚麻原料生产的主要对策

亚麻曾是黑龙江省的资源优势,种植面积和纺织产业在全国占有举足轻重的地位。面对目前亚麻种植面积大幅减少,导致亚麻原料严重不足的形势,本文从推广新品种、建设种子基地、建设原料基地等方面,提出和论述了发展黑龙江省亚麻原料生产的主要对策。     

不同提取方法及因素对亚麻蛋白功能性质的影响

通过单因素和正交试验优化高速剪切、超声酶解两步水解黄精工艺,并用黄精水解液和糯米混合发酵酿制新型黄精黄酒。结果表明,黄精原料高速剪切工艺参数为剪切时间50 min、剪切pH 2、剪切速率14 000 r/min、料液比1∶50（g∶mL）;黄精滤渣水解工艺参数为纤维素酶添加量2%、超声功率200 W、料液比1∶20（g∶mL）、超声时间60 min。在此优化条件下,黄精多糖溶出率达52.5%,水解率为81.3%。黄精水解液与糯米结合发酵的新型黄精黄酒呈淡黄色、清亮透明、酸甜适中,具有黄精中药原有的特殊香味;其中,经检测新型黄精黄酒多糖含量为5.01 mg/mL,远高于传统黄精黄酒、传统黄酒。