发酵肉制品中生物胺的危害及控制

发酵肉制品中的生物胺是由微生物中的酶对游离氨基酸发生脱羧作用而形成,生物胺种类复杂,并易在人体内积累产生毒性,本文综述了生物胺的特点、毒性、产生物胺微生物的种类及发酵肉制品中生物胺的控制因素(原料肉的控制、优良发酵剂的开发、生产工艺条件的控制等),目的是为了控制发酵肉中生物胺含量,确保发酵肉制品安全。     

复合发酵剂对羊肉香肠发酵成熟过程中理化品质及安全性能的影响

为了探究微生物发酵剂对发酵羊肉香肠理化品质及安全性能的影响,以添加清酒乳杆菌、木糖葡萄球菌及肉葡萄球菌的复合发酵剂制作发酵羊肉香肠,用GC、HPLC等仪器测定香肠发酵成熟过程中亚硝胺、生物胺、pH、Aw、色差、亚硝酸盐等指标变化。结果表明:清酒乳杆菌+木糖葡萄球菌+肉葡萄球菌复合发酵剂组产酸速率显著快于LS(清酒乳杆菌+木糖葡萄球菌)、LB(清酒乳杆菌)及对照(CO)(P0.05),发酵结束时pH值降到组中最低;pH值下降改变蛋白质束缚水分能力,促使复合发酵剂LSS组Aw下降快于其它3组,成品时为0.67(Aw)。制作过程中香肠红度值(a)表现为:复合发酵剂LSS组LSLBCO,且差异显著(P0.05)。LB、LS、LSS 3组成品香肠亚硝酸盐残留量(18.54,18.43,19.34 mg/kg)显著低于对照组(26.47 mg/kg)及国家安全限量标准30 mg/kg(P0.05)。发酵成熟过程中LSS、LS组香肠无尸胺和组胺检出,且添加发酵剂3组成品香肠生物胺总量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。LB、LS、LSS3组仅检出N-甲基乙基亚硝胺(NMEA),含量依次降低,且3组亚硝胺种类及含量均少于CO组(P0.05)。结论:使用复合发酵剂可缩短羊肉香肠发酵周期,改善香肠色泽,抑制香肠中亚硝酸盐残留及降低有害生物胺、亚硝胺含量,提高产品安全性。     

混合发酵剂对川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量变化的影响

以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和葡萄球菌作为发酵剂接种至川味香肠,采用高效液相色谱法测定川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量的变化。结果表明:成熟结束时,除苯乙胺外,A组(接种组)中的色胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺的含量显著低于B组(自然发酵组)(P0.01),说明混合发酵剂能显著抑制川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺的形成(P0.01)。A组香肠在发酵成熟过程中除酪胺含量最高达到103.05 mg/kg外,其余生物胺含量均低于100 mg/kg;B组香肠在发酵成熟过程中腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺含量超过100 mg/kg,因此接种混合发酵剂可以更好地保障川味香肠的安全性。     

干发酵香肠中生物胺的产生与控制

综述了干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件 ,国外干发酵香肠中生物胺的含量 ,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素 ,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

干发酵香肠中的生物胺

综述干发酵香肠中生物胺产生的条件,国外干发酵香肠中常见生物胺的种类及含量,与生物胺积累有关的微生物以及影响生物胺产生的理化因素,并提出了控制干发酵香肠中生物胺积累的措施。     

不同发酵剂对羊肉发酵香肠中生物胺的影响

试验通过采用同种工艺生产3组发酵香肠,第1组为对照组(不添加任何发酵剂),第2组为市售发酵剂组,第3组为植物乳杆菌与肉葡萄球菌混合发酵剂组(3:1)。利用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)分别测定了3组羊肉发酵香肠在发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量及种类的变化。结果表明:市售发酵剂和混合发酵剂对β-苯乙胺含量的抑制作用较小;在成熟末期时,混合发酵剂组尸胺的含量显著低于(P<0.01)市售发酵剂组,并且仅在成熟结束时检出市售发酵剂组胺含量为3.04 mg/kg,混合发酵剂组组胺未检出;在成熟结束时发酵剂组酪胺含量为22.54 mg/kg,对照组为132.67 mg/kg,市售发酵剂组酪胺含量为25.54 mg/kg,混合发酵剂组酪胺的含量显著(P<0.05)低于其他两组。     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。     

发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响因素

生物胺是发酵香肠中的一种有害产物,是影响其安全性的重要因素之一.本文着重介绍了在发酵香肠生产过程中,原料、菌种、工艺条件及辅助配料对生物胺含量的影响.     

发酵香肠中生物胺含量的影响因素

着重介绍了在发酵香肠生产过程中，原料、菌种、工艺条件及辅助配料对生物胺含量的影响，并从不同角度分析了生物胺的形成原因和控制的途径。     

不同发酵剂对发酵香肠中风味物质释放及有害生物胺控制的影响

通过接种植物乳杆菌与肉葡萄球菌,将试验分为复合发酵组和单一植物乳杆菌组,并以自然发酵为对照。探究发酵剂对发酵香肠加工过程中pH、Aw、色泽、亚硝酸盐、风味物质释放及有害生物胺含量控制的影响。结果表明:复配组产酸速率单一组产酸速率对照组产酸速率,且干燥结束时复配组降到组中最低为4.74;pH快速降低也使复配组Aw下降速率显著快于其它两组(P0.05);9 d后成熟结束时,复配组亚硝酸盐含量为12.6 mg/kg,显著低于其它两组及国家安全规定30 mg/kg(P0.05);从3组香肠中检出尸胺、β-苯乙胺、酪胺、组胺及精胺和亚精胺,由于精胺和亚精胺是肉中固有生物胺且含量变化微小,所以在试验中未加以说明;成品时所列4种生物胺总量在33.37～40.41 mg/kg范围,复配组中组胺及酪胺含量分别为2.89,22.54 mg/kg,低于美国食品及药品管理局(FDA)规定标准(组胺含量50 mg/kg,酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg)(P0.01)。从香肠中共检出26种挥发性风味物质,其中添加微生物发酵组风味物质总含量显著高于对照组(P0.01)。综上,复配发酵剂可使pH、Aw快速降低,有效抑制和降低香肠残留亚硝酸盐及有害生物胺含量,对香肠中风味物质释放和含量增加起主要作用。     

Mixed starter cultures to control biogenic amine production in dry fermented sausages

Several combinations of an amine-negative Lactobacillus sakei strain, along with proteolytic Staphylococcus carnosus or Staphylococcus xylosus strains, were used to study the influence of mixed starter cultures on biogenic amine production during the manufacture of dry fermented sausages. Changes in pH, water content, proteolysis, microbial counts, and biogenic amine contents were simultaneously examined in a spontaneously fermented batch and in three mixed starter-mediated batches. A double-controlled microbial charge initially inoculated as mixed starter culture of L. sakei and Staphylococcus spp. (all amine-negative strains) drastically reduced tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine accumulation. No production of other aromatic amines such as histamine, phenylethylamine, or tryptamine was observed in any batch. The polyamines, spermine and spermidine, were found in raw materials and their levels decreased slightly in the spontaneously fermented batch. No correlation between proteolysis and biogenic amine production was observed. The use of proper technological conditions favoring starter development and the use of the raw materials with good hygienic quality make it possible to produce fermented sausages nearly free of biogenic amines.     

大蒜精油和发酵剂对熏马肠中生物胺及微生物分布的影响

为研究大蒜精油和发酵剂对熏马肠中生物胺的影响,采用高效液相色谱法测定熏马肠中生物胺含量,利用 宏基因组学技术分析熏马肠中微生物多样性和生物胺含量的变化情况。结果表明：将大蒜精油和发酵剂联合使用能 够很好地减少熏马肠中尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺和苯乙胺的产生,对控制生物胺在熏马肠中的含量起到非常显著的 作用;熏马肠中含有丰富的微生物物种,通过样品科分类水平物种分析,得出乳酸菌在熏马肠整个加工过程都是优 势菌种,而葡萄球菌在成熟后期数量较多。     

Formation of Biogenic Amines during Ripening of Dry Sausages as Affected by Starter Culture and Thawing Time of Raw Materials

Raw materials affect formation of biogenic amines in dry sausages. Effects of thawing time of raw materials and amine-negative starter culture on amine formation were studied on a pilot scale. The levels of biogenic amines, precursor amino acids, pH, water activity, and microbial counts were measured. Use of starter culture significantly decreased levels of histamine, tyramine and cadaverine formed. The effect of thawing time on formation of biogenic amines was dependent on the use of starter culture.     

Influence of processing temperature on the formation of biogenic amines in dry sausages

Temperature is known to have a clear influence on the formation of biogenic amines in the fishing industry and in cheese fermentation In this work, the effect of processing temperature on the formation of amines in dry sausages was studied in pilot and factory trials. Sausages made from the same batch of raw materials, were divided into two groups each fermented at different processing temperatures. The influence of raw materials on amine formation was evident. When commercial preparations of starter cultures containing lactic acid bacteria and Staphylococcus carnosus were used, a lower processing temperature resulted in higher levels of amines and delayed pH decrease in comparison with the higher temperature. However, more amines were formed at the higher processing temperature when glucono-delta-lactone with S. carnosus was used. According to these results not only the selection of raw materials, but also the choice of optimal processing temperature for the amine-negative starter culture used, are important critical control points in preventing the formation of high levels of biogenic amines in dry sausages.     

Effectiveness of a Lactobacillus sakei starter culture in the reduction of biogenic amine accumulation as a function of the raw material quality

The effectiveness of an amine-negative starter culture (Lactobacillus sakei CTC494) in the reduction of biogenic amine production during the ripening of fermented sausages was examined. Four batches were manufactured in parallel: spontaneously fermented and starter-mediated sausages were manufactured from two lots of raw materials of different hygienic quality. Besides the biogenic amine contents, changes in the microbial counts, nitrogenous fractions, pH, and water content were measured at several sampling points during the ripening process. In sausages manufactured from good quality meat, the starter strain of L. sakei reduced and even inhibited biogenic amine accumulation during sausage fermentation, the end products showing extremely low biogenic amine contents (tyramine levels less than 15 mg/kg of dry matter and putrescine and cadaverine levels less than 5 mg/kg of dry matter). Nevertheless, starter-mediated sausages made from poorer-quality raw materials showed much higher amine contents (308, 223, and 36 mg/kg of dry matter of cadaverine, tyramine, and putrescine, respectively), which were only slightly lower than those of the spontaneously fermented sausages made from the same raw materials. The relatively high bacterial numbers of raw materials of poorer-hygienic quality diminished the beneficial effect of the starter strain. Therefore, the effectiveness of the starter was strongly dependent on the hygienic quality of the raw materials used.     

Novel starter cultures to inhibit biogenic amines accumulation during fish sauce fermentation

Bacteria with amine oxidase activity have become a particular interest to reduce biogenic amines concentration in food products such as meat and fish sausages. However, little information is available regarding the application of these bacteria in fish sauce. Hence, our study was aimed to investigate the effect of such starter cultures in reducing biogenic amines accumulation during fish sauce fermentation. Staphylococcus carnosus FS19 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS05 isolated from fish sauce which possess amine oxidase activity were used as starter cultures in this study. Fermentation was held for 120 days at 35 °C. The pH value increased in all samples, while salt concentration remained constant throughout fermentation. Aerobic bacteria count was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the control than in inoculated samples as a result of starter cultures addition. However, it decreased during fermentation due to the growth inhibition by high salt concentration. Proteolytic bacterial count decreased during fermentation with no significant difference (p > 0.05) among samples. These bacteria hydrolyzed protein in anchovy to produce free amino acid precursors for amines formation by decarboxylase bacteria. The presence of biogenic amines producing bacteria in this study was considered to be indigenous from raw material or contamination during fermentation, since our cultures were negative histamine producers. Amino acid histidine, arginine, lysine and tyrosine concentration decreased at different rates during fermentation as they were converted into their respective amines. In general, biogenic amines concentration namely histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine increased throughout fermentation. However, their concentrations were markedly higher (p < 0.05) in the control (without starter cultures) as compared to the samples treated with starter cultures. Histamine concentration was reduced by 27.7% and 15.4% by Staphylococcus carnosus FS19 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS05, respectively. Both cultures could also reduce other amines during fermentation. After 120 days of fermentation, the overall biogenic amines concentration was 15.9% and 12.5% less in samples inoculated with Staphylococcus carnosus FS19 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FS05, respectively, as compared to control samples. These findings emphasized that application of starter cultures with amines oxidase activity in fish sauce fermentation was found to be effective in reducing biogenic amines accumulation.     

Use of autochthonous Pediococcus acidilactici and Staphylococcus vitulus starter cultures in the production of "chorizo" in 2 different traditional industries

The present study determined how the different ripening conditions affected the growth and development of 3 autochthonous starter cultures, and the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of chorizo. Each of 3 strains of Pediococcus acidilactici (MC184, MS198, and MS200) and one of Staphylococcus vitulus (RS34) were associated to prepare the starter cultures, P184S34, P198S34, and P200S34. Then, chorizo was prepared following 2 manufacturing procedures. The autochthonous starter cultures were able to compete and colonize the sausages in both ripening procedures. The use of the starter cultures showed evident differences by the texture analysis, with the control batches being generally tougher than the starter culture batches. Also, the highest biogenic amine (BA) levels were found in control batches and the lowest in P200S34 batches. While the use of these starter cultures does not change the sensory characteristics of these traditional fermented sausages, it improves their homogeneity and safety, except for P184S34 batch in which more BAs are detected in industry 2. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The 3 autochthonous starter cultures selected could be used in traditional industries because they are able to compete well and colonize the dry fermented sausages "chorizo." The use of these starter cultures improves the texture and homogeneity of traditional fermented sausages. Biogenic amines decreased in the starter cultures batches improving the safety.     

Safety improvement and preservation of typical sensory qualities of traditional dry fermented sausages using autochthonous starter cultures

Traditional dry fermented sausages are manufactured without addition of starter cultures in small-scale processing units, their fermentation relying on indigenous microflora. Characterisation and control of these specific bacteria are essential for the sensory quality and the safety of the sausages. The aim of this study was to develop an autochthonous starter culture that improves safety while preserving the typical sensory characteristics of traditional sausages. An autochthonous starter composed of Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus succinus isolated from a traditional fermented sausage was developed. These strains were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics and their production of biogenic amines. This starter was evaluated in situ at the French traditional processing unit where the strains had been isolated. Effects of the autochthonous starter were assessed by analysing the microbial, physico-chemical, biochemical and sensory characteristics of the sausages. Inoculation with the chosen species was confirmed using known species-specific PCR assays for L. sakei and S. equorum and a species-specific PCR assay developed in this study for S. succinus. Strains were monitored by pulse-field gel electrophoresis typing. Addition of autochthonous microbial starter cultures improved safety compared with the traditional natural fermentation of sausages, by inhibiting the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, decreasing the level of biogenic amines and by limiting fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation. Moreover, autochthonous starter did not affect the typical sensory quality of the traditional sausages. This is the first time to our knowledge that selection, development and validation in situ of autochthonous starter cultures have been carried out, and also the first time that S. equorum together with S. succinus have been used as starter cultures for meat fermentation. Use of autochthonous starter cultures is an effective tool for limiting the formation of unsafe compounds in traditional sausage while preserving their original and specific sensory quality.     

Biogenic amines in dry fermented sausages: a review

Biogenic amines are compounds commonly present in living organisms in which they are responsible for many essential functions. They can be naturally present in many foods such as fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, chocolate and milk, but they can also be produced in high amounts by microorganisms through the activity of amino acid decarboxylases. Excessive consumption of these amines can be of health concern because their not equilibrate assumption in human organism can generate different degrees of diseases determined by their action on nervous, gastric and intestinal systems and blood pressure. High microbial counts, which characterise fermented foods, often unavoidably lead to considerable accumulation of biogenic amines, especially tyramine, 2-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, putrescine and histamine. However, great fluctuations of amine content are reported in the same type of product. These differences depend on many variables: the quali-quantitative composition of microbial microflora, the chemico-physical variables, the hygienic procedure adopted during production, and the availability of precursors. Dry fermented sausages are worldwide diffused fermented meat products that can be a source of biogenic amines. Even in the absence of specific rules and regulations regarding the presence of these compounds in sausages and other fermented products, an increasing attention is given to biogenic amines, especially in relation to the higher number of consumers with enhanced sensitivity to biogenic amines determined by the inhibition of the action of amino oxidases, the enzymes involved in the detoxification of these substances. The aim of this paper is to give an overview on the presence of these compounds in dry fermented sausages and to discuss the most important factors influencing their accumulation. These include process and implicit factors as well as the role of starter and nonstarter microflora growing in the different steps of sausage production. Moreover, the role of microorganisms with amino oxidase activity as starter cultures to control or reduce the accumulation of biogenic amines during ripening and storage of sausages is discussed.     

Functional meat starter cultures for improved sausage fermentation

Starter cultures that initiate rapid acidification of the raw meat batter and that lead to a desirable sensory quality of the end-product are used for the production of fermented sausages. Recently, the use of new, functional starter cultures with an industrially or nutritionally important functionality is being explored. Functional starter cultures offer an additional functionality compared to classical starter cultures and represent a way of improving and optimising the sausage fermentation process and achieving tastier, safer, and healthier products. Examples include microorganisms that generate aroma compounds, health-promoting molecules, bacteriocins or other antimicrobials, contribute to cured meat colour, possess probiotic qualities, or lack negative properties such as the production of biogenic amines and toxic compounds. The vast quantity of artisan fermented sausages from different origins represents a treasure chest of biodiversity that can be exploited to create such functional starter cultures.