青岛市市北区居民主要邻苯二甲酸酯类物质膳食暴露水平及其风险评估

目的分析青岛市北区主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)含量水平,计算本区居民膳食暴露水平并进行初步风险评估。方法全区采集7类样品共281份,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定食品中DEHP和DBP的含量。利用食品中DEHP和DBP的平均含量,同时结合居民平均食物消费量,计算7类食品的DEHP和DBP的膳食暴露水平,并分别与DEHP和DBP的每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake,TDI)比较,初步评估市北区居民主要食品中DEHP和DBP的暴露风险。结果 7类食品中DEHP和DBP的含量范围分别为0.00~5.90和0.00~7.20 mg/kg BW。市北区居民经7类食品中DEHP和DBP暴露量分别为0.006 927和0.005 558mg/kg BW,均未超过相应的TDI。结论市北区居民经7类食品摄入DEHP和DBP的的健康风险较低。     

我国成人饮白酒者抗雄激素作用样邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的累积风险评估

目的评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)抗雄激素作用样邻苯二甲酸酯类物质,即邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的累积膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP、DBP和BBP含量数据,结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,计算我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18~59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)等4个不同性别-年龄组人群DEHP、DBP和BBP的膳食摄入水平。采用危害指数法计算经膳食联合暴露于DEHP、DBP和BBP的健康风险。结果单一化学物的风险评估发现,我国成人饮酒者中全人群和各性别-年龄组人群的DEHP、DBP和BBP的平均摄入量和高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的摄入量均低于其相应的每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)。进一步分析发现,约有0.64%(18/2 800)的个体DBP摄入量超过其TDI。而采用危害指数方法进行的累积风险评估发现,我国成人饮酒者全人群和各性别-年龄组人群的危害指数均低于1;有0.79%(22/2 800)的个体危害指数超过1。结论中国居民成人饮酒者全人群的抗雄激素作用样PAEs的累积暴露健康风险较低,有24例个体的健康风险需要关注,建议适量饮酒。     

中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP的风险评估

评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法 利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP含量数据(9 284条),结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,对我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18～59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)4个不同年龄组人群DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险进行评估。结果 各类食品DEHP平均含量为0.12 mg/kg。成人饮酒者全人群DEHP膳食平均摄入量为2.23 μg/kg BW,占TDI(50 μg/kg BW)的4.45%,最高摄入量为10.04 μg/kg BW。其中18～59岁的男性饮酒者的DEHP平均摄入量和最高摄入量均高于其他性别年龄组。对成人饮酒者全人群而言,大米是成人饮酒者贡献率最高的食品,达26.97%,远高于其他类别食品。其次是白酒,为15.89%。结论 中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP膳食摄入水平低于健康指导值,健康风险较低。     

中国居民邻苯二甲酸二丁酯膳食摄入水平及其风险评估

目的了解我国主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的含量,评估我国居民经膳食暴露于DBP的水平以及潜在的健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年收集的24类食品中的DBP含量数据以及2002年中国居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算我国居民DBP膳食摄入水平,以及不同食物对DBP摄入的贡献率,并与每日可耐受摄入量(TDI,0.01 mg/kg BW)比较,进行风险特征描述。结果各种食品中DBP的含量范围为0.00~46.50 mg/kg,平均含量为0.11 mg/kg,全人群的膳食DBP平均摄入量为1.21μg/kg BW,占TDI的12.08%。全人群高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的DBP摄入量为2.84μg/kg BW,占TDI的28.42%。大米、方便面对DBP膳食摄入的贡献率较高,分别为20.30%和15.34%。结论中国居民膳食DBP摄入的健康风险较低,处于可接受水平。     

龙舌兰酒中甲醇的初步风险评估

目的初步评估龙舌兰酒中甲醇的急性和慢性暴露健康风险。方法通过毒性资料检索与分析,确定甲醇的人体经口暴露急性和慢性限量值,参照我国居民酒精类饮料的消费模式,以我国饮酒者的白酒高端消费量代替龙舌兰酒高端消费量,基于专家咨询结果,选择龙舌兰酒中甲醇限量值3.0 g/L为龙舌兰酒中甲醇含量最大值(以100%酒精计),计算我国成人饮酒者经龙舌兰酒一次摄入甲醇的量;以我国饮酒者的白酒平均消费量代替龙舌兰酒平均消费量,结合已发表文献的龙舌兰酒中甲醇含量的平均值1.8 g/L(以100%酒精计),计算我国成人饮酒者经龙舌兰酒慢性摄入甲醇的量。结果我国居民通过饮用龙舌兰酒一次性摄入的甲醇为11.25 mg/kg BW,低于一次经口暴露限量(20 mg/kg BW);慢性摄入的甲醇为1.69 mg/kg BW,低于推荐的甲醇每日参考剂量(2.0 mg/kg BW)。结论我国成人饮酒者通过龙舌兰酒摄入甲醇的急性暴露和慢性暴露的健康风险较低。     

GC-MS法测定白酒中DBP、DEHP、DINP含量的不确定度评定

邻苯二甲酸盐对人体健康有一定的威胁,因此食品及饮品中其含量有一定的限度,这类化合物性质类似植物油且有一定的挥发性,因此采取GC-MS法测定白酒中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)等邻苯二甲酸盐的含量,并对对白酒中DBP,DEHP,DINP测量结果的不确定度进行了评定。结果表明,白酒样品中DBP,DEHP,DINP含量的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.004 mg/kg,0.008 mg/kg,0.004 mg/kg和0.008 mg/kg,0.016 mg/kg,0.008 mg/kg。     

新疆高频进口植物油中塑化剂含量及摄入风险评估

为了掌握新疆高频进口植物油的邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂（PAEs）含量及摄入风险水平,测定了新疆口岸进口的6个品种108份植物油样品中的18种PAEs含量,并对植物油中PAEs急性和慢性膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果表明,108份植物油中共检出2种PAEs,分别为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）,检出率为81.5%,超出最大残留量的比例为20.4%,其中88份样品检出DBP,含量范围为0.15～2.09 mg/kg,检出中位值为0.24 mg/kg,26份样品检出DEHP,含量范围为0.25～1.95 mg/kg,检出中位值为0.84 mg/kg。红花籽油和葵花籽油较易受DBP和DEHP污染。检出DBP、DEHP的急性膳食摄入风险熵分别为33.40%、15.55%,DBP的慢性膳食摄入风险熵为2.10%,均低于100%,表明进口植物油中PAEs摄入产生的风险是可接受的。该研究有助于从源头有效防控进口植物油质量安全风险,为监管部门精准布控提供技术数据。     

河南地区市售白酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂含量检测结果与分析

目的:了解河南省市售白酒中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)与邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)的污染状况。方法:按照《河南省食品安全风险监测计划》和GB 5009.271-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》对河南省销售的白酒进行检测。结果:共检测了白酒样品641份,其中DBP检出率为25.7%,个别样品的检出含量高达16.6 mg/kg,是最大残留量(0.3 mg/kg)55.3倍;DEHP均未超出最大残留量(1.5 mg/kg)。结论:河南省市售白酒整体处于安全水平,一些白酒存在一定程度的DBP污染问题,可能由生产、储存、运输等环节引入,需引起重视加强监测,潜在的健康危害和风险需进一步评估。     

山东省居民饮料中咖啡因暴露评估

目的评价山东省居民咖啡因的摄入水平及潜在的健康风险。方法检测8类共319份饮料样品中咖啡因含量数据,结合2013年2 523名山东省居民饮料消费量调查数据,采用确定性评估的方法,对山东省不同年龄-性别组人群的咖啡因摄入水平及其潜在风险进行评估。结果各类饮料咖啡因的平均含量为9 210.06 mg/kg,最大值为49 059.60 mg/kg。山东省全人群咖啡因的平均每日摄入量为61.62μg/kg BW,远低于咖啡因的安全摄入量(6.7 mg/kg BW)。不同年龄-性别组人群以60岁及以上年龄组男性每日摄入量最高,平均为166.55μg/kg BW,占安全摄入量的2.49%。全人群中高食物量消费人群的咖啡因每日摄入量(P97.5)为476.82μg/kg BW,远低于安全摄入量,各年龄-性别组人群高食物量消费人群的咖啡因每日摄入量范围为0.00～3 104.70μg/kg BW,最大值为13～17岁年龄组女性的摄入量。茶叶对于山东省居民饮料中咖啡因摄入的贡献率最高,达到74.19%。3～12岁儿童的咖啡因摄入主要来源为可乐。结论山东省居民饮料中咖啡因摄入的健康风险总体较低,其中茶叶和可乐分别为成年人和儿童的主要贡献食品。     

烟台市市售白酒中16种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质污染调查

目的了解烟台市市售白酒中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的污染水平,为强化监督和监管提供依据,保障消费者的食用安全。方法按照《2013年国家食品污染和有害因素风险工作手册》中的食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物检测的操作程序,并根据GB/T 21911—2008《食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》中规定的16种酸酯类化合物测定方法进行检测,本课题组对烟台市市售的35份白酒样品进行了邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯(DPP)等16种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的检测。结果邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)检测限为0.10 mg/kg,其余15种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质均为0.05 mg/kg,65.71%的样品中检出DIBP和DBP,其中DBP最大值为2.14 mg/kg,DMP、DEHP、DEP、DPP的检出率分别为25%、20%、8.5%、2.85%。DIBP、DBP、DEHP、DEP、DMP、DPP检出均值分别为0.404、0.396、0.216、0.206、0.104、0.0546 mg/kg,其余10种均未检出。结论白酒中普遍存在增塑剂的污染,可能是由包装材料迁移到产品中,需要加大监测和监管力度,降低消费者的健康风险。     

Influence of ouabain of electrolyte and water transport in the rabbit ileum and colon in vitro and in vivo

We studied the influence of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump inhibitor ouabain on water and electrolyte transport in the rabbit distal ileum and proximal colon in vitro and in vivo. Under in vitro conditions, ouabain markedly reduced the absorption of water, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate, and reduced potassium secretion in both the ileum and the colon. In vivo results were similar but less marked than those obtained in vitro, with significant differences only at the level of the distal ileum.     

Determination of nitrite and nitrate in some horticultural and meat products and in samples of soil

This study of quantitative determination of nitrite and nitrate contents is based on spectrophotometric measurement of the red colour formed when sulphanilic acid is diazotised by the nitrite to be determined and coupled to 1-naphthylamine-7-sulphonic acid (Cleve's acid 1-7). Nitrate is first reduced to nitrite in a cadmium reducing column. Good results have been obtained with some horticultural and meat products and samples of soil.     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

生物技术在制浆造纸中的应用与研究进展

介绍了生物技术在制浆造纸工业的应用与研究进展，包括生物制浆、生物漂白、生物脱墨及造纸过程中的生物技术等。     

Characterization of limestones and their effects in vitro and in vivo in dairy cattle

Capacities of limestones of differing particle size to neutralize acid in vitro and to modify pH and utilization of feedstuffs in vivo were compared. Acid neutralization during pH-stat titrations was faster for fine than for coarse limestone, and mixed microbial cultures were more resistant to pH change when they contained fine calcium carbonate. Diets containing 25:75 corn silage to concentrates and .95% calcium from either coarse or fine limestone were fed to rumen-fistulated heifers. Total ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher for the fine limestone treatment. Ruminal volumes, dry matter disappearance, and ruminal fluid pH and dilution rate did not differ between fine and coarse limestone treatments. Ruminal fluid volume, osmolality, ratios of acetate to propionate, and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids were unaffected in rumen-fistulated Holstein cows fed 60:40 corn silage to concentrates and either .5% calcium (control) or 1.0% calcium from either coarse or fine limestone. Ruminal pH increased .07 to .10 units with limestone supplementation. Ruminal fluid dilution and particulate turnover rates were slower for the coarse limestone than the control treatment. Differences between coarse and fine limestones in vitro were observed under some conditions in vivo, but they were not consistent.     

Differences in content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in flour of spring and winter wheat cultivated in Poland

The work presents the content and composition of free lipids and carotenoids in spring and winter classes of wheat flour. It discusses genetical and physiological aspects of their synthesis and accumulation in wheat kernels and also indicates how methodological differences explain differences in results presented in the literature. It has been reported that spring wheat flours are richer in free lipids, especially in the non-polar fraction. The content of glycolipids ranged from 134 to 215 mg/100 g flour and was more stable within the winter wheat class. The percentages of the two main fractions, namely DGDG and MGDG, were similar in both wheat classes and reached ca. 77%. Phospholipids constituted the smallest fraction of the flour free lipids in both wheat classes; however, spring wheat flours were richer in these compounds, which is likely associated with a greater content of spherosomes in the endosperm of this wheat class. The free lipids of spring wheat flour contained more oleic and slightly less linoleic and linolenic acids. Spring wheat flour was also richer in carotenoids, although there were varieties in both classes that deviated from this. The main carotenoid was lutein, whose total percentage in the form of different isomers ranged from 71.3% to 83.3% and was slightly lower for spring wheat flour. Lutein, in the form of a trans-isomer, constituted about 62% and 70% of all carotenoids in spring and winter wheat flours, respectively.     

Influence of ouabain of electrolyte and water transport in the rabbit ileum and colon in vitro and in vivo.

We studied the influence of the Na(+)-K+ pump inhibitor ouabain on water and electrolyte transport in the rabbit distal ileum and proximal colon in vitro and in vivo. Under in vitro conditions, ouabain markedly reduced the absorption of water, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate, and reduced potassium secretion in both the ileum and the colon. In vivo results were similar but less marked than those obtained in vitro, with significant differences only at the level of the distal ileum.     

Periparturient changes in secretion and mammary uptake of insulin and in concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in milk of dairy cows

Mammary uptake of insulin from blood was quantified near parturition in nine dairy cows, some of which were milked prepartum to induce prepartum lactogenesis. Milk samples were immunoassayed for concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and insulin-like growth factor II. Cows milked prepartum, but in which prepartum lactogenesis did not occur (denoted as unsuccessful group), had higher arterial concentrations and greater mammary uptake of insulin during several days immediately preceding parturition than did those with prepartum lactogenesis. Although mammary uptake of insulin was measurable before parturition, estimated uptake on postpartum d 4 through 6 was negligible. Colostrum and milk contained very substantial quantities of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and insulin-like growth factor II. Cows in which prepartum lactogenesis was induced (denoted as successful group) had lower concentrations of both forms of insulin-like growth factor in prepartum samples of milk. Cows of the successful group also had a decreasing prepartum profile of milk insulin, but the unsuccessful group had an increasing trend until parturition. Milk concentrations of insulin and both forms of insulin-like growth factor declined rapidly after parturition and completion of lactogenesis.     

开封市畜禽沙门菌污染状况及血清学鉴定分析

了解开封市畜禽肉中沙门菌的污染状况及血清学分布,为沙门菌引起的食源性疾病的防控提供依据。方法 依据GB 4789.4—2010《中华人民共和国国家标准食品卫生微生物学检验方法》和2011年国家食源性疾病监测网监测方案,定期对开封市畜禽养殖场和屠宰场进行随机采样监测。结果 在691份样品中,沙门菌检出率为35.9%(248/691);分离出沙门菌253株,有17个血清型。结论 开封市生鸡肉和生猪肉不同程度受到沙门菌的污染,以生鸡肉污染最严重。应加强禽畜类养殖、屠宰加工等过程的卫生监管,减少食源性疾病的发生。     

浅析冬季浓香酒降质减产的原因与提高产质的措施

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