复合益生菌制剂对小鼠肠道菌群的影响研究

目的:研究复合益生菌制剂对小鼠的肠道菌群影响。方法:采用22.4 g/(kg·d)氨苄青霉素灌胃3天建立小鼠肠道菌群失衡模型,其中空白对照组灌胃等量生理盐水。造模成功后,分别使用益生菌及复合益生菌制剂组对模型小鼠进行灌胃治疗14天,收集小鼠粪便,采用平板计数法及Illumina高通量测序技术对各组小鼠粪便菌群进行分析。结果:复合益生菌制剂可加快模型小鼠肠道乳酸菌及双歧杆菌数量恢复并抑制肠杆菌及肠球菌增殖;复合益生菌制剂组shannon指数值与自然恢复组相比明显上升(P0.05),simpson指数明显下降(P0.05),PCA、PCoA及NMDS分析结果显示复合益生菌制剂组肠道菌群与正常组肠道菌群更为相似。结论:复合益生菌菌剂对肠道菌群失衡小鼠肠道菌群恢复有的明显促进作用。     

高通量测序分析益生菌对冷食小鼠肠道菌群的干预

采用高通量测序技术分析益生菌对冷食小鼠肠道菌群的影响。将实验小鼠随机分为模型组、对照组和低中高剂量组,分别灌喂等量的普通冰淇淋、107 cfu/m L益生菌液和107、108、109 cfu/m L的益生菌冰淇淋。连续灌喂15d,记录并计算小鼠的稀便率和腹泻指数,15 d后,收集各组小鼠粪便进行高通量测序分析。发现食用冷食会导致部分小鼠腹泻,在剂量范围内,益生菌可以缓解冷凉性敏感小鼠的腹泻症状,高剂量组小鼠的稀便率降低了3.11%,腹泻指数(10-1)降低了0.33,抑制效果较其它各组最为明显。服用了益生菌的小鼠粪便菌群多样性较高(高剂量组ACE值为69987.29,Chao1值为27098.77),乳酸菌属、艾克曼氏菌属、Blautia等菌属占比增大,菌群结构发生改变。因此益生菌可以提高冷凉性腹泻敏感小鼠对冷食的接受度,冷冻载体下的益生菌可以在小鼠肠道中定植并对小鼠肠道起到调节作用。     

基于高通量测序技术探讨陈皮对腹泻小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 研究陈皮对腹泻小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法 将小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组(盐酸洛哌丁胺, 0.67 mg/kg)和陈皮低、高剂量组(0.5和1.67 g/kg)。采用番泻叶诱导腹泻模型后灌胃给药。实验结束后, 观察和检测各组小鼠腹泻相关首次排便时间、稀便率、稀便级及小肠乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、淀粉酶(amylase, AMS)和脂肪酶(lipase, LPS)活性,高通量测序技术分析结肠内容物肠道菌群多样性及优势物种变化。结果 与空白组比较, 模型组腹泻相关指标明显改变, 肠道菌群多样性指数明显降低, 门及属水平优势物种丰度明显改变, 差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01);与模型组比较, 陈皮组腹泻相关指标明显改善, 肠道菌群多样性指数明显升高, 门及属水平优势物种丰度明显纠正, 差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 陈皮可能通过调节肠道菌群治疗腹泻。     

益生菌复合制剂对头孢曲松钠作用小鼠的抗氧化指标、细胞因子及肠道菌群的影响

目的:探究长双歧杆菌BB536和乳双歧杆菌HN019组成的益生菌复合制剂对头孢曲松钠引起的肠道菌群失调的改善效果。方法:头孢曲松钠（2 mg/g）连续灌胃小鼠5 d,构建肠道菌群失调模型小鼠,然后随机分为模型组,益生菌复合制剂低剂量组（2×105 CFU/g）、中剂量组（4×105 CFU/g）、高剂量组（1.2×106 CFU/g）,另设正常鼠为对照组,第6 d起各剂量组灌胃相应剂量的益生菌复合制剂,对照组和模型组灌胃等体积的生理盐水,连续灌胃30 d。灌胃结束后无菌收集小鼠粪便对肠道菌群计数,并进行16S rDNA高通量测序分析菌群的多样性以及结构,测定血清中白细胞介素2（Interleukin-2,IL-2）、白细胞介素6（Interleukin-6,IL-6）、白细胞介素1β（Interleukin-1β,IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α）水平,测定空肠和肝脏中丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）、总超氧化物歧化酶（Total Superoxide Dismutase,T-SOD）、谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX）水平。结果:给药头孢曲松钠后,血清中IL-2、IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平有上升趋势,空肠中MDA水平显著上升（P<0.05）且T-SOD水平显著下降（P<0.05）,在高剂量的益生菌复合制剂的干预下,IL-6和IL-1β水平显著降低（P<0.05）,IL-2和TNF-α水平极显著降低（P<0.01）,此外空肠和肝脏中的MDA水平均明显下降、T-SOD水平显著提高（P<0.05）,GSH-PX水平极显著提高（P<0.01）,空肠中GSH水平极显著提高（P<0.01）。在肠道微生物方面,抗生素造损后再灌胃益生菌复合制剂,与灌胃益生菌复合制剂前相比小鼠粪便中肠球菌和肠杆菌数量降低,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量提高,微生物多样性分析结果表明各剂量组与模型组相比微生物丰富度有所恢复,且中、高剂量组预测的肠道功能与对照组相比更为接近。结论:益生菌复合制剂可以促进抗氧化物质产生,降低细胞因子水平,促进有益菌的繁殖,提高肠道菌群的丰富度,改善了由头孢曲松钠引起的肠道菌群失调状态。     

六堡茶水提物对小鼠腹泻及肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨六堡茶水提物对番泻叶诱导的小鼠腹泻及肠道菌群的影响。方法 采用六堡茶水提物对小鼠进行20 d的腹泻预防灌胃,从第16 d开始同时给予小鼠番泻叶煎剂诱导小鼠腹泻模型;试验结束时观察各组小鼠行为状态、体重、腹泻率及腹泻指数,检测盲肠内容物pH值及氨态氮含量、粪便肠道菌群数量,分析空肠绒毛形态结构。结果 与正常组相比,模型组小鼠体重显著减轻(P<0.05)、稀便率和腹泻指数均极显著上升(P<0.01),说明番泻叶诱导小鼠腹泻模型构建成功。与模型组相比,六堡茶防治组特别是高剂量组能明显降低了稀便率和腹泻指数(P<0.05),降低了小鼠盲肠内容物pH值及氨态氮含量(P<0.05),增加了小鼠肠道双歧杆菌数量并减少肠球菌数量(P<0.05),提升了小鼠空肠绒毛长度与隐窝深度的比值(V/C值, P<0.05)。结论 六堡茶对小鼠腹泻具有一定防治作用,其止泻作用可能与改善肠道内环境及修复双歧杆菌和肠球菌数量有关。     

基于高通量测序分析鲜槟榔水提液对于小鼠肠道菌群及免疫指标的影响

通过给予小鼠不同剂量鲜槟榔水提液(fresh areca nut water extract,FANE),记录每组小鼠体重增长、分析其血清细胞因子白介素-1 (interleukin 1,IL-1)、α肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α),免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobin A,IgA)、IgG与IgM水平,并通过高通量测序分析结肠微生物菌群的多样性与丰度变化,以探究槟榔灌胃小鼠免疫指标变化与小鼠肠道微生物菌群结构的关系。结果表明,低剂量FANE可显著提高小鼠IL-1的浓度,并降低其IgA和IgG的水平。高剂量FANE造成了小鼠TNF-α的显著降低以及IL-1浓度的显著增加,减少了血清IgA、IgG并提高了其IgM水平。这说明高剂量FANE可能造成了小鼠免疫功能的紊乱。对于小鼠肠道菌群的Alpha多样性分析显示,低剂量组(A1)与对照组(F)具有较相似的肠道菌群结构与菌群丰度和多样性,而高剂量组(A2)相较其它两组肠道菌群多样性明显较低。具体分析,A2组其门水平上厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)与拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)比例明显增加,这可能与食物中能量利用率的改变相关。属水平上阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia)、Enterorhabdus菌与葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)的显著增加可能反映了肠道炎症与感染的发生以及Zn的缺乏。此外,该组小鼠的长期腹泻也可能促进了上述结果的出现。这些分析表明,肠道微生物结构的显著变化可能在小鼠免疫指标与功能改变过程中起到重要的作用。     

动物双歧杆菌乳亚种XLTG11对克林霉素诱导的抗生素相关性腹泻的改善作用

目的：通过克林霉素诱导抗生素相关性腹泻(antibiotic-associated diarrhea,AAD)模型,探究动物双歧杆菌乳亚种XLTG11缓解小鼠AAD的作用。方法：将48只6周龄C57BL/6N雄鼠随机分为4组：对照组、模型组、低剂量组和高剂量组,除对照组外,各组小鼠连续14 d灌胃克林霉素(250 mg/(kg m_b·d))诱导AAD模型,然后低剂量组和高剂量组灌胃不同剂量(0.2 mL,5×10⁶、1×10⁷ CFU)动物双歧杆菌乳亚种XLTG11,测定小鼠体质量增长量、盲肠质量、粪便含水量和粪便稠度,测定结肠肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、IL-1β、IL-10水平,血清脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和D-乳酸质量浓度,测定肠道菌群组成及短链脂肪酸含量,以及肠道屏障和核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路相关基因表达水平。结果：高剂量动物双歧杆菌乳亚种XLTG11显著提高AAD模型小鼠的体质量增长量和...     

乳双歧杆菌XLTG11缓解环磷酰胺致小鼠免疫功能损伤

该研究探讨乳双歧杆菌XLTG11对免疫功能损伤模型小鼠免疫功能的影响。采用环磷酰胺（CTX）构建小鼠免疫损伤模型,设立空白组和模型组,灌服生理盐水,阳性对照组,灌服盐酸左旋咪唑（LEV）（10 mg/kg）,给药组灌服不同浓度乳双歧杆菌XLTG11（1×106、1×107、1×108、1×109 CFU）,连续28 d,测定各组小鼠免疫功能相关指标。各剂量组乳双歧杆菌XLTG11可以拮抗CTX对小鼠胸腺的损伤,胸腺指数分别比模型组提高37.37%、43.43%、56.56%和84.84%（p<0.05）;增加小鼠足跖肿胀程度,足跖厚度分别比模型组提高38.24%、50.00%、55.89%和94.12%（p<0.05）;提高小肠绒毛高度,增加杯状细胞数目（p<0.05）,其中1×109 CFU剂量组小肠绒毛高度提高20.82%（p<0.01）,杯状细胞数目提高51.23%（p<0.01）;升高血清免疫球蛋白和细胞因子水平（p<0.05）,以IgA、IL-2和TNF-α水平升高最为显著,1×109 CFU剂量组IgA水平升高20.03%（p<0.001）,IL-2水平升高35.94%（p<0.001）,TNF-α水平升高14.50%（p<0.05）。乳双歧杆菌XLTG11具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用,且呈剂量依赖性。该研究为益生菌保健食品开发和使用提供理论依据。     

乳酸菌素片对抗生素相关性腹泻小鼠肠道菌群的影响

观察乳酸菌素片对抗生素相关性腹泻(Antibiotic-associated diarrhea,AAD)小鼠的治疗作用,同时采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析乳酸菌素片对AAD小鼠肠道菌群的影响。采用硫酸庆大霉素和盐酸林可霉素混合抗生素制备菌群失调腹泻小鼠模型,造模成功后给予乳酸菌素片治疗,给药5 d,观察并记录小鼠体重变化和腹泻情况。末次给药24 h后,收集小鼠盲肠内容物进行16S r RNA基因V3-V4区扩增子测序分析,比较各组间物种组成差异。模型组与正常组相比,给予抗生素造模6天后,模型组与正常组相比体重、盲肠长度、盲肠重量等指标具有极显著性差异,说明抗生素腹泻模型造模成功。给药5 d后,乳酸菌素组与模型组相比,小鼠的盲肠重量、盲肠指数和盲肠内容物指数和模型组都有极显著性差异(P0.01、P0.001,P=0.0001/0.00003/0.0040)。经样本比较分析即主成分分析(PCA)、主坐标分析(PCoA)、物种组成分析、组间差异显著性检验结果显示,乳酸菌素片组与模型组比较有害菌丰度显著降低((62.06±15.95)%vs (27.78±11.43)%,(7.062±4.134)%vs (1.497±0.5112)%,P0.01,P=0.0031/0.0015)的有两个,包括活泼瘤胃球菌属([Ruminococcus]_Gnavus_group)、无害梭菌组属([Clostridium]_Innocuum_group),有益菌丰度显著增加((0.01927±0.048)%vs (14.58±10.3)%,(1.265±2.936)%vs (3.203±1.366)%,P0.05,P=0.0014/0.0177)的有两个,包括肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、粪芽孢菌属(Coprobacillus)。肠道正常菌属丰度显著增加((1.108±2.229)%vs (3.339±3.041)%,(0.1032±0.1816)%vs (3.024±3.97)%,(0.3366±0.1864)%vs (1.561±1.666)%,P0.05,P=0.0230/0.0065/0.0240)的有3个,包括布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、无嗅梭菌属(Lachnoclostridium)、未分类的毛螺菌属(unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae)。结论为乳酸菌素片组小鼠肠道菌群多样性显著高于模型组,且构成中益生菌的比例较高,乳酸菌素片可有效缩短AAD小鼠模型症状恢复时间,可快速调整AAD小鼠肠道菌群的组成和多样性,重建以有益菌为主的肠道菌群结构。     

低聚果糖对C57BL/6小鼠肥胖预防及其肠道菌群的调节作用

为探究低聚果糖（fructooligosaccharides,FOS）对 C57BL/6小鼠肥胖预防及其肠道菌群的调节作用,将50 只雄性5 周龄C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5 组,正常组食用正常饲料,其他组通过食用高脂饲料构建肥胖模型,正常组、模型组灌胃给予生理盐水,实验组灌胃给予高、低剂量的FOS,阳性对照组灌胃给予奥利司他,实验进行6 周。采用高通量16S rRNA基因扩增测序、酶联免疫吸附测试等方法,分析FOS对C57BL/6小鼠的肥胖预防及肠道菌群的调节作用。结果表明,高、低剂量FOS都显著降低了肥胖模型小鼠的Lee’s指数、附睾脂肪指数（P＜0.05）,并显著升高了肥胖模型小鼠血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）浓度（P＜0.05）;高剂量FOS显著降低了肥胖模型小鼠的体质量增量及血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α）、脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）水平（P＜0.05）。在肠道菌群方面,与正常组相比,模型组小鼠的厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度显著升高（P＜0.05）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）相对丰度显著降低（P＜0.05）。FOS干预组小鼠肠道菌群得到一定恢复,菌群组成与正常组趋近。综上,FOS可控制小鼠肥胖,改善其肠道菌群。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.