甘蔗大田接种AM菌剂效应研究

为了探讨丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对大田甘蔗生长的影响,本研究进行了甘蔗大田接种AM菌剂的试验,初步分析其对甘蔗土壤及其微生物群落,以及对甘蔗植株生长的影响。结果表明:施AM菌剂能提高土壤中有效氮、磷和钾的含量;提高土壤的pH值,促进根系对根际土壤微量元素的吸收,特别是对Mn的吸收。没有施用化肥,仅施AM菌剂的处理土壤中的真菌数量极显著地高于其它处理;甘蔗大田施AM菌剂能增加株高、有效茎数和茎径,有效促进蔗株生长。     

西双版纳甘蔗全程机械化农机配置经济效益评价指标体系构建与应用

针对缺少系统的甘蔗全程机械化农机配置经济效益指标评价体系这一问题,通过德尔菲法和专家评价法构建了以农机配备经济效果和农机使用经济效果2方面为主要评价指标的经济效益评价指标体系。评价体系包括2个一级指标、5个二级指标、14个三级指标和18个四级指标。根据专家打分情况构造判断矩阵,利用德尔菲法和AHP层次分析软件计算,确定指标体系的权重。该指标体系既可以对整套甘蔗全程机械化模式机具进行农机配置经济效益评价,也可以对单个甘蔗生产机具进行经济效益评价。最后以西双版纳勐海县纽荷兰农机合作社的中联AC60B和凯斯4000甘蔗收获机为例,应用该指标体系进行对比分析,得出凯斯4000甘蔗收获机的经济效益要优于中联AC60B甘蔗收获机。评价方法简便易操作,得出结论符合客观实际,对其他地区进行甘蔗全程机械化经济效益评价具有借鉴性和指导意义。     

不同施肥水平对甘蔗生长及根际土壤微生物的影响

为了探讨不同施肥水平对甘蔗生长和根际土壤微生物的影响,本研究建立了甘蔗原位观察试验基地,分析4个不同施肥水平下新植甘蔗根际土壤微生物的变化及甘蔗生长情况。研究结果表明:增大化肥用量并没有对大田甘蔗有效茎数、株高、茎径和实际产量造成显著的影响。但化肥的施用量会影响根际微生物种群,改变根系内生真菌的定殖率。在50%施肥水平上,甘蔗根系的丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)定殖率最高,达到54.97%,而在不施肥的处理中,深色有隔真菌(Dark Septate Endophyte,DSE)的定殖率最高,为19.53%。随着化肥用量的增加,土壤酸化,p H值降低。     

甘蔗糖厂生产管理系统的多级模糊层次综合评价

本文将模糊数学和层次分析法应用于甘蔗糖厂生产管理系统的综合评价,提出了多级模糊综合评价工总会甘蔗糖业讨论了甘蔗厂生产管理的层次结构和评价指标体系,并进行了实际应用分析。     

丘陵旱地甘蔗丰产综合栽培技术研究

我省地处亚热带,自然条件优越,光热资源丰富,是全国甘蔗主产区之一。历年来甘蔗单产为全围之冠,但产量很不平衡,高产甘蔗主要分布在土壤肥沃,灌溉条件好的水田蔗区,一般亩产6～7吨,高的可达8～9吨;而占全省甘蔗总面积50%以上的丘     

大田接种丛枝菌根真菌对甘蔗品种“福农41号”生长的影响

为了探讨大田甘蔗接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌促进甘蔗生长的效果,本研究对甘蔗品种"福农41号"进行大田接种AM菌剂的试验,初步分析其对甘蔗生长的影响。研究结果表明:AM菌剂能促进甘蔗对土壤中Mg和有机质的吸收;在施用AM菌剂及50%复合肥(375 kg·hm-2)的条件下,能促进P的吸收,提高磷肥的利用率。施AM菌剂能提高土壤的p H值,促进甘蔗植株生长,增加甘蔗有效茎数,提高产量和含糖量。     

施用生化腐植酸肥和常规化肥对种植甘蔗生长的影响

研究生化腐植酸和常规化肥对作物生长的影响。分别施用生化腐植酸肥和常规化肥种植甘蔗,考察施用不同肥料对促进甘蔗生长的不同影响。与施用常规化肥相比,施用生化腐植酸肥种植甘蔗出苗率、有效茎、茎径、株高和产量有所提高,分别提高25.51%、2670株/hm²、40.45 mm、30.99 cm和38.25t/hm²;施用生化腐植酸种植甘蔗锤度提高3.3%;甘蔗叶片叶绿素含量提高69.58%;甘蔗叶片、茎中的可溶性蛋白、可溶性总糖含量均有提高。实验结果证明：施用生化腐植酸肥明显提高了甘蔗叶片和茎的己糖激酶、淀粉酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性。叶片蔗糖糖合成酶活性表现出施用生化腐植酸小于常规化肥,但蔗茎的蔗糖糖合成酶活性差异不大。生化腐植酸施用对甘蔗生长有促进作用,提高甘蔗产量和质量。因此,在作物栽培过程中,可以开发利用生化腐植酸肥料。     

CaO型土壤调理剂对蔗地pH调节效果及对甘蔗生长的影响

为了研究CaO型土壤调理剂施用量对酸化蔗地的调节效果及对甘蔗生长的影响,为合理使用土壤调理剂改良酸化蔗地土壤提供科学依据,在广西扶绥县常年连作的新植甘蔗地,设置CaO型土壤调理剂0(CK)、1500(A)、2250(B)和3000 kg/hm~2(C) 4个施用量水平,调查不同时期蔗地土壤pH和甘蔗株高、茎径及收获期产量性状。结果表明:与CK比较,A、B和C处理的蔗地土壤pH分别提高达到0.74、0.80和0.90,均达极显著差异水平;甘蔗施用CaO型土壤调理剂后,对株高、茎径有促进效应,特别是B处理在2019年7月17日、8月6日、9月18日和2020年1月12日的株高分别比对照提高了31.9、30.2、22.7和27.4cm,达到极显著差异水平;CaO型土壤调理剂对甘蔗蔗糖分和产量具有显著的促进效果,蔗糖分可增加0.51%～0.65%(绝对值),蔗茎产量增加达7.80～9.15t/hm~2。CaO型土壤调理剂能有效提高蔗地土壤pH,促进甘蔗生长,以2250 kg/hm~2施用量较适合。本研究试验结果为CaO型土壤调理剂在土壤酸化蔗区合理施用提供技术参考。     

赤红壤区氮钾肥用量对不同品系甘蔗生长的影响

确定赤红壤区不同品系甘蔗最佳氮钾肥用量,为甘蔗合理施肥提供参考。供试甘蔗品种为粤糖55号、桂糖32号和柳城05-136。按N和K2O不同施用水平配比(低水平375 kg/hm2、高水平450 kg/hm2)设置低氮低钾、低氮高钾、高氮低钾、高氮高钾各处理,研究不同处理对甘蔗生长、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不同处理对不同品系甘蔗的出苗及分蘖有显著影响;低氮低钾配比处理有利于粤糖55号增产;高氮高钾配比处理有利于桂糖32号增产;高钾水平处理有利于柳城05-136增产。低氮低钾配比处理下各品系甘蔗蔗茎中全氮、全磷的含量均高于其他处理,且差异显著。不同品系蔗茎中全钾含量在不同氮钾配比下表现有所差异,差异显著。在强酸性赤红壤区,不同品系甘蔗苗期、分蘖期应注意调整氮钾肥比例,以利于甘蔗生长。但在甘蔗生长后期,氮钾肥仅对甘蔗单茎重有显著影响,不是影响该地区产量的主要障碍因子。需对其他养分进行调节或改良土壤来增加其产量。     

生石灰、镁肥及硅肥不同施用量对甘蔗幼苗生长及重要生理指标的影响

利用桶栽试验,研究了酸性土壤施用不同量的生石灰（750、1500和3000kg／hm2）、镁肥（150、300和600kg／hm2）及硅肥（60、120和240kg／hm2）对甘蔗幼苗生长和重要生理指标的影响。结果表明,施用适量的生石灰、镁肥及硅肥,可提高酸性土壤甘蔗幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,增强甘蔗叶片光合作用能力,进而促进了甘蔗幼苗的生长。然而,过量施用生石灰（3000kg／hm2）、镁肥（600kg／hm0）及硅肥（240kg／hm2）会对甘蔗幼苗生长带来不利影响,其中,过量施用生石灰主要是抑制了甘蔗根系活力,过量施用镁肥主要是降低了叶片净光合速率,过量施用硅肥主要是降低了叶片叶绿素含量。因此,在施用生石灰、镁肥、硅肥时,应注意其施用量。     

基于RZWQM模型的石羊河流域春小麦灌溉制度优化

为探讨石羊河流域春小麦适宜灌水上限及不同生育期计划湿润层深度,在该地区开展田间试验。利用田间试验资料对RZWQM(root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,并应用模型模拟了灌水上限及不同生育阶段计划湿润层深度对春小麦籽粒产量、灌水量、籽粒灌溉水利用效率及灌水次数的影响。结果表明:不同灌水处理间产量差异较小,但所需灌水量有较大差异,存在节水空间;灌水上限对于灌水量的影响要远远大于对产量的影响,灌水上限的降低会增加灌水次数,从而提高小麦产量;适宜的计划湿润层深度可以保证灌溉水尽可能多的分布于根系吸收范围内,避免浪费,达到节水目的;试验证明,通过调控灌水上限和各生育期计划湿润层深度可以达到节水增产的目的。综合考虑各控制因素对产量、所需灌水量及籽粒灌溉水利用效率的影响,建议该地区春小麦灌溉制度为:灌水上限选择80%田间持水量,苗期计划湿润层深度为30 cm,拔节期计划湿润层深度为60 cm,抽穗期计划湿润层深度为50 cm,灌浆期计划湿润层深度为70 cm。     

Tillage and mulching effects on water use,root growth and yield of rainfed mustard and chickpea grown after lowland rice

Crops grown under rainfed conditions are prone to water stress, owing to rapid loss of soil moisture and development of mechanical impedance to root growth. The stress can be alleviated by enlarging rooting volume in the soil and/or by regulating the supply of soil moisture. This study reports the effects of zero, minimum and conventional tillage with and without rice straw mulch on conservation of soil moisture, root growth and yield of chickpea and mustard grown under rainfed conditions for three years (1990–91 to 1992–93) in a deep clayey soil (Typical Chromusterts). Minimum tillage, with or without straw, enhanced soil moisture conservation and moisture availability during crop growth. As a consequence, the root mass, yield components (plant stand, number of pods per plant and plant height) and grain yield increased. Availability of soil moisture during the crops growth period, maintained better plant water status. Zero tillage was superior to the other tillage practices for mustard. On the other hand, chickpea grain yield was statistically similar for zero tillage and minimum tillage. Straw mulch conserved more water in the soil profile during the early growth period compared to no mulch. Subsequent release of conserved soil water regulated proper plant water status, soil temperature, and lowered soil mechanical resistance, leading to better root growth and higher grain yield of both chick-pea and mustard in straw mulch than in no mulch plots. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

土壤水分条件对白肋烟产、质量的影响及白肋烟灌溉的土壤水分指标研究

本项研究采用田间和盆栽试验相结合的方法研究了土壤水分条件对白肋烟产、质量和化学成分的影响.结果表明,白肋烟各生育期土壤相对含水量的适宜指标分别为移栽-团棵为70%、团棵-打顶为81%、打顶-采收为76%;干旱指标分别为移栽-团棵为58%、团棵-打顶为71%、打顶-采收为69%.白肋烟成熟阶段需水量相对较多,成熟期土壤相对含水量对白肋烟的成熟速度和化学成分的协调性及评吸质量的影响最为明显,在适宜的土壤相对含水量以下的范围内,表现出随土壤相对含水量升高,成熟速度加快,烟碱含量明显下降,内在化学成分更为协调和评吸质量提高.适宜的土壤相对含水量能明显提高白肋烟产量、产值和等级比重.     

Shoot growth on de-fruited grapevines: a physiological indicator for irrigation scheduling

A simple and inexpensive but biologically meaningful way of gauging grapevine water status that can guide irrigation scheduling is described. The growth rate of shoots on grapevines from which all fruit has been removed (de-fruited shoot growth) is presented as a sensitive indicator of vine and soil water status and we propose a procedure for irrigation scheduling based on monitoring de-fruited shoot growth and soil moisture. These guidelines were derived from corresponding measurements of de-fruited shoot growth and soil moisture potential that were undertaken at frequent intervals (generally 1 to 2 days). De-fruited shoot growth rate between 48 and 71 days after anthesis was linearly correlated with the mean moisture potential of the soil at depths of 60 cm and 90 cm in the centre of the drip-irrigated zone (r = 0.94). De-fruited shoot growth effectively ceased when soil moisture potential at these points had decreased to -70 kPa, although much of the root zone would have been even drier. De-fruited shoot growth thus shows an integrated and dynamic response to vine-available soil water that could aid irrigation scheduling.     

双行凹型垄及覆盖措施对黔北烟区耕层土壤水分的影响

在黔北烟区平坦黄壤旱地和15°、25°黄壤旱坡地上,以单行垄地膜覆盖、团棵揭膜为对照,研究了双行凹型垄及其覆盖技术对10 cm和20 cm土层土壤水分的影响。结果表明:一般情况下,浅表层(垄表下10 cm)的含水率高于较深层次(垄表下20 cm),灌溉可以打破这一规律;双行凹型垄较单行垄能促进自然降水向垄体内补充水分,增加垄内土壤的含水率或降低土壤水势;在双行凹型垄上全生育期覆盖地膜,可抑制浅表层土壤水分的无效散失,保水效果明显;在双行凹型垄全生育期覆盖地膜的基础上,遇旱灌溉能提高耕层土壤含水率或降低土壤水势,进一步优化了土壤水分环境。     

Effect of sodium and magnesium fertilisers and irrigation on growth, composition and yield of sugar beet

Field experiments (1968–70) were made to find how sodium and magnesium fertilisers and irrigation affect yield of sugar beet. 0 and 250 kg/ha sodium (as agricultural salt) and 0 and 100 kg/ha magnesium (as kieserite) were tested; also no water and irrigation, to prevent the calculated soil moisture deficit from exceeding 40 mm. The plants contained most sodium during August when plants not given it contained 80 kg/ha and plants given it contained 145 kg/ha. Measured losses of sodium and potassium from the soil equalled the total taken up by the crop. Sodium and irrigation increased the leaf area index and total dry matter of the crop. The average increase in sugar yield was 0·5 t/ha from sodium and 0·68 t/ha from irrigation. From late July onwards, irrigated plants had slightly fewer leaves than unirrigated ones. Plants given sodium had more of their total dry matter in the roots than those not given sodium. The effects of sodium and irrigation were additive. Magnesium fertiliser increased the concentration of magnesium in the plants and their total content, but had no effect on growth, uptake of the other cations or final yield of the crop. It is concluded that sodium increased sugar yield by increasing the leaf area index early in the season and by increasing the proportion of the total dry matter partitioned to the roots; irrigation also appeared to act partly by increasing leaf area index but it also greatly increased the uptake of nutrients.     

甘蔗控释BB肥田间肥效试验初报

甘蔗控释BB肥是根据土壤中养分含量水平,按照甘蔗对养分的需求规律,采用专利技术研制而成。该肥料根据作物生长各时期对肥料的需求持续提供养分。使用控释BB肥可以明显提高肥料的利用率,有效避免肥料的流失浪费,大幅降低化肥对环境的污染,既保护了土壤、水体、空气环境,又提高了作物的产量和质量。同时,采用一次性施肥方法还节约了劳动...     

水钾互作对烤烟干物质积累的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了水钾互作对烤烟干物质积累的影响,以期为吉林省烤烟生产提出更好的栽培管理措施,指导烟叶生产实践。研究表明,在烤烟不同生育期,适当灌水量和钾肥配合可以提高烟叶的干物质积累量。在本试验条件下伸根期和成熟期保持土壤相对含水率在55%～65%之间,旺长期保持在75%～85%之间,施钾量保持在每公顷施K₂O 180 kg是比较好的组合。在伸根期和旺长期,烤烟根、茎和叶干重的变异主要是由水分引起的;而成熟期,烤烟根、茎和叶干重的变异则主要是由钾肥引起的。在不同生育期合理地控制土壤水分和钾肥用量,将可提高烟叶的产质量。      

The food security challenge of the food-land-water nexus in India

Two of the key factors that drive agricultural growth and food production in India are access to arable land and utilizable water resources. These are examined with particular reference to their regional variation in order to make an assessment of the magnitude of the food security challenge they pose for the country. Recent official estimates of groundwater exploitation in India are compared with actual negative physical, social and economic consequences of over-exploitation, as are evident in different regions, and their implications for national food security discussed. The analyses show that the real food security and water management challenge lies in the mismatch between water availability and agricultural water demand: high demands occur in water scarce but agriculturally prosperous regions and low demands in naturally water-abundant but agriculturally backward regions. Serious groundwater depletion problems, which occur in the naturally water-scarce but surplus food-producing regions, magnify the challenge. The small area of arable land per capita is a major reason for low agricultural water demand in regions that have abundant water. Sustainability of well irrigation in the naturally water-scarce regions, which is the backbone of India??s food security, could be achieved through judicious investment in surface water projects which encourage direct irrigation and replenishment of over-exploited aquifers. Other strategies include: pro rata pricing of electricity in the farm sector; volumetric pricing of water from public irrigation systems; improving the efficiency of utilization of green water or the rainwater held in the soil profile; preventing depletion of the residual soil moisture in the field after crop harvest by reducing the fallow period; and reducing the use of water through a shift to low water consuming crops     

广东蔗区土壤重金属元素的监测和评价

本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对广东蔗区有代表性区域的甘蔗种植土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni重金属含量进行监测,利用酸度计对土壤pH值进行监测,采用单因子指教法和多因子综合评价法评价重金属污染程度。结果表明：土壤以酸性为主,重金属的污染指数范围为0．078～1．3,其中As为1.3,受到轻度污染,Cd为0．94,处于警戒线;综合污染指数为1．1,说明广东蔗区土壤受到重金属轻度污染。