漆酶/组氨酸和漆酶/谷氨酸改善二次纤维性能的比较

本实验通过改变漆酶用量、反应时间、p H、介体用量等,比较经漆酶/组氨酸和漆酶/谷氨酸改性后二次纤维抗张指数和撕裂指数的变化。实验表明:漆酶/组氨酸处理OCC浆的最佳反应条件为:漆酶用量1U/g,反应时间8h,p H值4.5,组氨酸用量1%;漆酶/谷氨酸处理OCC浆的最佳反应条件为:漆酶用量1.5 U/g,反应时间8h,p H值5,谷氨酸用量2%。实验数据显示在最佳反应条件下漆酶/组氨酸比漆酶/谷氨酸处理的抗张指数高出10%,撕裂指数高出9%,并且漆酶/谷氨酸处理的比空白样的抗张指数提高21%,撕裂指数提高18%。从经济效益出发,漆酶/谷氨酸比漆酶/组氨酸更适合用来改善二次纤维的性能。     

改性漆酶/谷氨酸体系改善旧瓦楞纸浆物理性能的研究

基于L-苯丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐和二氧化硫脲分别对漆酶氨基酸残基末端的活性基团羧基(-COOH)和氨基(-NH2)进行改性,通过改变漆酶用量、谷氨酸用量、pH、反应温度和时间等研究改性漆酶/谷氨酸体系处理对OCC浆环压指数和抗张指数的影响。结果表明:L-苯丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐改性漆酶/谷氨酸体系处理OCC浆的最佳反应条件为:漆酶用量4%,谷氨酸用量2%,pH值7,温度30℃,反应时间3h;二氧化硫脲改性漆酶/谷氨酸体系处理OCC浆的最佳反应条件为:漆酶用量4%,谷氨酸用量1.5%,pH值7,温度40℃,反应时间3h;在最佳反应条件下,L-苯丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐改性漆酶/谷氨酸体系处理OCC浆与未改性漆酶/谷氨酸的相比环压指数提高16%,抗张指数提高20.7%;二氧化硫脲改性漆酶/谷氨酸体系处理的OCC浆与未改性漆酶/谷氨酸的相比环压指数提高11.5%,抗张指数提高12.8%。     

OCC浆生物和机械改性提高成纸强度研究

以国产OCC浆为原料,用漆酶处理纸浆来提高成纸强度,对漆酶处理国产OCC纸浆最佳工艺条件进行优化。优化后漆酶处理国产OCC纸浆最佳工艺条件为:漆酶用量为16U/g(相对绝干浆),浆浓度5%,温度50℃,pH=5.0,反应时间为90min。结果表明:与单独用漆酶处理相比,干抗张指数与湿抗张指数分别增加了6.88%、27.3%;同时发现,漆酶体系中加入组氨酸介体,可明显提高纸浆的强度性能;生物与机械共同处理纸浆能够更大幅度提高OCC浆的成纸强度。环境扫描电镜图发现:与对照样组相比,用漆酶-组氨酸处理的纤维表面上观察到更多的塌陷和更多的原纤维生成,这是导致形成更强的纤维结合力,提高成纸强度的原因。     

羧甲基壳聚糖协同漆酶预处理提升OCC浆回用性能的研究

针对废纸纸浆回用过程中白度差、成纸强度低等问题,探讨了羧甲基壳聚糖协同漆酶预处理下旧瓦楞纸(OCC)浆过氧化氢漂白浆的物理性能及光学性能变化。结果表明,漆酶与羧甲基壳聚糖共用可明显提高OCC浆性能。在漆酶用量10 U/g、羧甲基壳聚糖用量0.1%、预处理温度50℃、预处理时间60 min的工艺条件下,相较空白样而言其白度提高4.74%ISO,抗张指数、耐破指数分别提高12.56%和18.75%。纤维质量分析(FQA)显示浆料卷曲指数和细小纤维含量略有提高。原子吸收光谱(AAS)分析表明,预处理后浆料中Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Gu~(2+)含量去除率分别为26.67%、41.67%、28.07%。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,预处理后进行过氧化氢漂白的浆料纤维表面粗糙,纤维间排列紧密。预处理后酸不溶木素含量下降36.13%。     

不同造纸助剂对再生纸浆强度性能影响的研究

选用造纸工业常用的三种助剂阳离子淀粉、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺、漆酶/谷氨酸体系对再生纸浆进行处理，对其增强效果进行对比研究，处理的再生浆包括国产OCC浆和美废12#浆。实验结果表明，漆酶/谷氨酸体系对两种再生浆的强度性能提高效果最优，阳离子淀粉次之，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺最低。使用漆酶/谷氨酸体系处理时，国产OCC浆最佳的处理工艺条件为：漆酶1.0%、谷氨酸1.5%、温度50℃、反应时间90 min，抗张、撕裂、环压、耐破指数分别提高53.8%、38.6%、53.2%、50.0%；美废12#浆的处理工艺条件为：漆酶0.1%、谷氨酸0.2%、温度50℃、反应时间60 min，抗张、撕裂、环压、耐破指数分别提高33.1%、24.6%、17.6%、26.5%。     

漆酶/天冬氨酸生物体系处理改善旧瓦楞纸纤维性能

利用漆酶/天冬氨酸体系对旧瓦楞纸(OCC)进行纤维改性,以提高OCC再生纸的物理性质,降低或避免OCC回用过程中的性能衰减。实验结果表明,漆酶/天冬氨酸体系处理OCC能明显提高其性能,最佳处理条件为漆酶200 mg(活性2000 U/g)、天冬氨酸1%(相对于绝干浆)、p H 5、反应温度40℃、反应时间2 h。最佳处理条件下的改性OCC再生纸相比于空白样而言,其抗张指数、撕裂指数、耐破指数分别提高了127. 91%、40. 05%、19. 74%。漆酶/天冬氨酸改性后的纤维酸不溶木素的含量比空白样纤维的酸不溶木素的含量降低了48. 40%。傅里叶变换红外光谱结果显示改性后OCC纤维素的红外结晶度指数相比于处理前有所降低。     

漆酶和漆酶／介体处理提高未漂化学木浆湿强度的研究

研究了漆酶和漆酶/介体体系处理对未漂硫酸盐浆强度和白度的影响。结果表明,与空白样相比,漆酶处理可显著改善纸浆的湿抗张强度,但对干抗张强度和撕裂强度无明显影响,且纸浆白度有所降低。丁香酸甲酯(MS)是一种高效的介体,介体本身对纸张的强度和白度无影响,但与漆酶协同作用可使纸浆的湿抗张强度提高1倍以上。漆酶最佳用量为16U/g绝干浆;丁香酸甲酯的最佳用量为0.5%。高温干燥有助于提高纸张的再湿强度,在单独使用漆酶处理时更为重要。在单独漆酶处理过程中,通氧与通空气对提高湿抗张强度的效果无明显区别;而漆酶/介体体系处理中,通氧气可获得比通空气更高的湿强度指标。     

麦草浆的生物漂白

采用聚木糖酶和漆酶对麦草浆进行漂前生物预处理。聚木糖酶预处理的最佳条件为:p H值5.5,温度60℃,聚木糖酶用量6 IU/g,预处理时间75 min,搅拌速率80 r/min。漆酶催化脱木素的最佳条件为:p H值3.5,温度60℃,漆酶用量22.5 IU/g,介体用量1.5%,脱木素时间10 h,搅拌速率120r/min。聚木糖酶预处理可破坏木素-碳水化合物复合体的结构,降低纸浆中己烯糖醛酸含量。与无聚木糖酶预处理纸浆相比,聚木糖酶预处理纸浆卡伯值降低幅度较大,如X(聚木糖酶预处理)-L(漆酶催化脱木素)-E(碱性过氧化氢抽提)漂白浆的卡伯值较L-E漂白浆低7.2%,X-LM(漆酶/介体体系催化脱木素)-E漂白浆的卡伯值较LM-E漂白浆低24.8%。依次使用聚木糖酶和漆酶处理可有效提高纸浆生物漂白的效果。     

漆酶/木聚糖酶体系对OCC浆料改性的研究

用漆酶/木聚糖酶体系(LXS)对OCC浆料进行改性,以改善浆料强度;并探讨了酶改性后浆料强度与酶改性产生的自由基之间的关系,以及浆料强度提高的原因.结果表明:LXS对OCC浆料改性,能明显提高浆料强度.当酶用量10 IU/g时,与对照浆相比,抗张指数、环压指数和湿抗张指数分别提高了37.1%、23.2%和50.4%,其中湿抗张指数的提高更为显著.采用LXS改性时,产生的自由基浓度与纸浆强度成正比关系,即自由基浓度越大,纸浆强度越高.通过对LXS改性对纸浆自由基浓度、纤维结晶度、接触角和红外光谱影响的研究,从理论上解释了漆酶改性能提高浆料强度的原因.     

雪菜酶解过程中降解酶复配条件优化

为提高雪菜加工副产物的利用率,利用酶复配技术降解雪菜粗纤维及大颗粒物质,并对该工艺进行优化。试验结果表明,果胶酶、β-葡聚糖酶和纤维素酶复配能有效裂解雪菜细胞壁,有利于细胞内物质的溶出。经单因素和响应曲面优化,得出3种酶复配的最佳用量为果胶酶200 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶30 U/g、纤维素酶200 U/g。在45℃恒温处理36 h,大颗粒物质降解率为70.16%,粗纤维降解率可达66.67%,亚硝酸盐含量下降61.3%,还原糖含量比对照组高28.70倍。经复合酶处理能显著增加雪菜中游离氨基酸含量,尤其是天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸,在一定程度上改善了雪菜的风味。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.