不同饲养模式对青海藏羊肉食用品质和营养成分的影响

为了提高青海藏羊养殖效益,取3 种不同饲养模式（放牧组、放牧＋补饲组、全舍饲组）的藏羊肉,采用色差仪、酸度计、嫩度仪测定羊肉的色度、pH值和嫩度等食用品质指标,参照国家标准规定方法测定羊肉脂肪、蛋白质、水分等营养成分含量以及重金属、抗生素、农兽药等有害物质残留量。结果表明：3 种饲养模式的羊肉在蒸煮损失方面存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,全舍饲组羊肉的蒸煮损失率显著低于其他两组,3 种饲养模式的羊肉失水率和剪切力不存在显著差异;全舍饲组羊肉的脂肪含量显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）,而水分含量则差异不显著,3 组羊肉的蛋白质含量不存在显著差异;3 种饲养模式羊肉的饱和脂肪酸含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,不饱和脂肪酸含量无显著差异;只有放牧＋补饲组的羊肉检出铅含量为0.022 mg/kg,3 种饲养模式下的羊肉均未检出其他有害物质。全舍饲组藏羊肉的加工性能较好,而放牧组藏羊肉的蛋白质含量更高,在生产中应考虑其不同用途从而选择不同饲养模式。     

新疆褐牛不同部位分割肉块品质差异研究

为了研究育肥新疆褐牛不同部位分割肉块品质的差异,实验选取了11头育肥新疆褐牛,对其肩肉、辣椒条等10个部位肉进行了营养指标和理化指标的测定。结果显示,不同部位分割肉块间的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、水分含量、蒸煮损失、剪切力、p H和肉色L*、b*值均存在差异;肩肉和臀肉的脂肪含量仅次于高档部位肉,但与高档部位肉存在显著差异(p<0.05);除大黄瓜条和小黄瓜条外,其余部位肉剪切力均低于4.39kg。可见,育肥新疆褐牛的肉质因部位不同而有所差异,且总体较嫩,为今后各部位的加工利用和品质改进提供依据。     

蒸煮时间对羊肉嫩度及其营养组分的影响

通过对羊肉剪切力值、水分含量、脂肪含量以及蛋白质含量的测定,研究了不同蒸煮时间对羊肉嫩度及营养组分的影响。结果表明:随着蒸煮时间的延长,羊肉的剪切力值先升高后下降(p0.05),蒸煮0.5 h时,剪切力达到最大值;羊肉的水分含量随着蒸煮时间的增加先下降后升高(p0.05),至蒸煮1 h时,水分含量达到最低值;蒸煮1~4 h这个时间段,羊肉中的水分含量出现了显著回升(p0.05);蒸煮超过4 h后,羊肉中的水分含量又出现了下降,但不显著(p0.05);羊肉蛋白质含量的变化趋势恰与水分含量相反,羊肉蛋白质含量的变化与水分含量的变化呈显著负相关(p0.05);羊肉脂肪含量随蒸煮时间的增加变化不显著(p0.05)。试验结果说明,蒸煮过程中羊肉蛋白质的热变性和凝胶化程度对羊肉的嫩度、水分含量和蛋白含量具有显著影响(p0.05)。     

半干牛肉制品新工艺对产品嫩度影响的研究

本实验以半干牛肉制品为研究对象,比较了两种加工工艺对产品嫩度的影响。结果表明新工艺保持了较高的水分含量和 ｐＨ值,肌节长度增加,羟脯氨酸含量降低,剪切力值（ＷＢ值）评分低于传统工艺组而嫩度口感评分高于传统工艺,在提高半干牛肉制品嫩度方面明显优于传统工艺。     

贮藏温度对马肉不同部位嫩度变化的影响

研究不同贮藏温度对马肉不同部位嫩度变化的影响。将宰后马肉的臀肌、肩肌和背最长肌在15、4、-18℃3种不同的温度条件下贮藏24h后,分析测定其水分、脂肪、胶原蛋白和剪切力等指标的变化情况,并对上述指标进行相关性分析。结果显示:臀肌和肩肌的剪切力值均与水分含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),臀肌的剪切力值与胶原蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。肩肌剪切力值与总胶原蛋白含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈负相关。背最长肌剪切力值与总胶原蛋白含量呈负相关,与不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。在15、4、-18℃下,3个部位的剪切力值与蒸煮损失呈负相关,与脂肪含量、系水力呈正相关。肩肌和背最长肌的剪切力值与pH呈负相关,而臀肌相反。15、4、-18℃下马肉3个部位肌肉的各项指标不能统一达到相对最佳点。     

性别对猪肉品质特性的影响

以去势公猪和母猪的背最长肌为材料,测定其理化指标,研究性别对猪肉品质特性的影响。结果表明：性别对猪肉的品质特性有明显影响。与母猪背最长肌的水分含量（75.16%）相比,去势公猪背最长肌的水分含量（74.40%）偏低;而去势公猪背最长肌的脂肪含量是母猪的2.5 倍左右;宰后pH24 值为5.85,相对母猪肉pH24 5.66较高;保水性较好;但其红度值为0.52,相对母猪肉红度值0.92较小;蒸煮损失为24.05%,相对母猪肉蒸煮损失21.76%较大;嫩度较差,去势公猪肉剪切力为5.10 kg,而母猪肉剪切力为3.79 kg。综合各项指标得出,去势公猪肉较宜于加工优质生鲜肉产品,但应注意改善产品的色泽和嫩度;而母猪肉由于在蒸煮损失和嫩度方面占优,较宜于加工灌肠等肉制品。     

云南牛干巴肉质特性与食用品质相关性分析

从思茅江城、昭通大关、大理巍山和昆明寻甸地区各取6 份牛干巴,研究各地不同制作工艺小黄牛 牛干巴的肉质特性与食用品质间的相关性。结果表明：牛干巴样品的pH值在5.41～5.88之间,氯化钠含量为 2.25%～3.47%,亚硝酸盐含量低于我国国家标准和地方标准;牛干巴的亮度值（L*）和嫩度、嗅闻香气、嚼碎 易度、肉腥味、食欲、滋味、总体可接受性均呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;黄度值（b*）和色泽呈极显著正相关 （r=0.991,P＜0.01）;挥发性盐基氮含量和嫩度、嗅闻香气呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,和食欲、总体可接受性呈 极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,相关系数分别为－0.994和－0.998;剪切力和嫩度、嗅闻香气、嚼碎易度、食欲、滋 味、总体可接受性呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）;脂肪含量和嚼碎易度、滋味呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;pH值、水分 含量、粗蛋白含量、灰分含量、亚硝酸盐含量、氯化钠含量和食用品质的相关性不显著（P＞0.05）;巍山牛干巴 的L*、b*最低,挥发性盐基氮含量、剪切力最高,嚼碎易度、嫩度、咀嚼香气、滋味及总体可接受性最低;江城牛 干巴的L*、b*最高,挥发性盐基氮含量、剪切力最低,各项指标的感官评价最好。挥发性盐基氮含量、L*、b*、剪 切力及脂肪含量可以作为评价牛干巴食用品质的关键指标。     

碳酸钠在嫩化型风干牛肉中的应用效果研究

为了探究碳酸钠注射对风干牛肉嫩化效果及品质的影响,实验分别测定了不同浓度碳酸钠(0、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 mol/L)注射处理风干牛肉的pH值、剪切力、水分含量、水分活度、出品率和感官品质。结果表明,随着碳酸钠浓度的升高,风干牛肉的pH值、水分含量、水分活度和出品率显著增加(p0.05),剪切力下降,嫩度增加;但是,当碳酸钠浓度超过0.35 mol/L,风干牛肉的感观品质会明显变差,咀嚼性降低,且有一定程度的碱味。结合相关性分析可得,pH值与风干牛肉的嫩度、水分含量、水分活度、出品率等呈现极显著的正相关关系(P 0.01),说明碳酸钠注射对牛肉嫩度的影响主要与肉中pH值变化有关。实验证明,碳酸钠注射处理可以有效改善风干牛肉食用品质,浓度为0.35 mol/L时,效果最好,在此条件下,风干牛肉的剪切力可降低33.67%,出品率提高12.05%,为45.12%;pH值的改变是碳酸钠注射对牛肉嫩度及品质改善的主要原因。     

牛肉嫩度的色差值预测模型研究

为了更快捷地甄选高品质牛肉,通过测定排酸24~48h育肥公牛和淘汰母牛部位肉的色差,探索用牛肉颜色预测牛肉嫩度的方法。实验表明,公牛和母牛的肉色及嫩度差异显著(p<0.05)。公牛和母牛以及公牛前、中、后躯的预测模型均显著(p<0.05)。各模型经过24个部位肉验证,所得剪切力值与实测值差异不显著(p<0.05),说明各模型在嫩度预测上具有较高的参考价值。     

碳酸氢钠对水煮牛肉片加工和冷藏性能的影响

研究碳酸氢钠对水煮牛肉片加工和冷藏性能的影响。添加碳酸氢钠(0.2%～0.8%)对牛肉片进行腌制,熟制后在4℃条件下分别冷藏0、2、4、6、8 d,测定水煮牛肉片在加工和冷藏期间蒸煮得率、色泽、pH值、剪切力、水分含量和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值的变化。结果表明：碳酸氢钠显著提高水煮牛肉片的蒸煮得率、pH值和水分含量(P<0.05),显著降低剪切力和红度值(a^*)(P<0.05);在冷藏期间,所有样品的水分含量均降低,亮度值和a^*减小,黄度值升高;但碳酸氢钠能抑制脂肪氧化,且随着添加量的增加,抑制效果显著提升,同时,碳酸氢钠对抑制水煮牛肉片a^*的下降有显著作用,添加碳酸氢钠水煮牛肉片的a*均大于对照组。因此,碳酸氢钠能提高水煮牛肉片的保水性、嫩度和抗氧化性。     

Effect of Sodium Salts and Added Water on Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Dark Turkey Meat Subjected to Long-term Frozen Storage

Patties from a Control (100% meat), Treatment I (meat, 1.1% water, 1.0% NaCl and 0.5% STP) and Treatment II (meat, 11.1% water, 1.0% NaCl and 0.5% STP) were frozen for 0 to 52 wk, broiled, and analyzed. Yield, moisture, expressible moisture, tenderness, and juiciness of both Treatments were improved compared to the Control. TBA values of Treatment II were greater than that of the Control. The force needed to penetrate top surface of patties (FI) from Control and Treatment I was similar and greater than that of patties from Treatment II. The force needed to penetrate bottom surfaces of patties (F2) differed across formulation. Storage adversely affected moisture content of Control along with F2 and TBA values of all formulations. Juiciness was negatively correlated with moisture.     

Meat quality of "Galician Mountain" foals breed. Effect of sex, slaughter age and livestock production system

The effects of sex, slaughter age (9 vs. 12 months) and livestock production system (freedom extensive system (FES) vs. semi extensive system (SES)) of "Galician Mountain" foals breed on meat quality from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were investigated. Forty-two foals had been used for this study, 19 (11 females and 8 males) were reared in a semi extensive system and weaned three months prior to slaughtering (8 and 11 were slaughtered at 9 and 12 months, respectively) while the other 23 (11 females and 12 males) were reared together with its mothers in a system in freedom and were slaughtered at the age of 9 months. The obtained results showed that there were no significant differences between the sexes and the slaughter age whereas the livestock production system was a significant variation source on intramuscular fat content and meat tenderness because SES foals showed 51.6% more of IMF and the improved meat tenderness achieved a shear force of <3 kg. In general, the meat from foals of the study at hand showed very lean meat (<0.3% in IMF) with a high protein content (>20.5%) and heme-iron (1.62 mg/100g meat) comparable to veal meat. Furthermore, the meat samples showed a higher luminosity (L*>40), a very good water holding capacity, measured by cooking losses (<18.3%), and a tenderness less than 4 kg. Thus, it can be classified as "very tender" meat.     

蒸制时间对牦牛肉品质影响的模型构建与分析

以蒸制牦牛肉为研究对象,将初始条件一致的牦牛肉在相同温度(100℃)条件下分别蒸制40、60、80、100、120 min,之后对不同蒸制时间下的牛肉嫩度、保水性、p H、色泽、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、水分含量等品质指标进行测定,同时利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法结合感官评定构建蒸制牦牛肉的品质评价模型并结合模糊数学法对感官评分进行综合比较。结果表明:牦牛肉色泽、嫩度、保水性受蒸制时间影响变化较显著(p0.05),蒸制60 min较适于传统牦牛肉蒸制工艺,在此条件下的牛肉剪切力为5.33 kg,色彩值为12.15,WHC为91.45%,均为最佳,其蛋白质含量为37.01%,脂肪含量为3.71%,水分含量为57.80%,均较正常。运用PCA法所建模型的第一、二主成分特征根均大于1,累计贡献率达到86.469%,可以较好地反映蒸制牛肉品质指标构成的原始信息。该模型判断出不同蒸制时间的蒸制牛肉品质优劣顺序为:60 min80 min40 min100 min120 min,与模糊数学感官评分结果呈极显著正相关(p0.01),进一步证实了此模型的客观可靠性。     

The effects of breed,sex, intramuscular fat and ultimate pH on pork tenderness

A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of breed and sex of animals on tenderness of pork. For evaluation, carcasses of pure breed barrows and gilts of Large White, Czech pig meat, Landrace and Duroc were used. For laboratory investigations, the samples of musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (20 mm thick) were taken from the same place, at the first cruciate vertebra 48 h post mortem. Seven days post mortem, the texture of heat-processed meat was measured objectively by the shear method on Instron equipped with Warner–Bratzler shear device. Meat tenderness and juiciness were also evaluated sensorially. It was observed that the tenderness of cooked meat is influenced by breed (the tenderest meat was from Duroc breed). The sex of animals has significant effect on meat tenderness too. At the same time, the effects of pH 45 minutes (pH₄₅) and 24 hours (pH₂₄) post mortem and intramuscular fat content on meat tenderness were evaluated. Correlations were found between shear force (tenderness) and intramuscular fat content and also between shear force and pH value 45 min post mortem. The shear force decreased with increasing intramuscular fat content and with increasing pH₄₅ value. Sensory evaluation of tenderness confirmed the objectively measured data.     

Physical and sensory characteristics of Najdi-camel meat

Steaks were fabricated from three wholesale cuts: rib, chuck and leg of 18 Najdi male camels averaging eight, 16 and 26 months of age. The influence of age, type of cut, freezing and cooking method on the physical and palatability traits of meat has been investigated. The results indicated that age had a significant influence on cooking loss and shear value, but there was no significant effect on drip loss, expressible moisture and organoleptic properties (tenderness, juiciness and flavour). However, steaks from younger camels were more acceptable. The results also showed that wholesale cut significantly affects cooking loss, shear force value, tenderness, juiciness and flavour, but the effect on drip loss and expressible moisture was not significant. Generally, the ribeye steak had the lowest cooking loss and shear value, also the highest organoleptic scores. Except for cooking loss, freezing and cooking method had no significant effect on shear value and organoletic properties. The acceptability of camburger was also studied. Added fat resulted in higher cooking loss, but the sensory panel ratings were not significantly affected.     

南阳黄牛不同部位肉品质特性差异分析

为探究南阳黄牛不同部位肉品质特性及加工适应性的差异，以24 月龄南阳黄牛的牛腩、牛腱、黄瓜条、肩肉和臀肉5 个部位为研究对象，分别从营养品质、pH值、剪切力、凝胶和乳化特性等方面进行分析。结果表明：相较于其他部位，肩肉水分含量（77.14%）最高，凝胶弹性最差，但pH值（5.82）最高，凝胶保水性（60.48%）最好，适宜肉糜类和烧烤类产品的开发；臀肉pH值（5.66）最低，解冻损失率（18.64%）最大，乳化稳定性（48.13%）最好，适合加工肉糜类产品；而牛腩硬度、咀嚼性、剪切力最高，嫩度较差，乳化稳定性（37.99%）最差，蒸煮损失率（34.88%）最大，但解冻损失较低，适合加工冷冻贮藏类和烧烤类产品；黄瓜条具有蛋白质含量（20.01%）较高，脂肪含量（0.71%）低的特点，且肉色鲜亮，蒸煮损失较小，适合加工蒸煮类产品；牛腱解冻损失率（6.55%）和蒸煮损失率（28.60%）最小，适合加工酱卤类产品。     

延边黄牛胴体质量等级的完善及不同等级肉质比较

对延边黄牛胴体质量等级进行完善,为胴体等级标准的建立提供前提条件,并比较不同等级延边黄牛肉肉质差异.结果表明:不同质量等级延边黄牛肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量各组间均无显著差异,粗脂肪含量差异显著(P<0.05).不同质量等级延边黄牛肉中失水率、系水率、熟肉率、剪切力差异显著(P<0.05).牛肉质量等级越高,熟肉率和系水率越高,嫩度越好.     

乳酸嫩化牦牛肉的工艺优化

为改善牦牛肉的嫩度,以酱卤牦牛肉为加工对象,以嫩化后牦牛肉的蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH值和感官评分为评价指标,探究乳酸浓度、乳酸注射量及静置时间对牦牛肉嫩度的影响,并以剪切力为测定指标,通过L9（33）正交试验对乳酸嫩化牦牛肉的工艺组合进行研究。结果表明：乳酸注射浓度为0.3 mol/L、注射量为肉质量的10%、静置12 h为乳酸嫩化牦牛肉的最佳组合工艺条件,此时牦牛肉的蒸煮损失为35.40%,剪切力为16.25 kg,pH值为5.49,感官评分为62.48 分。     

阿拉善双峰骆驼肉品质分析

通过二因子多水平重复试验对阿拉善双峰骆驼肉不同性别(公、母)和不同部位(股二头肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌)肉品质进行了测定分析。结果表明,阿拉善双峰驼肉除嫩度稍差外,pH值适中、肉色鲜红、大理石纹分布均匀、系水力和熟肉率较高,具有高水分、高蛋白、低脂肪的特点,是人类较理想的动物性食品。不同性别驼肉除母驼肌肉中水分含量显著高于公驼外(P<0.05),其他均无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同部位驼肉除大理石纹、剪切力、水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量在不同部位间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)或显著差异(P<0.05)外,其他均无显著差异(P>0.05)。