γ-聚谷氨酸提取的发酵液预处理及分离纯化工艺

为进一步提高γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-polyglutamic acid,缩写γ-PGA)成品质量和提取效率,采用活性炭脱色和硅藻土吸附-抽滤替代离心的预处理方法,有效地实现了菌液分离以及色素和杂蛋白的去除。发酵液中加入硅藻土和活性炭的最适用量分别为20g/L和0.5g/L,粗细硅藻土的最佳配比为1.5:1,抽滤的最佳pH条件为pH3.0～3.2。预处理后的发酵液依次经过超滤浓缩和醇析的纯化过程,最终真空干燥得到氢型或钠盐型的γ-PGA成品,总收率达90.6%,产品为白色无定型粉末,质量指标已达到化妆品级的要求。     

甲醇-乙醇分步沉淀法提取γ-聚谷氨酸

采用非单一有机溶剂即甲醇-乙醇分步沉淀法从发酵液中提取聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA),通过响应面法对聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)提取条件进行优化。在初步考察单因素影响的基础上,以BBD(Box-Behnken design)法设计考察有机溶剂沉淀倍数、沉淀pH、沉淀时间3个因素对γ-PGA提取纯度的交互影响,用Design-Expert v8.0.6.1软件对BBD实验数据进行分析处理。试验得到的最佳提取条件为:有机溶剂沉淀倍数为3.48、沉淀pH为8.13、沉淀7.30 h,γ-PGA提取纯度为75.16%,提取率83.77%,预测精准度达99.02%。     

从植物乳杆菌全细胞转化液中分离纯化γ-氨基丁酸的工艺研究

前期筛选获得1株高效转化L-谷氨酸为γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)GB01-21,该菌以浓度200 g/L的L-谷氨酸为底物,发酵20 h左右,能以99%的摩尔转化率生产γ-氨基丁酸,产物γ-氨基丁酸的终浓度可达140 g/L左右。从全细胞转化液中分离纯化γ-氨基丁酸,着重对脱色工艺进行了研究,考察了温度、时间、pH和活性炭添加量对脱色效果的影响。通过单因素实验的基础上的正交实验分析,确定了脱色最佳工艺条件为粉末活性炭(150～200目)用量为1.5%,脱色温度70℃,pH值4.0,脱色时间40 min,γ-氨基丁酸转化液的脱色率高达98.42%,γ-氨基丁酸的保留率可达97.23%。随后对γ-氨基丁酸转化液进行初步分离纯化,最终测得γ-氨基丁酸的回收率89.4%,纯度为96.7%。     

混合糖浆的γ-聚谷氨酸和壳聚糖协同絮凝脱色工艺研究

采用壳聚糖和γ-聚谷氨酸这两种絮凝剂协同对含有多种单糖的混合糖浆进行脱色研究,并采用正交试验设计对工艺进行优化。试验结果显示,此种脱色法除了对赤砂糖回溶糖浆脱色效果显著,对于本试验室研制的混合糖浆的脱色作用也良好。优化出的最佳脱色条件为:在100m L 25°Bx混合糖浆中,壳聚糖溶液0.25g/L、p H 4.5、脱色温度30℃、脱色6min、γ-聚谷氨酸溶液0.07g/L时,得到脱色率为65%。     

混合糖浆的γ-聚谷氨酸和壳聚糖协同絮凝脱色工艺研究

采用壳聚糖和γ-聚谷氨酸这两种絮凝剂协同对含有多种单糖的混合糖浆进行脱色研究,并采用正交试验设计对工艺进行优化。试验结果显示,此种脱色法除了对赤砂糖回溶糖浆脱色效果显著,对于本试验室研制的混合糖浆的脱色作用也良好。优化出的最佳脱色条件为:在100m L 25°Bx混合糖浆中,壳聚糖溶液0.25g/L、p H 4.5、脱色温度30℃、脱色6min、γ-聚谷氨酸溶液0.07g/L时,得到脱色率为65%。     

外源氧载体和前体L-谷氨酸添加策略提高Bacillus subtilis HB-1发酵产γ-聚谷氨酸

为了提高外源L-谷氨酸依赖性菌株枯草芽孢杆菌HB-1产γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的能力,采用添加氧载体和前体L-谷氨酸的策略,研究其对菌体生长和γ-PGA产量的影响。摇瓶单因素结果表明,最佳氧载体为聚二甲氧基硅烷(PDMS),在原始培养基中添加体积分数为10%的PDMS,菌体OD600提高了3～5倍;前体L-谷氨酸的最适添加时间为18 h,最适添加质量浓度为10 g/L。在3 L发酵罐扩大培养后,γ-PGA产量提高到45 g/L;在发酵30 h流加碳源和前体L-谷氨酸,γ-PGA质量浓度达到52 g/L。发酵产物经红外,氨基酸分析仪等证实其为多肽类化合物,相对分子质量高达1 000万。     

γ-聚谷氨酸钠对面包酵母的抗冻作用及其机理

γ-聚谷氨酸钠(γ-PGA钠)是由γ-聚谷氨酸与钠离子结合而成的水溶性物质,可以食用,无色无味。γ-PGA钠作为面包酵母抗冻剂,具有较强的实用性。在0.03～0.40℃/min的冷冻速率、-7～-60℃的冻藏温度条件下,探讨了γ-PGA钠对面包酵母的抗冻作用及其机理。实验结果表明,酵母细胞存活率在冻藏初期逐渐下降,6d后趋于稳定。γ-PGA钠对酵母的抗冻作用明显高于葡萄糖和谷氨酸。γ-PGA钠抑制了冷冻和冷藏过程中大冰晶的产生、以及冰晶的重结晶。在冷冻速率大于0.27℃/min、冻藏温度低于-30℃、冻藏时间6d的条件下,添加1%的γ-PGA钠使酵母细胞存活率从无γ-PGA钠时的36.5%上升到67.5%。γ-PGA钠、葡萄糖和谷氨酸的抗冻活性分别为2.48、2.03和1.42。细胞存活率(η,%)随抗冻活性(Aa,-)的增加呈线性上升。γ-PGA钠具有较大抗冻活性的机理是,γ-PGA钠的解离度较大,并且Na+能够固定较多的水分子。     

产γ-PGA菌种选育及固态培养条件的优化

从纳豆中分离筛选一株产γ-PGA菌株SK-1,以大豆为培养基固态发酵生产γ-聚谷氨酸,紫外、红外光谱扫描所提产物,结果与对照标准品图谱基本一致。通过正交试验对固体培养条件进行优化,得到γ-PGA固态发酵最佳条件:温度35℃,时间24h,装填量50g/250mL,接种量5%.产物提取条件试验表明:添加不同比例乙醇对γ-PGA产量基本无影响,提取时无需调节浸提液pH。     

pH值对聚谷氨酸发酵液粘度及聚合物结构的影响

生产中聚谷氨酸的发酵液非常黏稠(粘度达1.71Pa.s),这使除菌体提取聚谷氨酸非常困难。通过加酸或碱调节发酵液pH<5或pH>8可明显降低发酵液的粘度(其中pH3.5时粘度仅为pH6.5时的1/50左右)。将pH3.5的发酵液离心除菌(10 000×g,10 min)后超滤浓缩(滤膜孔径0.45μm,平均压力0.08 Mpa)1倍,再加入95%乙醇提取-γPGA,与pH中性时相比,可减少50%以上的能量消耗及40%的溶剂,但聚谷氨酸损失约10%。加酸或加碱处理可使发酵液中-γPGA的分子结构发生改变,分子质量降低,这对生产高分子质量的聚谷氨酸不利,但对生产低分子质量产物是适宜的。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵生产聚-γ-谷氨酸的条件优化

为提高聚-γ-谷氨酸(poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA)产量,降低其生产成本,利用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),采用单因素试验及正交试验优化法,探究培养基组分及发酵条件对γ-PGA发酵产量的影响。结果表明:最佳培养基组成和培养条件为:蔗糖5%,谷氨酸钠6%,氯化铵0.3%,磷酸氢二钾2%,磷酸二氢钾0.1%,硫酸锰0.003%,p H 7.0,接种量为3%,发酵温度33℃,发酵时间48 h。与未优化前γ-PGA产量(15.8 g/L)相比,经优化后的产量达20.8 g/L,提高了31.65%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.