热水抽提纯化纤维素纸浆

在直流式反应器中对纸浆进行热水抽提是一种纯化造纸用纸浆的方法,采用这种方法可将未漂硫酸盐桦木浆中约50%～80%的聚木糖和50%的木素抽提出来,纤维素得率未受影响;若用于溶解浆生产,抽提后纸浆中残余聚木糖含量依然过高,但某些聚木糖含量在5%~7%的纸浆仍可用于生产人造丝级溶解浆。提高抽提温度可降低聚木糖含量,但会导致纤维素得率降低。在给定聚木糖含量的条件下,提高抽提温度会使纤维素聚合度升高。此外,还可以定量回收以低聚木糖形式存在的聚木糖。     

桉木木片提取聚木糖后的制浆及漂白性能

桉木木片在硫酸盐法制浆前经自水解(也称高温水预水解,简称预水解)处理可以除去原料中的聚木糖类物质.文章探讨了工厂预水解后再经硫酸盐法蒸煮所得浆料的性能.当预水解温度165℃、保温60 min时,聚木糖的去除率为61％;预水解的浆料经硫酸盐法蒸煮后纸浆得率比未经预水解的参比浆样低9.4个百分点;未经预水解处理的硫酸盐浆(参比浆样)的氧脱木素效率为43.6％,而经预水解后所得的硫酸盐浆氧脱木素效率升至75％,预水解处理不仅使后续ECF漂白成本降低了36％,同时还提高了漂白段废水的质量.相比于参比浆样,经预水解后所得的硫酸盐浆松厚度高,但打浆性能、强度性能及聚木糖含量降低.桉木木片中的纤维素和聚木糖经预水解后在硫酸盐蒸煮过程中的稳定性降低,这是由于其分子质量较低和分散性高所致.与常规硫酸盐浆相比,经预水解后的硫酸盐浆中的聚木糖-木素及纤维素-木素复合体中木素的分子质量更高.     

响应面法优化大豆秸秆乙醇预处理条件

用秸秆等木质纤维素原料制备生物质燃料(乙醇)时,预处理是重要的一个步骤。与其他预处理方法相比,乙醇预处理后抽出组分纯度高,预处理液更易回收。因此,采用响应面法对大豆秸秆乙醇预处理过程中的预处理条件进行了优化。首先,在单因素实验的基础上找出中心点,通过中心组合条件运用响应面法优化得到了大豆秸秆乙醇预处理最佳条件：保温温度170℃,保温时间90 min,乙醇体积分数50%。经软件Minitab17分析,保温温度对大豆秸秆预处理得率和还原糖得率影响最为显著。对预处理后固料进行成分分析发现,乙醇预处理主要脱除大豆秸秆中的半纤维素和木素。在最佳预处理条件下,大豆秸秆中木素脱除率为61.95%,半纤维素脱除率为82.85%。     

大豆秸秆乙醇预处理脱木素动力学研究

在保温温度170℃、保温时间90 min、乙醇浓度50%的条件下对大豆秸秆进行乙醇预处理,并对预处理后大豆秸秆进行成分分析,发现乙醇预处理主要脱除了大豆秸秆中的半纤维素和木素(脱除率分别为82.9%和62.0%)。动力学研究发现,乙醇预处理脱木素反应为一级反应,脱木素过程由大量脱木素段和补充脱木素段组成,且预处理反应进入补充脱木素段的温度要高于160℃。在保温温度为170℃时,大量脱木素段和补充脱木素段的木素脱除率分别为87.9%和12.1%。大量脱木素段主要脱除的是小分子木素(相对分子质量为9101);而补充脱木素段脱除的木素的相对分子质量较大,达到12961。对比2个阶段的木素脱除速率发现,大量脱木素段的脱除速率(k大=4×10-4 s-1)高于补充脱木素段(k补=4×10-5 s-1),说明大量脱木素段木素脱除速率较快。     

蓝桉的乙醇—水制浆动力学和浆的性能

蓝桉的乙醇-水(体积比为1:1)制浆法已分别在165、175和180℃的温度下进行过研究。所得浆未经过催化系统和预处理,仅为单段操作。浆得率在60%以上;浆的木素含量为10%,相当于除去木材中约70%的木素。 该动力学是以大多数制浆过程和脱木素反应为依据。在175℃时其制浆速率常数为     

乙酸强化水热预水解对相思木半纤维素溶出及组分与结构的影响

在170℃下,分别采用水热预水解法和1.0%（质量分数）乙酸强化水热预水解法抽提相思木,通过乙醇沉淀法回收预水解液中的半纤维素,分析了乙酸对预水解液中溶解半纤维素的化学组分及含量、乙醇沉淀半纤维素回收率及其组分和结构的影响。结果表明,乙酸可显著提高预水解液中低聚糖和总糖含量;在170℃下预处理35 min时,乙醇沉淀半纤维素回收率最大;离子色谱和紫外光谱分析结果表明,乙酸强化水热预水解乙醇沉淀半纤维素的化学组分与水热预水解乙醇沉淀半纤维素相同,但木糖和木素含量较高,而阿拉伯糖和半乳糖含量偏低;凝胶色谱分析结果表明,乙酸强化水热预水解乙醇沉淀半纤维素平均分子质量低于水热预水解乙醇沉淀半纤维素;核磁共振分析结果表明,乙酸强化水热预水解乙醇沉淀半纤维素聚木糖主链上残留阿拉伯糖支链较少,有明显木素 碳水化合物复合体（LCC）存在。     

纸浆中树脂含量的测定

采用丙酮为抽提溶剂,以索式抽提法抽提纸浆中的树脂,通过正交实验,确定最佳条件,以优化的抽提时间和温度来测定纸浆中树脂含量.抽提的最佳条件为:温度(70±2)℃,时间3 h.丙酮抽提法操作简便,测量准确,测量重现性好.     

硫酸盐桉木浆蒸煮卡伯值对氧脱木素效果的影响

提高纸浆总得率的传统方法是提高纸浆蒸煮卡伯值,并在氧脱木素和漂白段增加木素的脱除,由此降低漂白成本。但是对硫酸盐针叶木浆,在氧脱木素段延长氧脱木素时间也很难达到木素脱除率60%～65%的程度。本研究旨在阐明提高硫酸盐桉木浆蒸煮卡伯值对蒸煮得率、纸浆黏度以及氧脱木素效果的影响;为增强对氧脱木素机理的认识,分析了蒸煮后和氧脱木素后纸浆卡伯值的组成,探讨了提高工艺选择性的途径。研究结果表明,蒸煮卡伯值为22时,比蒸煮卡伯值为17的纸浆的总得率提高1.5个百分点,且无木素纸浆得率和无筛渣纸浆得率达到最大值。在本实验的卡伯值范围内,纸浆得率的损失归因于纤维素,而非半纤维素。为降低纸浆卡伯值而强化氧脱木素在一定程度上降低了纸浆得率。     

不同生长期绿洲一号和巨菌草制浆性能探讨

采用超声辅助预处理及蒸煮对1年、2年和3年不同生长期的绿洲一号及巨菌草的制浆性能进行了评价。结果表明,在相同制浆工艺条件下(超声波预处理用碱量4%,硫化度2%,超声时间2 h;蒸煮用碱量6%,硫化度0,固液比1∶4,最高温度170℃,保温时间1 h),3年生巨菌草较适合作为制浆原料,其制浆的粗浆得率49.3%,卡伯值14.5,纸浆黏度850.63 mL/g,白度39.3%。超声波预处理液中木素含量4.3 g/L,还原糖含量2.9 g/L,蒸煮黑液中木素含量2.9 g/L,还原糖含量5.7 g/L。抄造纸张抗张指数56.4 N·m/g,撕裂指数20.5 mN·m~2/g,耐破指数2.35 kPa·m~2/g。     

氯化后纸浆的快速碱抽

来自氯化塔的纸浆,用氢氧化物作两段逆流置换抽提,可除去常规第一碱抽段的抽出木素的94％。每次的置换抽提时间短至1.7秒。洗涤效率的改进大大超过补尝碱抽效率的轻微损失。生产规模试验中,氯化后纸浆在六段水平带式洗浆机上形成浆页,并进行洗涤及两次碱抽和三次洗涤。所需要的碱占常规抽提的2/3,且能耗比常规漂浆厂低。本工艺亦提供了降低漂白车间投资费用的可能性。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status