化学镀铜生产焊丝溶液中各成分的消耗与控制

在化学镀铜焊丝生产中实测镀铜层厚度为0.3μm,由此计算出铜的质量分数为0.116%;通过化学镀铜生产中的反应方程式,计算出每生产1t焊丝要消耗4.54kg的CuSO4.5H2O,消耗1.77kg的H2SO4,产生10.09kg的FeSO4.7H2O,当镀液中ρ(Fe2+)≥44.8g/L时就应调整或更换镀液;指出在化学镀铜溶液配方中CuSO4.5H2O的质量浓度为120～140g/L,H2SO4的质量浓度为80～98g/L,并据此设定酸铜比为1.09～1.11。     

Fenton法预处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

采用Fenton法预处理垃圾渗滤液,考察了初始p H值、Fe SO4·7H2O投加量、H2O2/Fe2+物质的量比及反应时间对Fenton氧化处理效果的影响。研究的主要结论如下:(1)p H、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)、Fe SO4·7H2O投加量是影响Fenton氧化处理效果的主要因素,反应时间对其也有一定影响。这些因素的主次关系为:(1)p Hn(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)Fe SO4·7H2O投加量反应时间;(2)在p H为3.0、Fe SO4·7H2O投加量为1.2mmol/L、H2O2与Fe2+摩尔比为8:1、反应时间为30分钟条件下,COD去除率可达到62.3%。     

靛蓝的电化学还原及其染色工艺的探讨

以贵金属氧化涂层的网状钛电极为阳极(在阳极电解池中加入35 g/L H2SO4作为电解质),Cu为阴极{在阴极电解池中加入六水硫酸铁[Fe2(SO4)3·6H2O]、三乙醇胺(TEA)、NaOH作为还原染液},饱和甘汞电极为参比电极组成电解装置进行靛蓝染料(4 g/L,放在阴极电解池中)的电化学还原染色,最佳还原染色工艺为:还原[TEA 30 g/L,Fe2(SO4)3·6H2O 5 g/L,NaOH 15 g/L,外加电压5 V,阴极面积20 cm2,35℃]→染色(35℃,70 min,浴比1:100)→在空气中自然氧化(20 min)→冷水洗→皂洗(90℃,15 min)→水洗→烘干.该工艺条件下染色织物的(⊿)K/S值为0.066,说明靛蓝电化学还原染色工艺的染色织物匀染性良好.     

三倍体毛白杨低硬度化学浆全无氯漂白的研究

在实验室利用药液预浸和高温汽蒸预处理技术对三倍体毛白杨木片进行预处理,随后采用NaOH-AQ法制浆,得到低硬度化学浆.对该浆进行（Q/Op）QP全无氯（TCF）漂白,确定了（Q/Op）QP漂序较适宜的工艺条件为,H2O2强化氧脱木素段：浆浓10%,用碱量2.5%,H2O2用量3%,MgSO4用量0.5%,氧压0.6 MPa,温度100℃,时间60min;Q段：浆浓8%,DTPA用量0.3%,初始pH值4,温度70℃,时间60min;P段：浆浓10%,H2O2用量2%,MgSO4用量0.5%,Na2SiO3用量0.7%,温度90℃,用碱量1.5%,时间120 min.在适宜的条件下,三倍体毛白杨低硬度化学浆的白度可达82.0%ISO,黏度716mL/g,漂后浆得率91.78%.     

还原大红R的电化学还原及其染色工艺的探讨

以贵金属氧化涂层网状钛电极为阳极(在阳极电解池中加入35 g/L H2SO4作为电解质);Cu为阴极{在阴极电解池中加入六水硫酸铁(Fe2(SO4)3·6H2O]、三乙醇胺(TEA)、NaOH作为还原染液};Ag/AgCI电极为参比电极组成电解装置进行还原大红R染料(0.2 g/L)的电化学还原染色.最佳还原染色工艺为:还原[Fe2(SO4)3·6H2O 5 g/L,TEA 30 g/L,NaOH 13 g/L,外加电压5 V,阴极面积30 cm2,40 ℃]一染色(40 ℃,70min.浴比1:100)→在空气中自然氧化(15 min)→冷水洗→皂洗(90℃,15 min)→水洗→烘干.该工艺条件下染色织物的ΔK/S值为0.059.说明还原大红R电化学还原染色工艺的染色织物匀染性良好.     

蜂窝状微孔结构涤纶纤维分解性能分析

将蜂窝结构涤纶纤维与普通涤纶纤维分别在NaOH(质量分数1%、2%和3%)、NaClO(质量分数1%、2%和3%)、H2SO4(质量分数50%、80%和98%)和0.5%洗衣粉等化学溶液中作分解性能分析,探讨不同质量分数、不同温度(常温到沸腾)下各纤维可分解性及分解速率差异。研究发现质量分数、温度和反应时间都能显著影响纤维分解速率,但NaOH质量分数因素占主导,H2SO4温度因素占主导,同时蜂窝结构涤纶纤维分解速率明显高于普通涤纶纤维。     

两步酸水解玉米芯条件及其酒精发酵的初步研究

通过两步法———浓酸预处理与稀酸水解相结合 ,对玉米芯进行水解 ,初步确定较佳的玉米芯水解条件为 :72 %浓H2 SO4 常压 3 0℃预处理 2h ,再 0 1MPa 4%的稀H2 SO4 水解 1h。所得水解液中还原糖与五碳糖质量转化率分别为 81 %和 46%。经处理 ,浓缩 ,将其作为碳源 ,接种PichiastipitisCBS5 773进行酒精发酵 ,酒精产率是对照培养基的 77%。     

还原性电化学合成连二亚硫酸钠循环漂白杨木化机浆的研究

使用Na2SO3发生电化学反应在线生成Na2S2O4漂白杨木化机浆,该过程发生在一个被阳离子膜隔成两部分的实验用电化学反应容器的阴极室里。探讨了Na2SO3浓度、反应温度、pH值、电流大小、浆浓等因素对纸浆白度的影响。单段漂白实验结果显示：在Na2SO3浓度为0.8mol/L、温度70℃、pH值5.0、电流强度4A、浆浓1.5%的条件下,可以得到最高11.8%ISO的白度增值,当Na2SO3浓度降到0.4～0.5mol/L时,白度增值也能保持在10.9%ISO左右。依此条件回收漂液进行循环漂白实验,纸浆白度增值能维持在10.6%ISO,此时Na2SO3的平均消耗量在6.3%左右。循环漂白法的引入大大降低了电化学生成Na2S2O4漂白法的药品消耗,使其在工业上的应用成为可能。     

KMnO4氧化马铃薯淀粉工艺研究

本文探讨了KMnO4碱-酸两步法氧化马铃薯淀粉工艺,在淀粉25.00g,H2O37.5mL的条件下,通过对温度、NaOH用量、KMnO4用量、浓H2SO4用量4个因素的单因素试验和L9（34）四因素三水平正交优化试验,以羧基含量为标准,确定最佳工艺条件是：淀粉25.00g、H2O 37.5mL、温度25℃、KMnO4用量0.24g、NaOH用量0.125g、浓H2SO4用量0.85mL,此时,羧基含量达到0.4323%。     

Fe2（SO4）3/γ-Al2O3固体酸催化剂制备条件的优化

采用浸渍法制备Fe2(SO4)3/γ-Al2O3固体酸催化剂,于常压下利用Fe2(SO4)3/γ-Al2O3催化水解菲丁制备肌醇,并以肌醇收率表征催化剂活性强度。考察浸渍质量浓度、浸渍时间、焙烤温度对催化剂活性的影响,采用响应面法进行优化,得到制备Fe2(SO4)3/γ-Al2O3最佳条件:浸渍质量浓度50mg/mL、浸渍时间4h、焙烧温度436℃,在此条件下制备的Fe2(SO4)3/γ-Al2O3固体酸催化剂催化水解菲丁,肌醇收率为14.18%,菲丁水解效率为70.9%。     

硫酸亚铁铵体系锌铁合金镀层的性能研究

通过试验研究硫酸亚铁铵体系电镀所得的锌铁合金镀层性能与镀液中添加剂用量之间的关系,介绍试验药品与仪器,镀液的配制方法和配方,电镀试验的工艺流程及参数,以及镀层的检测方法。在温度为30℃,溶液pH值为5.0,电流密度为0.5A/dm2,电镀时间为30min的条件下进行试验。结果表明,随着添加剂用量的增加,镀层变得更加光亮。SEM图显示镀层的微观结构随着添加剂用量的增加更为平整。弯曲法检测结果显示,镀层与基体的结合力随着添加剂用量的增加而增强。对镀层在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中进行电化学极化曲线测试,得到自腐蚀电位和电流密度,随着添加剂用量的增加,镀层腐蚀电流密度减小,耐腐蚀能力提高。     

Green rust and iron oxide formation influences metolachlor dechlorination during zerovalent iron treatment

Electron transfer from zerovalent iron (Fe0) to targeted contaminants is affected by initial Fe0 composition, the oxides formed during corrosion, and surrounding electrolytes. We previously observed enhanced metolachlor destruction by Fe0 when iron or aluminum salts were present in the aqueous matrix and Eh/pH conditions favored formation of green rusts. To understand these enhanced destruction rates, we characterized changes in Fe0 composition during treatment of metolachlor with and without iron and aluminum salts. Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the iron source was initially coated with a thin layer of magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3), and wüstite (FeO). Time-resolved analysis indicated that akaganeite (beta-FeOOH) was the dominant oxide formed during Fe0 treatment of metolachlor. Goethite (alpha-FeOOH) and some lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) formed when Al2(SO4)3 was present, while goethite and magnetite (Fe3O4) were identified in Fe0 treatments containing FeSO4. Although conditions favoring formation of sulfate green rust (GR(II); Fe6(OH)12SO4) facilitated Fe0-mediated dechlorination of metolachlor, only adsorption was observed when GR(II) was synthesized (without Fe0) in the presence of metolachlor and Eh/pH changed to favor Fe(III)oxyhydroxide or magnetite formation. In contrast, dechlorination occurred when magnetite or natural goethite was amended with Fe(II) (as FeSO4) at pH 8 and continued as long as additional Fe(II) was provided. While metolachlor was not dechlorinated by GR(II) itself during a 48-h incubation, the GR(II) provided a source of Fe(II) and produced magnetite (and other oxide surfaces) that coordinated Fe(II), which then facilitated dechlorination.     

Identification and quantification of mineral precipitation in Fe0 filings from a column study

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify mineral phases and determine corrosion rates of granular iron samples from a 2-yr field column study. Similar to other studies, goethite, magnetite, aragonite, and calcite were found to be the major precipitated minerals, with Fe2(OH)2CO3 and green rust as minor phases. Based on TGA-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, Fe0 corrodes at rates of 0.5-6.1 mmol kg(-1) d(-1) in the high NO3- (up to 13.5 mM) groundwater; this rate is significantly higher than previously reported. Porosity reduction was 40.6%-45.1% for the inlet sand/Fe0 interface and 7.4%-25.6% for effluent samples of two test columns. Normalized for treatment volumes, porosity loss values are consistent with studies that use high levels of SO4(2-) but are higher than those using low levels of corrosive species. Aqueous mass balance calculations yield corrosion rates similar to the TGA-MS method, providing an alternative to coring and mineralogical analysis. A severely corroded iron sample from the column simulating a 17-yr treatment throughput showed >75% porosity loss. Extensive porosity loss due to high levels of corrosive species in groundwater will have significant impact on long-term performance of permeable reactive barriers.     

A continuous system for Fe0 reduction of nitrobenzene in synthetic wastewater

Nitrobenzene is a major environmental pollutant, and its degradation is difficultto achieve. Hence, a chemical reduction pretreatment is sought in this research, before the resulting aniline can be treated by enzyme-mediated oxidative polymerization. Zerovalent iron (Fe0) has been successfully employed to reduce nitrobenzene to aniline in synthetic wastewater in both batch and continuous flow reactors. The concentration of nitrobenzene studied was thatwhich would be present in industrial wastewater streams (millimolar, 123 ppm), a concentration range considerably higher than those studied previously with groundwater by other researchers. Anaerobic conditions were maintained in the reactors by including Na2SO3 as an oxygen scavenger in the presence of CoCl2.6H2O, which acted as a catalyst. Batch reactors exhibited adsorption of aniline on the Fe0, which could be described by a langmuir isotherm. A 200 g Fe0 (particle size: 1-2 mm) bed completely converted 1 mM of nitrobenzene flowing upward for about 600 pore-volumes before experiencing flow reduction due to clogging due to corrosion products. Green-black precipitates (Fe0 corrosion products) were formed at the influent end of the column which were identified as maghemite.     

Effect of impurities on the corrosion behavior of CO2 transmission pipeline steel in supercritical CO2-water environments

The corrosion property of carbon steel was evaluated using an autoclave under CO(2)-saturated water phase and water-saturated CO(2) phase with impurities (O(2) and SO(2)) at 80 bar CO(2) and 50 °C to simulate the condition of CO(2) transmission pipeline in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications. The results showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water was very high and it increased with adding O(2) in the system due to the inhibition effect of O(2) on the formation of protective FeCO(3). It is noteworthy that corrosion took place in the water-saturated CO(2) phase under supercritical condition when no free water is present. The addition of O(2) increased the corrosion rates of carbon steel in water-saturated CO(2) phase. The addition of 0.8 bar SO(2) (1%) in the gas phase dramatically increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel from 0.38 to 5.6 mm/y. This then increased to more than 7 mm/y with addition of both O(2) and SO(2). SO(2) can promote the formation of iron sulfite hydrate (FeSO(3)·3H(2)O) on the steel surface which is less protective than iron carbonate (FeCO(3)), and it is further oxidized to become FeSO(4) and FeOOH when O(2) is present with SO(2) in the CO(2)-rich phase. The corrosion rates of 13Cr steel were very low compared with carbon steel in CO(2)-saturated water environments with O(2), whereas it was as high as carbon steel in a water-saturated CO(2) phase with O(2) and SO(2).     

东非铬钒钙铝榴石（察沃石）宝石的矿物学和地球化学研究现状

东非（包括肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和马达加斯加）铬钒钙铝榴石（察沃石）均赋存于新元古代莫桑比克变质带的钙质硅酸盐石墨片麻岩中。矿物学研究表明,东非察沃石为宝石级钒（±铬）钙铝榴石,以ω（V2O3）≈0.20%或ω（Cr2O3）≈0.30%为分界线可划分为钒钙铝榴石、铬钙铝榴石和铬钒钙铝榴石3类,其中以钒钙铝榴石为主。东非察沃石的晶体化学式为（Ca2.792～3.005Fe0～0.013 Mn0.008～0.080 Mg0.022～0.078）2.948～3.110（Al1.787～1.968Ti0.005～0.028Cr0.001～0.072Fe0～0.080V0.005～0.163）1.890～2.052[Al0～0.288Si2.712～3.017O12],可简写成Ca3（Al,Cr,Fe,V）2[SiO4]3;其端员组分为Grs87.61～96.79Gld0.16～5.66Uvr0.02～2.46Pyr0.73～2.68Sps0.28~2.75Adr0.00～2.71Alm0.00～0.43,表明它由钙铝榴石（87.61%～96.79%）、钙钒榴石（0.16%～5.66%）和钙铬榴石（0.02%～2.46%）组成。以往研究表明,东非不同国家所产的察沃石之间V/Cr质量分数比值存在明显差异,它们的化学成分是可变的,但同一矿床的V/Cr质量分数比值通常是不变的;并且它们还具有3组一致的δ＾18 O值,依次为9.5‰~11.0‰、11.6‰～14.8‰和15.5‰～21.1‰,利用O同位素与V-Cr-Mn微量元素含量相结合的方法,可鉴别其地质和地理来源。     

三元体系Li2SO4-Li2B4O7-H2O在323．15K时相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了三元体系Li2SO4-Li2B4O7-H2O在323．15K时的溶解度及其平衡溶液的密度、pH性质,根据实验数据绘制了相应的平衡相图及其物化性质组成图。研究结果表明：该三元体系在323．15K时有2个结晶相区（Li2B4O7·3H2O和Li2SO4·H2O）、2条单变量溶解度曲线、1个共饱点,属简单共饱型。     

钢帘线用盘条夹杂物成分控制技术对比

夹杂物是帘线钢丝加工过程中断丝的主要原因之一。采用扫描电镜分别对日本A,B钢厂,国内C,D,E钢厂生产的钢帘线用盘条的夹杂物进行形貌观察和成分分析。钢帘线用盘条夹杂物成分控制主要有2种方式。去除钢中的Al2O3,使夹杂物中SiO2处于含量较高的范围;采取措施使钢帘线用盘条的夹杂物中Al2O3质量分数控制在20%左右,w(CaO)/w(SiO2)在0.2～1.0的低熔点、易变形区。     

金属配合物的合成及其在低温漂白中的应用

合成了1, 4, 7-三甲基-1, 4, 7-三氮杂环壬烷（Me3TACN）的羧酸桥连双核锰配合物[（Me3TACN）2Mn2（μ-O）（μ-CH3CO2）] [PF6]2.1H2O（MnAcL）和铁配合物[（Me3TACN）2Fe2（μ-O）（μ-CH3CO2） 2] [PF6]2.1H2O（FeAcL）,采用红外光谱（FTIR）,元素分析（EA）和热重分析（TGA）证实了其结构;并将这两个配合物作为双氧水的催化剂应用于低温漂白棉针织物中。通过单因素实验,探讨了温度、配合物浓度、双氧水质量浓度及pH值对漂白效果的影响,得优化工艺为：30%H2O2质量浓度10 g/L,配合物MnAcL浓度10 μmol/L（FeAcL 15 μmol/L）,渗透剂和稳定剂DTA的质量浓度均为1 g/L,pH值为10,70 ℃下漂白60 min。经配合物MnAcL处理后的织物白度达82.3%,顶破强力保留率为95.5%;而经配合物FeAcL处理后的织物白度为65.7%,顶破强力保留率为96.9%。配合物MnAcL在低温下漂白的织物其白度和润湿性与传统高温工艺相当,而强力保留率明显高于传统工艺。