研发生产富含Omega-3脂肪酸食品是改善民众营养健康状况的重要饮食策略（网络首发、推荐阅读）

Omega-6和Omega-3脂肪酸都是对细胞结构和功能非常重要的必需营养素，但人体不能合成，必须从食物中获得。这两类脂肪酸在代谢和功能上不同，并拮抗调节许多生理和病理过程。因此，Omega-6和Omega-3脂肪酸之间的相对平衡对健康至关重要。然而，现今的饮食中Omega-6过多，而Omega-3过少，导致严重失衡，大多数人体内的Omega-6/Omega-3 脂肪酸比率很高（>10）。许多证据表明，这个失衡是导致现代慢性疾病发生和发展的关键因素。越来越多的实验室及临床研究结果表明，通过增加机体组织中的Omega-3脂肪酸和/或减少Omega-6脂肪酸来均衡Omega-6/Omega-3脂肪酸的比例，对许多危及生命的慢性疾病的防治和促进公众健康都非常有益。因此，开发和生产富含Omega-3脂肪酸的食品应作为每个国家的一项健康重点工程，以平衡必需脂肪酸的摄入，从而改善人们的营养和健康状况。     

Omega-3脂肪酸磷脂制备方法综述

Omega-3脂肪酸磷脂生理功能明确,生物利用度高,在医药、保健品领域具有巨大的市场潜力,其制备方法是全球磷脂研究开发的新动向。综述了目前Omega-3脂肪酸磷脂的制备方法,包括天然提取法、酶促转化法、化学合成法及微生物发酵法。天然提取法是最早获得Omega-3脂肪酸磷脂产品的方法,主要包括溶剂萃取法、膜分离法、柱层析法和盐沉淀法;酶促转化法主要包括酶促酯交换法和酶促酯化法,是目前Omega-3脂肪酸磷脂合成效率最高、最常用的方法;化学合成法及微生物发酵法处于初步研究阶段,为Omega-3脂肪酸磷脂的制备提供了新的思路。     

Omega-7脂肪酸的功能研究现状

Omega-7脂肪酸是一组单不饱和脂肪酸。近年来,随着相关研究的深入,其营养价值和生理功能越来越为人们所认识。如可作为信号分子在机体代谢中发挥重要作用,可提高人体对胰岛素的敏感性,对糖尿病、代谢综合征和动脉粥样硬化有一定功效,有助于抵抗炎症和控制体重等。目前国外已有w-7脂肪酸相关保健食品上市,但由于其在体内的代谢研究尚未完善等原因,国内进行相关保健食品的生产研究较少。天然w-7脂肪酸常见于秘鲁凤尾鱼、野生鲑鱼等深海鱼类和沙棘果油、澳洲坚果油、海藻等植物类食品中,但其含量很低。高浓度的w-7脂肪酸需要通过特殊纯化工艺提取,目前采用的方法一般是分子蒸馏和超临界CO_2萃取。本文综述w-7脂肪酸在食品、保健品方面的功能研究现状及产品开发情况,旨在为w-7脂肪酸的开发利用提供参考。     

翻开人类智慧新篇章——美国马泰克正式加入帝斯曼集团

DHA，学名二十二碳六烯酸，是一种对人体大脑、眼部和心血管系统都非常重要的多不饱和Omega-3脂肪酸。DHA作为支持人体神经系统细胞生长的一种主要元素．也是大脑和视网膜的重要构成组分。大脑Omega-3中DHA含量高达97％．而在视网膜中93％以上的Omega-3为DHA。     

Omega-6 for Body, Omega-3 for Brain: Balance for Brain Development in Children (英文原文)(Online First, Recommended Article)

Food must supply a balance of nutrients to support both brain and body. The human brain makes us uniquely human. Essential fatty acids are part of the metabolic pathways that define tissue structure and function. Omega-6 (O6) linoleic acid (LA6) has long been known to be required for skin structure, and as a precursor for inflammatory, thrombotic, immune, and other signaling molecules. Omega-3 (O3) alpha-linolenic acid (ALA3) and particularly its long chain product docosahexaenoic acid (DHA3) has a key structural role in the brain, retina, and related neural tissue. In the 20th century western world, inexpensive, high quality oils primarily from LA6-rich/O3-poor vegetable seed oils became dominant fats produced by the food industry. Provision of LA6-rich/O3-poor oils as the sole source of fat in the diets of pregnant animals causes O3 deficiency and poor brain development, primarily because high LA6 antagonizes metabolism of all O3, creating an artificial metabolic demand for O3. Data developed over the last 2~3 decades show that provision of low LA6 combined with preformed DHA3 optimizes brain function. Recent studies emphasize the importance of nutrition to support brain development, with newer findings showing particular importance of fatty acid balance in malnourished children. The World Health Organization (WHO) through the Codex Alimentarius (“Code for Food”) is increasingly recognizing the primacy of brain health and in part on that basis recently acted to recommend balanced fat for Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic Foods used to treat children with severe acute malnutrition. Similar principles are likely to be important in older persons. Industry now has the tools to adjust the composition of oils to support brain health throughout the life cycle.     

life’s DHA／EPA——来自海藻的“素鱼油”

你还在相信DHA／Omega-3是鱼类自身合成的吗？事实上,鱼油中富含DHA／Omega-3是因鱼类食用了藻类才使他们成为Omega-3系列脂肪酸的良好来源。life＇s DHA／EPA直接萃取自纯;争培养的藻类,远离海洋污染。     

有益健康的三文鱼

科学家一直对爱斯基摩人的膳食不解,他们的食物中含大量的脂肪,但他们的心血管却能保持健康。科学研究显示,爱斯基摩人保持心脏健康的秘密在于,他们膳食中的大量海产品富含Omega-3。挪威三文鱼也含有丰富的Omega-3脂肪酸、EPA和DHA。EPA和DHA对于保持正常大脑和神经、视觉和听觉功能,肾上腺功能,精子形成,减少血栓形成,降低血中的甘油三酸脂和胆固醇水准,都有重要作用。总之,Omega-3能促进大脑和神经中枢的健康、眼睛健康、精神健康(正常的情绪和积极的生活态度)、心脏和循环系统健康(有助于维持胆固醇的正常水平)。多数现代饮食结构…     

DHA营养强化鸡蛋研究进展

DHA能有效促进大脑发育、改善视力、预防心血管系统疾病等,但其在人体内的生成量不能满足需求,需要靠食物获得。开发DHA营养强化鸡蛋,可以为人们获取足量、廉价、优质的DHA提供有效途径。为了加强对DHA营养强化鸡蛋的研发,推动其进一步发展,从DHA的生理功能视角出发,分析了DHA营养强化鸡蛋开发优势、饲料脂肪酸对鸡蛋中DHA的调控机制,阐述了DHA营养强化鸡蛋的脂质组成、饲料中DHA的来源及鸡蛋中DHA的稳定性。富含DHA的日粮可生产富集DHA的鸡蛋,且蛋黄中的DHA具有较高的稳定性,同时DHA营养强化鸡蛋食用方便、便于保存,且价格相对低廉,因此DHA营养强化鸡蛋具有广阔的发展前景。     

马泰克为乳品添加健康元素

众多科学刊物都指出DHA（二十二碳六烯酸，多元不饱和Omega-3脂肪酸的一种）在大脑和眼睛的发育中发挥着重要作用，可在人的一生中持续促进大脑、眼睛和心血管系统的健康。越来越多的科学证据表明，从婴儿到成人，所有年龄段的人都因在日常饮食中摄入充足的DHA而获益。目前，又有临床试验正在研究其在降低某种神经系统紊乱中的作用。     

Omega-3市场机遇挑战并存

美国著名的增长咨询公司弗若斯特沙利文（Frost ＆ sullivan）公司发表研究报告，认为美国Omega-3脂肪酸市场正在经历高速的发展和快速的扩张。但在全球性的金融危机影响下，这一行业也不可避免的承受了一些压力。     

Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio and Chronic Diseases

Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of ∼1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world     

Past and Present Insights on Alpha-linolenic Acid and the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Family

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the parent essential fatty acid of the omega-3 family. This family includes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which has been conserved in neural signaling systems in the cephalopods, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, mammals, primates, and humans. This extreme conservation, in spite of wide genomic changes of over 500 million years, testifies to the uniqueness of this molecule in the brain and affirms the importance of omega-3 fatty acids. While DHA and its close precursor, eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), have received much attention by the research community, ALA, as the precursor of both, has been considered of little interest. There are many papers on ALA requirements in experimental animals. Unlike humans, rats and mice can readily convert ALA to EPA and DHA, so it is unclear whether the effect is solely due to the conversion products or to ALA itself. The intrinsic role of ALA has yet to be defined. This paper will discuss both recent and historical findings related to this distinctive group of fatty acids, and will highlight the physiological significance of the omega-3 family.     

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Composition of Persian Gulf Fishes

The aim of this study was to investigate the content of omega-3 fatty acids in Persian Gulf fishes. The fishes were collected from Persian Gulf and the content of fatty acids in the head, muscle, and liver of fishes were determined. Quantitative analysis of fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and methylmyristate was used as the reference material. GC and mass spectrometer (GC- mass) was applied for qualitative analysis and cod liver oil with all of omega-3 fatty acids was used as standard. Ghezel ala, Zamin kan-e-dom navari and Sorkhu mahi had maximum levels of omega-3 in total body. Halva Sefid, Gish-e-deraz baleh and Shamshiri were poor sources of omega-3. The liver of fish had the most content of omega-3 fatty acids followed by muscle and head, respectively.     

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸在改善鸡蛋营养质量方面的研究

本文对ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的化学结构、特性、作用及在改善鸡蛋营养质量等方面的研究进行了综述,讨论了如何通过饲喂对鸡蛋的脂肪组分加以调控,从而使其成为人类ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的重要来源。     

Omega-3 LC PUFA Contents and Oxidative Stability of Encapsulated Fish Oil Dietary Supplements

The aim of this study was to examine omega-3 LC PUFA content and oxidative stability of fish oil dietary supplements available in Poland. Nineteen brands of fish body oil and fish liver oil capsules were purchased over the counter and analyzed. Oil content, fatty acid composition and peroxide value were determined. The label claims for EPA and DHA for the majority of the products were presented with reasonable accuracy. However, it can be supposed that the oxidative stability of some fish oil products available on the market might not be sufficient to ensure health quality and safety during longer storage.     

A comparison of selected methods for determining eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in cereal-based foods

The accuracy of four transesterification methods and four extraction methods for determining the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents of cereal-based foods enriched with fish oil containing these fatty acids was investigated. The four enriched test foods were a flaked breakfast cereal, a snack bar, bread and muffins. The accuracy of the transesterification methods was tested using several commercial fish oils. The recovery of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the fish oils ranged from 97% to 104% depending on the transesterification method used. For the extraction methods, the recovery of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid across all food products ranged from 59% to 101% and 74% to 98% respectively depending on the extraction method used. Overall, the solvent mixture direct method was the most accurate extraction method across all the foods. However, the application of different extraction methods for different food types may be optimal when accurate analysis of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in foods is required.     

Antibacterial activity of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against foodborne and food spoilage microorganisms

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid of ω-3 type was evaluated for its antimicrobial action against the range of foodborne and food spoilage pathogens, using agar disc diffusion assay in Luria broth (LB) media. The EPA exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19166, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, S. aureus KCTC 1916 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the EPA against the tested bacterial strains were found in the range of 500-1350 μg/ml using broth dilution method. EPA reduced the viability of S. aureus at 250, 125 and 62.5 μg/ml after 15 min exposure and a steep decline in colony forming units (CFUs) was observed at 125 μg/ml after 30 min exposure, while similar reduction in CFU rate was exhibited by EPA when treated with 62.5 μg/ml after 180 min. EPA also reduced the CFU numbers of P. aeruginosa at all the concentrations used in this study after 15 min exposure. On the other hand, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of bacterial cells clearly exhibited the antibacterial effect of EPA as evidenced by the damages found in the outer membrane of the cells when treated with EPA. The results demonstrated that EPA exerted significant bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oil from flaxseed and comparison with screw press expression and solvent extraction processes

Flax oil is commonly used in food due to high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acid. In the present work the flax seed was extracted using green solvent viz. supercritical CO₂ and compared with soxhlet and mechanical screw press methods. The chemical compositions of the oils were determined by CHNS analyser, GC-FID, GC/MS and ¹H NMR. The supercritical CO₂ process selectively extracted the fatty oils with high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acids. The chemical composition of screw press oil is close to that of supercritical CO₂ extracted oil, whereas the yield is nearly 27% less in comparison to the supercritical CO₂ method.