CNC、CNF及BC对纸张加固效果的比较研究

采用X射线衍射、接触角、紫外可见光谱、热分析等手段对纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）、纳米纤丝化纤维素（CNF）、细菌纤维素（BC）3种纳米纤维素性能进行表征,分别采用这3种纳米纤维素分散液处理纸样,以研究它们对纸样的加固效果。结果表明,与CNC和CNF相比,BC具有结晶度高、成膜后致密性好,热稳定性、透光性及强度性能好的优点;3种纳米纤维素均能对纸样起到一定的加固效果,其中BC能大幅度提高纸样的强度性能,且对纸样颜色的改变程度较小。     

工业大麻秆纳米纤维素的制备

为实现工业大麻秆的高附加值利用,本研究以工业大麻秆为原料,通过测定化学组分,表明其高纤维素含量（41.45%）的基本特性,证实其制备纳米纤维素的可能性。采用TEMPO-NaBr-NaClO催化氧化体系配合超声制备了氧化纳米纤维素（TCNF）,并研究其在制备过程中各阶段的形貌、化学结构、结晶度及热稳定性。结果表明,以工业大麻秆为原料制备的TCNF,其直径均匀分布在3～6 nm,保留了纤维素典型的Ⅰ型结构,结晶度为50.8%,具有较好的热稳定性。     

纳米纤维素及其在水性涂料中的应用研究进展

纳米纤维素具有高长径比、高结晶度、高杨氏模量、高强度等优点,加之其具有生物质材料的轻质、可降解及可再生等特性,使其成为一种改善水性涂料机械、光学、耐水等性能的优异选择。本文综述了纳米纤维素制备和改性方法,详细论述了纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）和纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）对水性聚氨酯和水性丙烯酸涂料的性能改善机理及其应用研究进展。最后总结了纳米纤维素复合水性涂料研究现存的问题,并总结了未来的研究方向。     

木质纤维聚合度对高透光率纤维素薄膜力学性能的影响

以氢氧化钠-亚硫酸盐-蒽醌-甲醇（ASAM）法制备的高聚合度针叶木浆为原料,通过调控漂白时间和漂白剂用量制得形态相近、聚合度不同的4种木质纤维;随后,通过浸渍法将羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）与上述纤维抄造的原纸复合,制得高透光率木质纤维/CMC纤维素薄膜（以下简称薄膜）,并研究纤维聚合度对薄膜力学性能的影响。结果表明,在不显著改变纤维形态和结晶度的条件下,提高纤维聚合度可以显著提高薄膜的力学性能（抗张强度、韧性、耐折度、撕裂指数、耐破指数）,而其光学性能无明显的变化规律,透光率介于87.9%～89.8%,雾度介于53.6%～64.1%。     

废纸基纤维素纳米晶的制备与表征

以废纸为原料，采用传统硫酸法制备纤维素纳米晶（CNCs），并优化其工艺条件；采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、热重分析仪（TGA）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究了废纸基纤维素纳米晶（SCNCs）的结构与性质。在最佳工艺条件（硫酸浓度60 wt%、水解温度50℃、水解时间90 min）下，SCNCs的得率为41.2%，呈典型的纤维素Ⅰ型结构，结晶度为77.6%；与原料相比，几乎不存在杂峰；SCNCs为棒状结构，长约142.87 nm，直径约9.67 nm。探讨了回收硫酸溶液再次用于制备CNCs；结果表明，首次回收硫酸制备的废纸基纤维素纳米晶（SCNCs_H）得率为39.9%，结晶度为78.6%。     

高透气性能CNF/环状拓扑形貌CNC复合薄膜的制备与性能研究

通过硫酸水解法及高强超声处理获得具有中空环状拓扑形貌的纤维素纳米晶体（RT-CNC）,并采用真空抽滤法制备了纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）/RT-CNC薄膜。结果表明,RT-RNC的环壁宽度约为3.5 nm,长度为10～50 nm,具有明显中空特性,其成膜过程中化学结构并未改变且保持纤维素Ⅰ结晶结构;CNF/RT-CNC薄膜的透气度为6.70μm/(Pa·s),相较于CNF薄膜（2.50μm/(Pa·s)）提高了168%,且其热降解性能良好。     

纤维素纳米纤丝/丙烯酸树脂制备柔性有机发光二极管基材的研究

以漂白蔗渣浆为原料,通过机械研磨法制备了纤维素纳米纤丝（CNF）。通过流延法将CNF制备成纳米纸基薄膜（CNP）,并将未干燥的CNP进行丝光化处理得到丝光化纳米纸基薄膜（Me-CNP）。分别在CNP和Me-CNP表面涂布丙烯酸树脂（ABPE-10）制备了涂布纳米纸（CNP-Co）和涂布丝光化纳米纸（Me-CNP-Co）2种纳米纸基薄膜。用CNF稳定ABPE-10制备Pickering乳液后,采用流延法制备了Pickering乳液法纳米纸（CNP-P）。探究不同制备方式对提高纳米纸基薄膜光学性能、热稳定性能和水阻隔性能的影响。结果表明,丝光化处理可以提高CNP的机械韧性;表面涂布和Pickering乳液法制备的纳米纸基薄膜的透明度均大于85%,热分解温度均提高至345℃以上,水接触角均大于90°。此外,纳米纸基薄膜均具有良好的机械柔性。     

硫酸水解辅助高压均质法制备小麦秸秆纳米纤维素

以小麦秸秆纤维素为原料,通过硫酸水解辅助高压均质的方法,分层制备小麦秸秆纳米纤维素（CNC）;分别采用马尔文纳米粒度分析仪、透射电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪对分层制备的小麦秸秆CNC进行表征分析。结果表明,经硫酸水解预处理、离心收集得到的上层清液纳米纤维素（CNC-SL）为纳米纤维素晶须,与原料相比,其结晶度由48.61%提高至71.87%;硫酸水解预处理、离心收集的残余纤维固体（CNC-S）经8次均质处理制备的纳米纤维素（CNC-SP）,其粒径分布在100~200 nm,直径约为15 nm,为高结晶度的短棒状纳米纤维素晶须,晶型为I_β型。与原料相比,CNC-SL和CNC-SP的热稳定性均下降。与硫酸水解法制备CNC相比,硫酸水解辅助高压均质法制备的CNC得率较高;与机械均质化方法相比,此方法所需均质次数明显减少。     

聚乳酸/乙酰化纳米纤维素薄膜制备及性能研究

为改善聚乳酸(PLA)薄膜的力学及阻隔性能,采用纳米纤维素(NCC)对其进行改性。以微晶纤维素(MCC)为原料,用硫酸法制备NCC,进而制备乙酰化纳米纤维素(ANCC),然后将PLA与ANCC按不同比例混合后制备复合薄膜。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其微观结构和形态进行观测。采用拉伸仪和氧气透过率仪对其力学和气体阻隔性能进行分析。结果表明,使用酸法制备的纳米纤维素长度为100~200 nm,直径范围为10~20 nm。乙酰化处理对纳米纤维素的外观形态没有明显改变。与纯聚乳酸膜相比,ANCC添加量为1%时制备的复合薄膜的拉伸强度增加了29.09%,进一步增加ANCC含量则会导致复合薄膜力学性能下降。添加ANCC有效降低了复合薄膜的氧气透过量,ANCC添加量为0.5%时,薄膜的氧气透过率与纯PLA薄膜相比降低42%。添加ANCC对于薄膜的透光率和雾度没有明显影响。     

超声波辅助酸法制备纳米薯渣纤维素的工艺研究

为了提高甘薯加工副产品的高值化利用,以甘薯渣纤维素为原料,应用超声波辅助酸法制备纳米薯渣纤维素。通过对超声波功率、酸体积分数、酸解温度和酸解时间4个影响因素进行单因素及正交试验,获得了纳米薯渣纤维素的最佳制备条件,并通过透射电镜和X-射线衍射对其进行进一步的分析。结果表明:纳米薯渣纤维素制备的最佳工艺参数为超声波功率120 W、酸体积分数65%、酸解温度55℃、酸解时间120 min,此条件下纳米薯渣纤维素的产率为42.85%;纳米薯渣纤维素的形态表现为不规则球状,粒径在20～40 nm范围内,并且其仍具有纤维素的晶型,结晶度有明显的提高。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.