脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的毒性及生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于受污染的农作物和饲料中,不仅给农业经济造成重大损失,也给人类和动物健康带来潜在威胁。传统控制脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法主要有物理法和化学法,但上述两种方法都具有局限性。近年来,利用微生物生物转化方法进行脱毒展现出良好的应用前景。本文概述了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的化学性质、毒性作用以及生物脱毒方面的研究进展,为研究生物学方法控制粮食与饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量提供参考。     

粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇风险预警研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是小麦和玉米等粮食中常见的真菌毒素,受污染的粮食会严重影响人和动物健康,控制粮食产前镰刀菌感染和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的积累是保障粮油食品安全的重要环节。当前,世界各国都十分重视粮食真菌毒素污染风险预警工作,粮食产前脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染预警研究近年来发展迅速,在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇积累的田间影响因素研究和建立产前风险预警模型中,都取得了一定进展。本文综述了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇风险预警的最新研究成果,旨在总结和整合现有的研究方法和成果,为开展我国粮食真菌毒素早期预警提供参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇时间分辨荧光免疫检测体系适用性评价

目的研究已建立的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇时间分辨荧先兊疫定量检测体系(包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇时间分辨荧先兊疫层析检测卡和荧先定量检测仪)的适用性。方法检测20个阴性样本中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量,确定该检测体系的检出限和定量限;对6组含不同浓度脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的小麦阳性样本和6组含不同浓度脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的玉米阳性样本进行检测,确定方法的准确性和台间差;重复6次检测含中等浓度脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的阳性样本和连续12 h检测国家检测限浓度的阳性样本,确定系统的重复性和稳定性。结果该体系的检出限为154μg/kg,定量限为414μg/kg,幵且检测结果与液质联用方法定值结果无显著性差异,仪器台间差无显著差异;测值的精密度未超过国家标准规定要求。结论本研究验证的时间分辩荧先定量检测体系能准确检测玉米和小麦样本中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量。     

粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测研究进展综述

本文在对粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测研究,首先了解脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇制毒原理及研究现状,进而分析研究毒素最新研究成果及所存在的问题,最后提出针对性意见,希望可以加强对脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇检测质量。     

小麦中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）的薄层色谱测定方法

小麦中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＮＩＶ）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）的薄层色谱测定方法魏润蕴，李文艳卫生部食品卫生监督检验所（１０００２１）雪腐镰刀菌稀醇（Ｎｉｖａｌｅｎｏｌ；缩写ＮＩＶ和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌稀醇（Ｄｅｏｘｙｎｉｖａｌｅｎｏｌ，缩写ＤＯＮ）是镰刀菌...     

免疫亲和柱净化结合高效液相色谱法测定小麦粉中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

使用小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)免疫亲和柱结合高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定方法。使用该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,能准确检测出小麦粉中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量。经水提取后,采用免疫亲和柱净化,通过高效液相色谱-紫外检测器测定,检测小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的含量,根据峰面积定量。实践研究显示:小麦粉中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇经水提取,免疫亲和柱净化后检测线性较好,相关系数大于等于0.999,定量限为16μg/kg,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇加标回收率为90.6%,RSD为2.1%。     

流动注射化学发光法在线检测饮用水中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

为应对突发性脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染饮用水事件的发生,基于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对鲁米诺—过氧化氢体系的促进作用,建立流动注射化学发光在线检测脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的新方法。在优化的试验条件下,该方法测定脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的线性范围为0.001~4.000 mg/L;检出限(S/N=3)为0.001 mg/L;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为1.89%;不同加标水平下的加标回收率为67.33%~94.50%;相对标准偏差(n=3)小于2.34%。该方法具有灵敏度高、分析速度快及操作简便等优点,可应用于突发性脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染的在线快速检测和应急预警。     

原粮收购中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与小麦赤霉病粒相关性浅析

重点介绍了原粮收购过程中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇快速检测法,以及应用此法检测山东鲁中地区及周边2016年收获小麦脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与小麦赤霉病粒的相关性。     

小麦和玉米中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的免疫亲和净化-高效液相色谱检测方法研究

目的建立小麦和玉米中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的免疫亲和净化-高效液相色谱检测方法。方法样品经纯水提取后,用免疫亲和柱净化,经甲醇洗脱,在C18色谱柱上等度洗脱分离,采用紫外检测器检测。结果标准曲线在0.1~2.0 mg/kg范围内线性良好。小麦基质中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的回收率为72.8%~110.1%,精密度为3.6%~10.8%,实验室内Hor Rat值为0.24~0.48;玉米中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的回收率为72.2%~90.6%,精密度为1.2%~5.2%,实验室内Hor Rat值为0.07~0.31。小麦基质中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的回收率为58.9%~100.4%,精密度为3.6%~11.3%,实验室内Hor Rat值为0.23~0.63;玉米中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的回收率为56.9%~91.9%,精密度为2.5%~7.8%,实验室内Hor Rat值为0.11~0.43。结论该方法具有灵敏度高、重现性好、操作简便、准确可靠等特点,适用于小麦和玉米中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定小麦中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

小麦赤霉病的成因及危害,采用高效液相色谱法,应用安捷伦1100液相色谱仪检测小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,进行准确定量,适用于对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇超标小麦及争议样品的确认。     

Excretion of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite in milk, urine, and feces of lactating dairy cows

Corn contaminated with deoxynivalenol was added to the diets of three dairy cows for 5 d and milk, urine, and 3 d following feeding of the diets. Dietary concentrations of deoxynivalenol averaged 66 mg/kg. Following exposure to deoxynivalenol, unconjugated deepoxydeoxynivalenol, a metabolite of deoxynivalenol, was present in milk at concentrations up to 26 ng/ml. Deoxynivalenol was not detected in the milk. Approximately 20% of the deoxynivalenol fed was recovered in the urine and feces in the unconjugated forms as deepoxydeoxynivalenol (96%) and deoxynivalenol (4%). After incubating urine with beta-glucuronidase, the concentration of unconjugated deepoxydeoxynivalenol increased by 7 to 15-fold whereas unconjugated deoxynivalenol increased 1.6 to 3-fold. Detectable concentrations of unconjugated deepoxydeoxynivalenol were found in urine and feces up to 72 h after the last oral exposure. Thus, urine and feces are the diagnostic specimens of choice for the determination of deoxynivalenol exposure in cows. Feeding deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets for 5 d did not alter feed intake or milk production nor were the milk concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, or nitrogen altered.     

Occurrence of trichothecenes in Argentinean beer: a preliminary exposure assessment

The presence of trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol and diacetoxyscirpenol) was studied in 50 samples of Argentinean beer (nine different brands). Gas chromatography with electron capture detector was used for identification and quantification of these mycotoxins. The only mycotoxin detected was deoxynivalenol (DON). It was present in 44% of the samples, 18% were contaminated with more than 20ng/ml. Toxin levels ranged from 4 to 221ng/ml in positive samples. This is the first report on DON contamination of Argentinean beer. The estimate of probable daily intake (PDI) of DON from beer consumption in Argentina does not indicate a health hazard, but it has to be taken into account in calculations of total DON exposure in the population.     

The contamination of the 1986-1988 wheat harvests with deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)

The authors used high-performance liquid chromatography to estimate the content of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) trichothecene mycotoxin in 175 samples of wheat harvested in the Krasnodar Territory in 1986-1988. High incidence rates and levels of wheat intoxication have been recorded: 42.8% in 1986, 25% in 1987, and 80.28% of wheat samples in 1988 contained deoxynivalenol in concentrations exceeding MPC (1 mg/kg). A correlation was noted between the degree of wheat affection with Fusarium and the level of its intoxication with deoxynivalenol. A conclusion has been made on the necessity of using the criteria of the degree of wheat affection with Fusarium and the level of its intoxication with deoxynivalenol in hygienic recommendations for safe utilization of fusarial grain for food purposes.     

茶对氟化物和呕吐毒素对大鼠肝糖原分解的保护作用

目的探究茶对氟与呕吐毒素染毒大鼠肝糖原含量降低的保护作用。方法将50只Wistar大鼠分为空白组、呕吐毒素染毒组、氟染毒组、联合染毒组和饮茶干预组,染毒5周后解剖大鼠,用蒽酮比色法试剂盒检测肝糖原含量。结果氟单独染毒、呕吐毒素与氟联合染毒后肝糖原含量显著性降低(P0.05),呕吐毒素与氟联合染毒后的肝糖原含量显著性低于呕吐毒素单独染毒(P0.05),饮茶干预后的肝糖原含量显著提高(P0.05)。结论呕吐毒素和氟化物对肝糖原有损伤作用,茶对其损伤有保护性作用。     

基于金纳米棒金属化的呕吐毒素多色可视化检测方法研究

目的 基于免疫亲和反应和酶诱导金纳米棒金属化构建一种呕吐毒素多色可视化检测方法。方法 将表面修饰高亲和性抗体的免疫磁珠作为信号转移载体,将金纳米棒作为多色反应基底,样品中的呕吐毒素与生物素修饰的呕吐毒素抗原竞争结合磁珠表面的抗体上,进一步基于生物素和链霉亲和素的特异性亲和反应,链霉亲和素标记的碱性磷酸酶被结合到免疫磁珠上,并催化底物L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸三钠盐生成抗坏血酸,随后还原硝酸银生成银单质包被在金纳米棒表面。该过程使金纳米棒的纵向等离子体吸收峰发生蓝移,同时产生裸眼可见的丰富颜色变化。优化了缓冲溶液pH、底物浓度、硝酸银浓度、催化反应时间。结果 在最佳反应条件下,检测呕吐毒素的线性范围是0-1000 ng/mL,检出限为264.71 ng/mL,对小麦和玉米质控样品的检测结果回收率在101.3%-110.5%之间,相对标准偏差小于14.1%。结论 检测结果直观,灵敏度较高,操作便捷,无需步骤复杂的人工操作,检测过程用时较短,可用于粮食中呕吐毒素的可视化检测。     

A survey of the occurrence of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in UK grown barley and in imported maize by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A UK survey for the occurrence of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in 87 samples of both feeding and malting barleys has shown levels of less than 0.02 mg kg^?1 in 90% of the samples. The barleys containing deoxynivalenol (0.02–0.36 mg kg^?1) were mostly feeding samples and showed no geographical trend within the UK. In contrast, for imported maize and brewers maize, only 25% of the samples showed levels less than 0.02 mg kg^?1 deoxynivalenol, the remainder ranging from 0.02-1.4 mg kg^?1 with ten samples (36% of the total number analysed) having levels greater than 0.1 mg kg^?1. All samples were analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring) of the TMS deoxynivalenol derivative. For two of the maize samples full mass spectra were obtained of the deoxynivalenol showing very good agreement with reference spectra and confirming the identity of the trichothecene.     

New bolus models for in vivo efficacy testing of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in relation to EFSA guidelines,assessed using deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens

In this study, three new models were developed for efficacy testing of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in relation to recent European guidelines. In the first model, deoxynivalenol was given to broiler chickens as an intra-crop bolus together with a mycotoxin-detoxifying agent in order to study the plasma concentration–time profile of deoxynivalenol. In the second model, the same oral bolus was given, preceded by an oral bolus of mycotoxin-detoxifying agent, to make sure the detoxifying agent was present in the whole intestinal tract when the mycotoxin was administered. In the third model, the mycotoxin-detoxifying agent was mixed in the feed of broiler chickens, and after 1 week's feeding, deoxynivalenol was given as an oral bolus. In order to evaluate the efficacy of these agents, plasma concentration–time profiles were set up and the main toxicokinetic parameters were compared. Two commercially available mycotoxin-detoxifying agents were tested, but they were not able to lower the oral availability of deoxynivalenol. As a positive control, activated carbon was used. We showed that activated carbon significantly reduces the absorption and oral availability of deoxynivalenol in all three models. Therefore, it can be concluded that these models are able to demonstrate the efficacy of mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in relation to European Food Safety Authority guidelines.     

高效液相色谱法测定粮谷类中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

利用纯水溶解提取粮谷类样品中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,经过免疫亲和柱净化,并优化提取净化条件,通过高效液相色谱检测其含量。结果表明,采用2 mL滤液上样,经氮吹仪在40 ℃吹干后,用1 mL乙腈-水（20∶80,V/V）定容,在波长220 nm条件下进行检测,色谱峰分离效果良好。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量在20～500 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好（R2=0.999 8）,检出限2 μg/kg,精密度试验结果相对标准偏差（RSD）值为2.4%,回收率为87.6%～98.9%,RSD值为2.04%～2.68%,表明该方法具有良好的精密度和准确性,适用于粮谷类样品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量的定量分析检测。     

Development and application of a method for the analysis of two trichothecenes: deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in meat in China by HPLC-MS/MS

A reliable and sensitive method was developed and successfully applied for the determination of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin simultaneously in pig dorsal muscle, pig back fat and chicken muscle by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis. Limit of detection of deoxynivalenol and T-2 was 0.02 μg/kg and 0.007 μg/kg, and limit of quantification of deoxynivalenol and T-2 was 0.07 μg/kg and 0.02 μg/kg, respectively. Sixty-six meat samples were analyzed and deoxynivalenol was detected in the samples of pig back fat, with concentrations lower than 0.5 μg/kg, and T-2 toxin was detected in the samples of pig dorsal muscle, pig back fat and chicken muscle, with concentrations lower than 0.5 μg/kg. The results of sample analysis show that only trace residues of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin were detected in the samples analyzed.     

高效液相色谱法测定粮食中的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

本文建立了一种使用岛津超高效液相色谱仪LC-30A快速测定粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法。玉米样品经磨碎后用水匀浆提取,提取液经过免疫亲和柱净化,超高效液相色谱LC-30A紫外检测器检测。试验结果表明：线性范围0.05~10.00μg/mL,相关系数大于0.999 9;标准样品的仪器检出限为0.016μg/mL,仪器定量限为0.05μg/mL;3个浓度标样的保留时间和峰面积相对标准偏差分别在0.041%~0.043%和0.11%~1.57%之间;玉米样品3个浓度加标回收率在81.2%~90.0%之间。该方法简便快速,且易操作。