两种抽吸模式下吸烟机型对卷烟主流烟气总粒相物及7种化学成分检测结果的影响

为研究不同抽吸模式下吸烟机型对卷烟主流烟气总粒相物(TPM)和7种化学成分释放量检测结果的影响,以典型的不同焦油量(1.0~13.3 mg/支)的9种烤烟型和11种混合型卷烟样品为研究对象,考察了ISO和加拿大深度抽吸(HCI)模式下直线型(L)和转盘型(R)吸烟机对卷烟主流烟气总粒相物(TPM)和一氧化碳(CO)、4-(N-甲基-N-亚硝氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)、巴豆醛、苯酚、氰化氢(HCN)、氨(NH₃)释放量测试结果的影响。结果表明:①HCI抽吸模式下两种吸烟机型测试结果的一致性弱于ISO抽吸模式; TPM、巴豆醛和HCN在HCI抽吸模式下两种吸烟机型测试结果的差异明显。②两种抽吸模式下卷烟主流烟气NNK、B[a]P和苯酚重复检测结果标准偏差(SD,n=5)与检测水平均值(m)的相关性总体上较CO、巴豆醛、HCN和NH₃高,但HCI抽吸模式下检测结果SD与检测水平m的相关性弱于ISO抽吸模式。③在两种抽吸模式下,卷烟主流烟气相关指标不同吸烟机型测试结果总体精密度差异基本一致,即R型吸烟机对于20个不同烟气释放量水平样品重复测试结果的平均变异系数(CV)大多低于L型。      

不同烟丝含水率卷烟主流烟气气溶胶的粒径分布特征

  目的  烟丝含水率对烟气颗粒的影响。  方法  采用DMS500快速粒径谱仪和电子低压撞击器(ELPI), 在ISO抽吸模式下, 考察不同烟丝含水率卷烟烟气气溶胶的粒数粒径分布和质量粒径分布特征。  结果  ① 不同含水率(8.1%、12.6%和17.6%)卷烟烟气气溶胶的粒数粒径均在40~400 nm呈近似对数正态分布。随着含水率增加, 全部抽吸口数的烟气粒子平均数浓度无显著变化、体积浓度明显降低、粒数中值直径(CMD)和粒子体积中值直径(VMD)呈降低趋势。②3种含水率卷烟的烟气气溶胶质量主要集中在100~1000 nm, 随着含水率增加, 质量粒径分布向小粒径位移, 抽吸口数相同条件下捕集的气溶胶颗粒总质量降低。  结论  上述规律可为卷烟加工工艺参数的优化和卷烟产品开发提供参考。      

深度吸烟对卷烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量测定结果的影响

为考察抽吸方式对15种国产卷烟和1种进口卷烟的焦油、烟碱和CO释放量测定结果的影响,选择ISO/TC126的卷烟抽吸方法工作组(WG9)提出的3种吸烟参数方案中的A和C与现行的ISO标准吸烟条件对16种国产卷烟进行了测试。结果表明在WG9参数条件下抽烟,①测试结果之间的离散性不大于现行的ISO标准方法;②焦油、烟碱和CO的释放量显著增加。     

冷阱捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中的呋喃

建立了测定卷烟主流烟气中呋喃的冷阱捕集-气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)法。主流烟气中的呋喃用含有氘代内标(呋喃-d4)的冷甲醇吸收后在选择离子监测模式下进行GC/MS 分析;考察了11 个不同品牌卷烟在ISO 抽吸模式与加拿大深度抽吸模式下主流烟气呋喃的释放量。结果表明:方法的线性相关系数为0.999 7,检出限为0.028 μg/mL,加标回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为94.2%~98.5%和3.3%~4.6%。加拿大深度抽吸模式下卷烟主流烟气中呋喃的释放量为ISO 抽吸模式下的两倍以上,ISO抽吸模式下卷烟主流烟气呋喃释放量与实测焦油量显著线性相关。该方法适用于测定卷烟主流烟气中呋喃的释放量。      

两种抽吸模式对卷烟主流烟气测量方法与结果精密度的影响

为了解吸烟机抽吸模式对卷烟主流烟气相关测量方法与结果精密度的影响,针对卷烟主流烟气的常规指标(抽吸口数、总粒相物、焦油、烟碱、CO)、烟草特有亚硝胺[TSNAs,N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、4-(N-甲基-N-亚硝氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)]、苯并[a]芘、羰基化合物(甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛、巴豆醛)、苯酚、氢氰酸、氨、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs,1,3-丁二烯、苯)等17个测试指标,在ISO和加拿大深度抽吸(HCI)两种模式下开展了卷烟主流烟气系列测量方法的协同试验,按照GB/T 6379.2—2004/ISO 5725-2:1994的统计方法进行分析,获得了9个测量方法 6个测试水平(m)下的重复性限(r)和再现性限(R),并确立了r、R与m的线性拟合函数关系。结果表明:焦油、烟碱、CO的测量精密度显著优于其他测试指标,相对重复性限(r%)和相对再现性限(R%)分别约为10%和20%,其他指标的r%和R%分别为20%和45%左右;与ISO抽吸模式相比,HCI抽吸模式下卷烟主流烟气释放量显著增加,但测量方法的精密度对于绝大多数测量指标并没有明显改善;HCI抽吸模式下相关测试指标的精密度对m的依赖性显著较弱,部分指标的两种吸烟机型测试结果差异较大;烟气在HCI抽吸模式下的捕集过程中,吸烟机卷烟抽吸参数(如抽吸口数)稳定性相对较差。因此,当前典型的吸烟机设计并不能较好地满足深度抽吸条件下卷烟主流烟气相关分析物的稳健测量。     

抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气氨释放量的影响

为考察抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气中氨释放量的影响,采用ISO、Massachusetts和Health Canada 3种抽吸方案分别抽吸了15种国产卷烟,然后采用离子色谱法测定了这些卷烟主流烟气中氨的释放量.结果表明:①对于滤嘴打孔卷烟,与ISO抽吸方案相比,采用Massachusetts抽吸方案,混合型卷烟主流烟气中氨...     

抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气烟草特有亚硝胺释放量的影响

为考察抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气中烟草特有N-亚硝胺(TSNAs)释放量的影响,采用ISO、Massachusetts和Health Canada 3种抽吸方案分别抽吸了15种国产卷烟,而后采用GC/TEA法测定了这些卷烟主流烟气粒相物中的NNN、NAT、NAB、NNK释放量.结果表明:与ISO方案相比,采用Massachusetts方案(50%封闭滤嘴通风孔)或Canada深度抽吸方案(100%封闭滤嘴通风孔),滤嘴打孔卷烟烟气TSNAs总释放量增加100%以上,高通风率卷烟样品的增幅达200%以上;滤嘴不打孔卷烟烟气TSNAs总释放量增加50%左右.     

等离子和静电打孔接装纸特性及其对卷烟物理和常规烟气指标的影响

  目的  为综合对比评价等离子打孔和静电打孔接装纸的特性及其对卷烟物理指标和常规烟气成分释放量的影响。  方法  采用两种打孔方式不同透气度和不同孔带宽度的接装纸进行电镜扫描和卷烟试验。  结果  （1）试验条件下,静电打孔接装纸比等离子打孔接装纸的孔密度更高、孔径更小。（2）在相同孔带宽度和接装纸透气度下,静电打孔和等离子打孔卷烟的吸阻稳定性、总通风率稳定性和常规烟气成分释放量无显著差异,静电打孔卷烟滤嘴通风率稳定性优于等离子打孔。（3）增加打孔宽度可提高卷烟滤嘴通风率的稳定性,可降低焦油量、烟气烟碱量和一氧化碳量等常规烟气指标。  结论  从烟支物理特性及降低焦油、烟碱和一氧化碳的角度,等离子打孔和静电打孔可以实现等同应用,应尽量增加打孔密度,减小打孔孔径,并增加打孔宽度。      

两种抽吸模式下电加热不燃烧卷烟烟气气溶胶的粒径分布

为研究电加热不燃烧卷烟烟气气溶胶的粒径分布特性,采用DMS500快速粒径谱仪和模拟循环吸烟机,考察了加拿大深度抽吸(HCI)和ISO抽吸模式下电加热不燃烧卷烟烟气气溶胶的粒径分布。结果表明:(1)烟气稀释比为350∶1时测定结果的重现性好。(2)HCI和ISO两种抽吸模式下IQOS加热不燃烧卷烟烟气气溶胶的粒径分布均呈近似对数正态分布,且主要分布在20~200 nm;逐口烟气浓度均先逐渐增加后趋于稳定,HCI抽吸模式下烟气浓度明显高于ISO抽吸模式;逐口粒数中值直径(CMD)均先略微增加后趋于稳定,全部口数的平均CMD分别为50.2和58.5 nm。(3)ISO抽吸模式下,IQOS卷烟烟气气溶胶浓度明显高于glo卷烟,但glo卷烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布范围大于IQOS卷烟;二者气溶胶的CMD相近。加热不燃烧卷烟烟气气溶胶粒径稍大于电子烟,但明显小于传统卷烟;CMD、烟气浓度的逐口变化趋势也与传统卷烟和电子烟存在差异。     

活性炭复合滤嘴对卷烟中薄荷醇转移行为的影响

  目的  筛选薄荷型卷烟的滤嘴材料。  方法  比较了接装纯醋纤滤嘴和活性炭醋纤滤嘴的薄荷型卷烟,检测其在存放和抽吸过程中烟丝、滤嘴和烟气部分中薄荷醇含量。  结果  1）存放过程中,活性炭复合滤嘴吸附烟丝薄荷醇的能力大于纯醋纤滤嘴,稳定期约为1.3倍;2）抽吸过程中,纯醋纤滤嘴样品薄荷醇向主流烟气的转移能力大于活性炭复合滤嘴样品,存放前转移率为1.9倍,中间平缓期转移率在1.2-1.7倍之间,但随着存放时间变化的幅度较大,转移率最大极差为3.7倍,稳定性较活性炭复合滤嘴差。  结论  对薄荷型卷烟滤嘴材料的选择和改进有指导意义。      

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

直线式吸烟机罩内风速控制系统的改进与应用研究

利用flow-simulation 软件建立(20+1)孔道直线式吸烟机上的罩内风速模型,基于该模型,认为烟支在燃烧过程中,燃烧起始位置和结束位置间具有较大的气流速度差,可能显著影响烟气捕集结果。为消除这一影响,使吸烟机罩内气流速度达到均匀稳定,本文改进了吸烟机排风装置并在吸烟机的防护罩下端加装整流网。实验结果表明,改造后,当固定位置风速设定200mm/s 时,燃烧起始和结束位置平均风速差由93.0 mm/s 降至20.7 mm/s;CM7 卷烟烟气常规分析各指标项测定值在组间和孔道间的变异系数显著低于改造前,说明改造后吸烟机捕集主流烟气常规化学成分的均匀性和稳定性得到了提高;CM7 卷烟烟气常规分析各指标项测定值明显低于目前使用的常规分析用吸烟机测得的结果,两者之间具有显著性差异。      

Effect of charcoal-containing cigarette filters on gas phase volatile organic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke

Of the chemicals identified to date in mainstream cigarette smoke with known toxicological properties, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the most hazardous group owing to their high abundance and toxicity. In this research we evaluate a recently introduced line of cigarettes that contain charcoal in their filters. The amount of charcoal in these filters ranged from 45 mg to 180 mg and were either dispersed among the filter material or contained in a small cavity in the filter segment. Charcoal has long been used for removing VOCs from both water and air. Our findings indicate that these cigarettes reduce machine generated mainstream smoke deliveries of a wide range of VOCs compared to a similar, non-charcoal filtered, cigarette. However, this reduction is dependent not only on the amount of charcoal present but also on the volume of smoke being drawn through the filter. While a brand with 45 mg charcoal reduces VOC delivery under ISO smoking conditions, charcoal saturation and breakthrough occur under more intense smoking conditions. Breakthrough is minimised for brands with the most charcoal. Overall, the brands with the most charcoal are effective at reducing VOC deliveries under even intense smoking conditions.     

Effect of the New York State cigarette fire safety standard on ignition propensity, smoke constituents, and the consumer market

Objectives: This study examines empirical evidence from the New York experience testing tobacco industry arguments made in opposition to fire safety standards for cigarettes. Design: Percentages of cigarettes exhibiting full length burns (FLBs), cigarette sales before and following the implementation of the New York standards, a sample of retail cigarette prices, brand availability, and selected smoke constituent yields were compared between cigarettes sold in New York and two other states. Cigarette paper analysis was conducted on cigarettes sold in New York. Results: New York cigarette brands averaged 10.0% FLBs as compared to 99.8% for California and Massachusetts brands. Reduced ignition propensity (RIP) appears to have been achieved by cigarette paper banding. Cigarette sales, prices, and brand availability do not appear to have been affected by the New York standards. Yields of the majority of smoke constituents tested did not differ substantially between RIP cigarettes sold in New York as compared to the same brands sold in Massachusetts. Average yields of tar, carbon monoxide, and two compounds were slightly higher, the yields of seven compounds were higher for one brand only, and nicotine was lower, among New York brands tested. Conclusions: RIP cigarette brands have been designed to meet the New York fire safety standards. Their introduction has not affected cigarette sales or prices in New York. There is no evidence that the small increases in smoke constituent yields affect the already highly toxic nature of cigarette smoke. Data on smoking caused fires, deaths, and injuries dating from after the change in law are not yet available. Such data will be able to address the question of whether the demonstrated reduced ignition standards are associated with reduced fires and injuries. Based on the New York experience, prior industry objections to producing RIP cigarettes are unfounded. Other states and nations should adopt similar standards.     

传统卷烟和电子烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了解传统卷烟和电子烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布特性, 按照ISO 的抽吸模式, 分别对10 个品牌的传统卷烟和电子烟进行测试。通过在线稀释, 采用模拟循环吸烟机和快速粒径谱仪对气溶胶粒径和浓度进行了测试。结果表明:(1)在相同的抽吸条件下, 传统卷烟气溶胶的颗粒、单位体积数浓度都比电子烟大;(2)在不同抽吸口数下, 传统卷烟气溶胶粒径每口之间差异很大, 而电子烟气溶胶粒径每口之间分布比较均匀。      

抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气中氢氰酸释放量的影响

为考察不同抽吸方式对卷烟主流烟气中氢氰酸(HCN)释放量的影响,采用ISO、Massachusetts和Health Canada 3种抽吸方式分别抽吸了15种市售卷烟,采用连续流动法测定了主流烟气中的HCN释放量.研究表明:与ISO方案相比,采用Massachusetts或Health Canada深度抽吸方式,HCN释放量均有显著提高;抽吸方式的改变对低焦油卷烟、高滤嘴通风率的卷烟的HCN释放量影响更为显著.     

Development of a method to assess cigarette smoke intake

Tar and nicotine deliveries of cigarettes measured using current standardized smoking machine protocols provide poor estimates of smoke exposure. The characteristics of human smoking behavior vary considerably and differ from the rigid parameters used with current standardized smoking machine protocols. Current alternatives, including measurement of biomarkers, are invasive, time-dependent, and can be too expensive to be used as mechanisms for carrying out large-scale investigations required to help determine the influence of cigarette design on smoking behaviors. To obtain more reasonable estimates of mainstream smoke exposure, we developed a method to quantitatively measure solanesol, a naturally occurring component in tobacco that is deposited during smoking in the cigarette filter butt. Quantification of solanesol extracted from the filters using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry is efficient, rapid, and extremely reliable. We found that the amount of solanesol deposited in a cigarette filter is related to the mainstream smoke deliveries of tar and nicotine under a variety of smoking conditions. In addition, the amount of solanesol trapped in the filter remains stable at least 4 weeks after smoking. Measuring solanesol in cigarette filters as an exposure marker provides a noninvasive means to obtain reasonable estimates of mainstream tar and nicotine smoke deliveries under a wide variety of smoking conditions.     

国产混合型卷烟与国外知名品牌混合型卷烟的分析比较及发展思路

选择市场销售份额较大、档次较高的国产混合型卷烟与国外知名品牌的混合型卷烟进行系统详细的分析比较,找出我国混合型卷烟在物理特性、烟支结构、化学成分、烟气特征、感官质量等各个方面与世界知名品牌的差距。我国混合型卷烟在设计思路及化学成分上存在以下不足：（１）卷烟吸阻分布不合理,滤嘴吸阻偏低;（２）卷烟纸透气度偏高,而滤嘴通风稀释较少;（３）卷烟烟丝化学成分不协调,糖氮比偏高、氮碱比偏低、糖碱比则有高有低。这些差异是造成国产混合型卷烟吸味不佳及焦油量偏高的主要原因。针对这些不足,文章指出了我国混合型卷烟的发展思路及研究方向,认为应从产品设计、工艺加工、基础研究等方面入手。