Low Temperature Chrome Dyeing of Wool

Abstract

This work reports an attempt to promote wool dyeing with chrome dyes at low temperature (90°C), using glucose in the chroming stage to minimize wool damage and save energy without any adverse effect on the fastness properties of the dyed wool.

The benefits of this new process are to obtain satisfactory tensile strength and less solubility properties than those obtained through the conventional dyeing method at the boil. There is a slight decrease in the cystine content of the dyed wool whereas the basic and aromatic amino acids are not affected. Glucose, being a reducing agent, competes with cystine in the overall reduction process of dichromate.     

Effect of Lipase Pretreatment on the Dyeability of Wool Fabric

Abstract

The effect of lipase pretreatment on the dyeability of wool fabric with reactive dyes is thoroughly investigated. Two enzymes are applied, lipase type II and lipolase 100 L, type EX. The effect of treatment conditions such as temperature, time, and concentration of enzyme on the dyeability of wool fabric is studied. A comparative study between exhaustion and padding techniques of treatment is investigated. Kinetic investigations are also given on the dyeing process of wool fabric with reactive dyes. The treatments revealed improvement in the dyeability of wool with reactive dyes. The use of the enzyme pretreatment enables wool dyeing under mild temperature conditions with increasing dye consumption and an increase of the rate of dyeing. This is reflected as energy saving and reduction of pollution impact.     

Process Optimization and Industrial Scale-Up of Chitosan Based Anti-Felting Treatments of Wool

Abstract

Anti-felting properties of knitted wool fabrics treated with chitosan were investigated, by both a laboratory scale treatment and a semi-industrial application. The influence of oxidative wool pre-treatments was analysed. The distribution of chitosan on treated wool fibres was also assessed using both qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. The study provided shrinkage data perfectly comparable with those obtained by the currently used shrinkproofing processes, but with two important advantages: the total absence of chlorine in the process and the complete biodegradability of chitosan. The semi-industrial treatment showed the complete reproducibility of the laboratory scale results, giving rise to the possibility of an industrial adaptation of the process.     

Toward Textiles

Abstract

Wool textiles play such an integral part in British history that it is surprising wool makes up such a low percentage of the global fiber market. With the price noticeably more than cotton, wool is perhaps viewed as more of a premium product, confined to niche markets. Another view is that in today's modern world of man-made synthetics and fast fashion, wool no longer has a place. However, there are plenty of signs that wool is making a comeback as a twenty-first-century fibre. Wool's message—good looks, comfort, longevity, and sustainability, along with its many new developments and end uses— should resonate with a new generation of consumers.     

Application of myrrh extract as an eco-friendly dye and antimicrobial agent on wool and silk fabrics part 2: antimicrobial activity and fastness property

ABSTRACT

We investigate the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) extracts on wool and silk fabrics, the use of eco-friendly materials such as sumac (Rhus coriaria), manjakani (Quercus infectoria), alum, and ferrous sulfate as mordants. The mordanting methods were optimized.

The best conditions of dyeing process were discussed in the first part of this study. Dyed fabrics were assessed for color strength (K/S), color fastness, and antimicrobial activity. Non-mordanted dyed wool and silk showed color fastness of grade 4–5. Dyed fabrics showed good antimicrobial activity, which was enhanced by mordanting.     

Influence of Sheep Wool on Slope Greening

ABSTRACT

Positive influence of wool mixed with soil on slope stability and its greening were examined. Mixtures of poor quality wool as well as polyester and polypropylene fibers with soil were obtained. The mixture was used to cover meandrically arranged ropes installed on the slope. After several weeks, intense greening of the slope was observed. Grass cover grown from seeds sown on the slope was very diverse, depending on types of fibers used for soil reinforcements. In places covered with soil mixed with wool, intense and dark green grass tillers were observed. In order to determine influence of wool on intense grass growth, progress of wool biodegradation was studied. Additionally, the content of different forms of nitrogen in soil during slope exploitation was analyzed. Wool biodegradation was investigated during observations with electron scanning microscope. It was revealed that biological damage of wool was accelerated by mechanical damage of fibers, that took place during bale opening and mixing wool with soil. As a result of biodegradation of wool keratin organic nitrogen was released. Due to ammonification process, it was converted into ammonium and later, via nitrification, into nitrate form. Both forms were available for growing grass and promoted its quick development.     

Joseph Conrad's “The Planter of Malata”: Timing,and the Forgotten Adventures of the Silk Plant “Arghan”

Abstract

“Endless Possibilities” is the story of the many paths merino wool can take from its birth. Written from the perspective of the wool itself, the qualities of the fabric and techniques used to transform it are explored. Recent designer collections are secretly referenced using only words instead of the images we have become accustomed to. Wool may sometimes be cleverly hidden, but it's still around. Whether we notice it is a different matter.     

Investigation of effects of protease enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 and commercial enzyme on physical properties of woolen fabric

Abstract

Wool is one of the most important fibers in textile industry, and has been commonly used for producing value added products due to its properties of lightness, warmth, softness, and smoothness. However, the special scale structure in wool cuticle can cause felting shrinkage of wool fabrics. Proteases have been widely used to modify the surface of wool to prevent wool felting, due to their ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in wool scales. Although the treatment of wool with proteases was considered as an environmentally friendly technique to provide wool fabrics with shrink resistance properties, proteases exhibited low efficacy in removing the cuticle scales because of the highly cross-linked barriers. In this study, wool fabric was treated with protease enzyme obtained from novel isolated bacteria and commercial protease enzyme, and the results were compared. The tear strength, pilling changes in ΔE values, whiteness and yellowness values of wool were controlled. Results showed that treatment with Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 protease enzyme yielded improvements in the physical properties of wool fabric compared with commercial enzyme.     

Effect of Transglutaminase Enzyme on Physico-mechanical Properties of Rambouillet Wool Fiber

ABSTRACT

Rambouillet wool fiber was scoured and treated with transglutaminase (TG) enzyme for different concentrations and duration at neutral pH at 45°C. The physical, mechanical, dyeing, and antimicrobial properties of the wool fiber before and after enzymatic treatment were evaluated as per standard methods. Results inferred that TG enzyme-treated wool fiber sample showed improvement in softness, luster, and tensile strength in comparison with scoured wool fiber. It is found that 0.5% TG enzyme treatment at 45°C for 60 min at pH 7 was an optimum condition. Scanning electron microscope images also confirmed the flattened and smooth scales of wool fiber after enzymatic treatment.     

Wool fabric having thermal comfort management function via shape memory polyurethane finishing

Abstract

In this study, wool fabrics were treated with shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) at different concentrations (5–20?wt%) by using pad-dry-cure process. Transition temperature (T_g) of the SMPU was suitable for body temperature so as to create a fabric having smart breathability and insulation. FT-IR and SEM analyses were conducted for assessing polymer and wool fabric interactions. Air, water vapor permeability (WVP), and water absorption capacity tests of raw and SMPU treated fabrics were carried out within temperature range covering points lower and above T_g of the polymer (20–65?°C). Effects of relative humidity (RH) on WVP were also investigated with the tests carried out under differing RH values (20–80%). According to the results, wool fabrics treated with 10?wt% SMPU had the best smart transfer capability changing according to temperature and relative humidity. Its absorption capacity was also superior with its acceptable hand values according to bending rigidity results.     

Enzymatic Finishing of Wool Fabrics

SUMMARY

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the action of a protease when applied on a high quality wool fabric to obtain an improved touch and drape on the fabric as well as to decrease its shrinkage and pilling propensity.

The effectiveness of the enzymatic treatment as well as the intensity of the attack to the wool fibre are evaluated by determining several mechanical and chemical parameters.     

Tensile and Frictional Properties of Wool-Cotton Union Khadi Fabrics

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the tensile and frictional behavior of wool-cotton union fabrics developed using different wool-cotton blended warp yarns, and mixed wool weft yarns spun on khadi spinning system. The tenacity and elongation at break of fabric increase with the blending of cotton with JK crossbred wool in the warp direction and high content of Australian merino wool in the weft direction, however, initial modulus decreases. The static and dynamic coefficient of friction positively correlates to the wool content in warp yarn and negatively correlates with linear density and the proportion of Australian merino wool in weft yarn.     

Chemical,morphological and structural characteristics of crossbred wool fibers

Abstract

Crossbreeding of a local sheep called Ghezel thick wool with Arkharmerino fine wool is one of the interest studies in the last decade to improve the local sheep’s products quality. In this study, the chemical and mechanical properties of Arkharmerino, Ghezel and their first and second-generation wool fibers were investigated. The diameter, length and tensile properties of wool fibers were studied. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum were also performed to evaluate the morphological and physical characteristics of all samples. The results showed that crossbreeding Ghezel ewes with Arkharmerino rams led to improving the wool fiber characteristics from chemical and physical properties points of view in the final application. The higher fineness, higher length, lighter color and higher tenacity were resulting from Arkharmerino–Ghezel in the second generation in comparison with Ghezel wool fibers.     

羊毛牵切直接成条工艺与技术

选用细羊毛条进行棉型毛条的制作，主要对羊毛牵切机的结构原理、不同牵切工艺下的毛条质量进行了探讨，根据牵切毛条的质量指标，优选出最佳牵切工艺，供棉型羊毛产品的开发企业参考。     

A Study on Extraction and Characterization of Keratin Films and Nanofibers from Waste Wool Fiber

ABSTRACT

Fabrication and characterization of keratin films extracted from waste Merino wool fiber using two different methods and three different pH concentrations is the main focus of this study. Also, wool keratin (WK) loaded polymer surfaces were fabricated. The chemical, structural and morphological characteristics of keratin extracted from aqueous solutions were analyzed and compared for both methods. It is concluded that optimized results in this study could contribute in future research studies to select the parameters and methods to extract keratin films from recyclable wool fibers. Also, WK loaded nanofibrous films could be potential in filtration, air purification and tissue engineering.     

An effect of suint on sheep wool impedance and heat resistance values

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon of impedance finds an application in many areas of science; however, no studies relate to wool. Thus, the aim of the study was an examination of an effect of from the presence of suint layer on sheep wool fibers on impedance and heat resistance values. Electrical characteristics (impedance [Ω]) and heat resistance were compared in terms of wool washing effect. The impedance of wool samples was tested in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 1 MHz. In order to measure electrical characteristics and heat resistance values, five samples of greasy wool were collected from different sheep breeds, standardized by weight. After the analyses, the samples were washed and reexamined. The results showed significant differences in the impedance between the greasy and washed wool samples in each of the tested breed (p > 0.05). The suint layer reduces the impedance level, which was also confirmed by a heat resistance test results demonstrating that absence of suint layer on wool fibers significantly reduced this feature value (p > 0.05). This was also reflected in the weight differences between the examined wool samples before and after their washing.     

毛麻交织凉爽织物的设计与开发

采用羊毛与亚麻交织，开发出毛麻交织凉爽织物。并通过合理的工艺配置和后整理，使产品具有优良的服用性能和保健性能，为毛织物的轻薄化、凉爽化开辟了新途径。文中对此类产品的设计、生产及技术要点作了说明与分析。     

Moth proofing of wool fabric using nano kaolinite

Woollen products are susceptible to the attack of wool moth. An attempt was made to impart anti moth property to woollen fabric using nano kaolinite, an aluminium silicate mineral based of natural origin. The treatment of nano kaolinite on wool fabric was conducted both at room temperature and 80 °C for the optimization of the process. The characterization of nano kaolinite as well as nano kaolinite-coated wool fabric was performed with various analytical techniques. Moth proofing performance of nano kaolinite-coated wool fabric against Anthrenus verbasci was investigated through assessing wool weight loss and number of moth alive after the incubation period of 15 days. It was found that 1.0% nano kaolinite treatment at room temperature treatment is found to be more effective than high-temperature treatment in terms of weight loss and mortality rate of wool moth. The results were compared with a commercial anti moth agent.     

3D food printing: main components selection by considering rheological properties

Abstract

3D printing, also referred to as additive manufacturing, offers a wide range of new processing possibilities to the food industry. This technology allows a layer by layer (bottom to top) printing of predefined slices of designed and desired objects. 3D printing potentially allows rapid manufacturing of complex objects, which are unhindered by design complexity, thus providing substantial liberty to create new and untested geometric shapes. In terms of food manufacturing, the potential that 3D food printing technologies can bring may revolutionize certain aspects of food manufacturing, providing the convenience of low-cost customized fabrication and even tailored nutrition control. The most common materials suitable for 3D food printing are carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber and functional components. In the present study, the characteristics of raw materials or additives used during 3D printing, and requirements for estimating and improving their printing performance and self-supporting ability in extrusion-based printing regarding rheological characteristics of 3D food printing materials are reviewed. As an innovative process, 3D food printing may induce a revolution in certain areas of food manufacturing.     

Keratin Gene Expression Differences in Wool Follicles and Sequence Diversity of High Glycine-Tyrosine Keratin-Associated Proteins (Kaps) in Magra Sheep of India

ABSTRACT

Wool fibers consist of proteins with majority belongs to keratin family. Longitudinally arrayed keratin intermediate filaments constitute a matrix surrounded by keratin-associated proteins (KAPs). These KAPs play essential role in providing the physico-mechanical properties of the wool fiber. Real time PCR assay revealed that type 1 hair cortex keratin K33A (K1.2) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) upregulated in lustrous Magra wool follicles however other keratin and keratin associated protein (KAP) genes were found down regulated. Furthermore, nucleotide sequence analysis revealed 4, 30, and 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in KAP6, KAP7, and KAP8 genes, respectively. The presence of differing amount of type I and type II keratin and hydrophobic high glycine-tyrosine proteins in wool might be partially responsible for different glass transitions exhibited by wool and consequently imparts different physical properties like wool luster.