重金属在土壤-作物体系中的累积行为研究(Ⅰ)——造纸污泥堆肥农用的重金属污染研究

选取造纸污泥堆肥作为菜园土肥源进行盆栽实验,通过种植油菜和芦荟,着重研究了施加造纸污泥堆肥后作物和土壤中的重金属含量分布。盆栽实验显示施加堆肥可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤肥力:重金属测定结果表明,添加造纸污泥堆肥的土壤,其重金属含量符合标准规定,且作物中的重金属含量远远低于我国蔬菜质量标准规定值。在一定时期内农田施用造纸污泥堆肥不会造成重金属污染。     

造纸污泥做有机肥的尝试

本文介绍了河北某生物科技公司利用造纸污泥做有机肥的生产经验。生产实践显示,采用好氧堆肥(生物干化)技术,解决了造纸污泥难以低成本快速脱水问题;造纸污泥与秸秆粉和鸡粪合理搭配可以制成精制有机肥,田间试验结果表明,使用该有机肥可以减少化肥用量;造纸污泥堆肥的长期施用对土壤重金属的累积量和作物中累积行为还需要进一步研究。     

造纸物化污泥好氧堆肥发酵供氧方式研究

实验证明造纸物化污泥堆肥物料采用传统的通风供氧不能完全进入好氧堆肥的过程,分析其原因是造纸物化污泥浓度低,自由空域少,通风氧不能进入其内部造成的。本文提出了一种新型的渗透供氧方式。实验证明:采用APMP制浆黑液作为渗透供氧的供给者,与通风供氧相结合,既能解决造纸物化污泥堆肥物料氧气供给问题,又能收到处置APMP制浆黑液的效果。     

造纸污泥好氧堆肥处理技术研究

造纸污泥是一种生物固体废弃物，通过调节水分与C／N比，在强制通风与定期翻堆情况下，由于微生物作用，有机质发生降解，C／N比在不断下降，经过2个月左右高温堆肥，可以转化为高效的有机肥料。从堆肥过程的物理、化学及生物学指标变化可以看出，添加富含纤维素降解菌的发酵料，可以加速造纸污泥的腐熟，堆肥的阳离子交换量(CEC)与盆栽玉米增产率之间具有较好的相关性，CEC值可以作为造纸污泥堆肥腐熟程度的控制指标，CEC值≥80mmol／100g时，认为造纸污泥堆肥已经腐熟。     

造纸物化污泥好氧堆肥发酵调理剂选择研究

探讨了几种常用废弃物用作造纸物化污泥好氧堆肥发酵的调理剂的发酵情况。结果表明：玉米秆、麦秆、木屑不适合作造纸物化污泥好氧堆肥发酵的调理剂,玉米棒芯和花生藤可以选择作为调理剂,但需解决其氧气供给方式问题。     

造纸污泥厌氧发酵生物产氢研究

以实验室造纸污泥堆肥腐熟肥为菌源、造纸污泥为底物进行厌氧发酵产氢实验。结果表明,造纸污泥经超声波预处理40min,添加10mL质量分数0.05%的三氯甲烷后,在36.5℃,pH值5.5～6.0条件下与实验室造纸污泥堆肥腐熟肥按质量比2∶1进行混合厌氧发酵,累积产氢量83.5mL/g(挥发性固形物),H2浓度51.0%～67.7%,有机物利用率32.4%～43.8%。     

造纸污泥厌氧发酵生物产氢研究

以实验室造纸污泥堆肥腐熟肥为菌源、造纸污泥为底物进行厌氧发酵产氢实验.结果表明,造纸污泥经超声波预处理40 min,添加10 mL质量分数0.05％的三氯甲烷后,在36.5℃,pH值5.5 ～6.0条件下与实验室造纸污泥堆肥腐熟肥按质量比2∶1进行混合厌氧发酵,累积产氢量83.5 mL/g(挥发性固形物),H2浓度51.0％ ～67.7％,有机物利用率32.4％ ～43.8％.     

造纸污泥交替式好氧厌氧堆肥实验

调节造纸污泥的水分和C/N比,经过为期50d的交替好氧厌氧堆肥处理,污泥有机质发生降解,TN、TP和TK含量都呈上升趋势,挥发性固体和有机碳分别达到60%和30%的稳定状态,堆肥的种子发芽率达到95%以上,大肠杆菌数低于国家卫生标准,实现造纸污泥无害化、稳定化和减量化的要求.腐熟的污泥堆肥成为高价值的农用产品.     

造纸污泥堆肥应用中重金属的累积行为

造纸污泥经过交替好氧厌氧堆肥处理后施加到菜园土中,进行了盆栽实验.实验结果表明,造纸污泥堆肥作为农业肥料,可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤的养分含量,有效改良土壤的物理性状:土壤中的重金属在作物中的累积行为呈现不同的规律,但最后均趋于一个极值;重金属生物累积的峰值均低于国家蔬菜重金属含量标准.     

造纸工业污水处理市场前景看好

工业污泥市场将是下一个热点。造纸废水产生的污泥比例比较高,是市政污水的五到十倍。但是目前,还没有真正重视起污泥处理问题,有部分造纸污泥送到自备电厂焚烧,但是对于燃点不同,对于机组影响较大,焚烧不能彻底解决污泥问题。还有部分造纸污泥进行了堆肥,由于造纸厂一般在乡镇,并且重     

一种家用小型太阳能堆肥箱的设计

针对目前市场上常见的厨余垃圾堆肥箱不易保温、堆肥时间长、沥水效果差、臭味重等问题,设计一种家用小型堆肥箱,该装置包括太阳能集热板、太阳能电池板、通风管路、投料口、沥水筛网、尾气处理等多个模块。通过对堆肥箱空间结构进行设计和优化,使其更好地满足高温好氧堆肥工艺的需求,同时由于引入了太阳能为整个系统的保温和通风供能,大大降低了能耗。该装置与自然堆肥相比缩短了堆肥时间,且整个系统移动搬运方便,不受放置地点限制,十分适合庭院内使用。     

堆沤预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气性能及模型

为了促进玉米秸秆的降解,同时使产气高峰提前以达到提高产气速率的目的,对玉米秸秆的预处理方式进行了分析。所采用的方法为堆沤处理,分为加水堆沤和加沼液堆沤两组试验,堆沤时间设为2、4、6、8 d四个不同数值。结果显示,堆沤后各组产气高峰大都有所提前,但峰值产气量并未发生明显变化,甚至稍有降低,可能是玉米秸秆中部分有机物质在堆沤时被消耗所致。作者对发酵时间和产气量进行了模型拟合,拟合效果较好。     

稻草ECMP浸渍废液堆肥腐熟研究

介绍了稻草ECMP备料的固体废弃物与浸渍废液以适当比例混配后,利用堆肥的原理,将混合物做腐熟处理制得肥料.探讨了草叶与废液固形物以不同比例混配后腐熟进程的变化.研究表明:随着腐熟时间延长,在10～25天,有机质含量明显下降,腐殖酸中胡敏酸与富里酸比值增高;不切碎草叶最终腐熟的碳氮此更小,两者的腐殖酸值无明显差别.     

The influence of small‐ and large‐scale composting on the dissipation of pesticide residues in a biopurification matrix

BACKGROUND: Pesticides are efficiently retained and degraded in the organic matrix of a biopurification system. However, as this matrix mineralizes slowly over time, nutrients will start to become depleted and thus a decay in biomass will probably occur. At that moment, the efficiency of the system decreases and the matrix should be replaced. The spent matrix might still contain residues of pesticides. Hence treatment of this matrix is essential. In this study we opted to use composting or incubation as an effective and environmentally friendly treatment strategy. RESULTS: Small‐ and large‐scale composting/incubation trials were set up to treat the presence of linuron, bentazone, metalaxyl and bifenthrin in a contaminated matrix. Large‐scale composting, performed in an industrial composting facility, resulted in decreased concentrations of metalaxyl, linuron and bentazone. Degradation of bifenthrin was very limited. In the small‐scale incubation process, a decrease in concentration was noted for bifenthrin, metalaxyl and bentazone. A reduction in extractable pesticide concentration does not, however, always indicate degradation but could be attributed to the formation of non‐extractable residues. CONCLUSION: Industrial and small‐scale composting/incubation reduced the concentration of some pesticides during the timeframe studied, although little reduction was obtained for the persistent pesticide bifenthrin in the industrial composting process and for linuron in barrel incubation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dynamics of the co‐composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure

Co‐composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure was assessed by monitoring several chemical and biological parameters related to compost stability/maturity throughout a 103 day period. A compost of solid poultry manure was used as the control, because a compost could not be obtained from the liquid manure. The materials composted reached thermophilic stage temperatures within 4 days, lasting for more than 10 days; thereafter the temperature decreased rapidly to around ambient levels. The initial pH value was around 9 for both mixtures and, despite an initial decrease, high values were maintained over the entire co‐composting process. Electrical conductivity increased with composting time, while the opposite behaviour was observed for total carbon content. Organic matter loss in the co‐composting of barley waste with liquid poultry manure was 35%. In general, the final products showed physicochemical characteristics considered normal for such materials, but pH and ammonia content values were high. The results of a bioassay test performed with seeds of three plant species (ryegrass, wheat and barley) indicated that the co‐compost could be considered mature from a biological point of view, since phytotoxicity was absent for ryegrass and barley. Comparison of these data with those obtained for solid poultry manure indicated that barley waste notably improved the composting efficiency as well as the quality of the final product. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

白腐真菌对玉米秸杆和餐厨垃圾堆肥效果的影响

利用白腐真菌降解过的玉米秸秆和未降解过的玉米秸秆分别与餐厨垃圾进行堆肥对比实验,研究生物预处理对秸秆堆肥效果的影响.在30d的堆肥过程中,通过测定堆体的温度、含水率、pH、有机质含量以及种子发芽指数指标评价其堆肥效果和腐熟程度.结果表明,预处理过的秸秆堆体A较未处理过的堆体B先达到55℃;堆体A含水率下降迅速、有机质含量减少快,可缩短堆肥周期;两堆体pH最终接近中性;堆体A种子发芽率为99%,比堆体B的种子发芽率高1%,堆体A的腐熟速度和程度优于堆体B.生物预处理可加快堆肥进程,有效缩短堆肥周期.     

Effects of different composting methods on antibiotic-resistant bacteria,antibiotic resistance genes,and microbial diversity in dairy cattle manures

Composting is a common practice used for treating animal manures before they are used as organic fertilizers for crop production. Whether composting can effectively reduce microbial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes remain poorly understood. In this study, we compared 3 different dairy manure composting methods—anaerobic fermentation (AF), static compost (SC), and organic fertilizer production (OFP)—for their effects on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, and microbial community diversity in the treated manures. The 3 composting methods produced variable and distinct effects on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, zoonotic bacteria, and resistance genes, some of which were decreased and others of which showed no significant changes during composting. Particularly, SC and OFP reduced chloramphenicol resistance gene fexA and opportunistic pathogen Vibrio fluvialis, whereas AF significantly reduced tetracycline resistance gene tetB and opportunistic pathogens Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia fergusonii. The compositions of microbial communities varied significantly during the composting processes, and there were significant differences between the 3 composting methods. In all 3 composts, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Interestingly, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes remained stable in the entire AF process, whereas they were dominated at the beginning, decreased at the early stage of composting, and rebounded at the later stage during SC and OFP. In general, SC and OFP produced a more profound effect than AF on microbial community diversities, pathogens, and dominant species. Additionally, Enterococcus aquimarinus was isolated from AF for the first time. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States function prediction analysis indicated that the genes related to membrane transport and amino acid metabolism were abundant in the 3 composts. The metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates increased as composting progressed. The biosynthesis of antibiotics was enhanced after fermentation in the 3 composting methods, and the increase in the SC was the most obvious. These results reveal dynamic changes in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, microbial community composition, and function succession in different dairy manure composts and provide useful information for further optimization of composting practices.     

VOC废气治理的实际应用

近年来,随着社会经济增长速度的加快,各个行业都得到了迅速发展,特别是工业行业,但同时也带来了非常严重的环境污染问题.在各种环境污染中,VOC废气是一种污染性较强气体,其对自然环境和人体健康都造成了严重威胁,因此,对VOC废气进行有效治理具有非常重要的意义.本文首先介绍了VOC废气出现的原因以及产生的危害,然后分析了几种...