美国国内使用酒精汽油的状状（一）

美国寻求替代燃料酒精始于20世纪70年代,目前,美国已将部分酒精加入汽油作燃料使用,比例为汽油90％,乙醇10％,名曰酒精汽油（gashol) ,美国生产乙醇燃料的公司有80家左右,年销售作燃料的酒精41－43亿升,但仅占石油总销量的8％,比例很低,主要原因是乙醇成本大大高于石油成本,作为可再生能源,酒精是一种可替换汽油的燃料。     

美国国内使用酒精汽油的情况(二)

美国乙醇进口占总供应量的7 % ,允许免税。国家决定乙醇混合油免税以此保证国内酒精工业持续发展。减税酒精汽油中不得超过10%的酒精。含85 %酒精、15%汽油的E85混合燃料也正在美国试用 ,一种加入添加剂结合乙醇的产品与柴油燃料混合对冷起动性能有所改进。乙醇与异丁烯结合生产增氧剂的环保替代品 ,是最经济的增氧剂。(孙悟)     

国外燃料酒精和淀粉加工产品的生产和发展

为了减少对石油的依赖 ,把 12 %的无水酒精 (燃料酒精 )加入汽油 ,2 0 %于柴油中 ,此含氧汽油不再加入四甲基叔丁基醚 ,成为汽车排放废气污染环境少的绿色燃料。　　列举了北美 (美国和加拿大 )燃料酒精厂的规模 ,所用原料、厂址、原料和产品价格的变化。在世界范围内 ,主要产品 (如淀粉、果葡糖浆、酒精等化工产品 )的输出交易量     

蔗渣通过化学前处理制造酒精的糖化发酵技术

随着世界能源的日趋紧张,不少国家尤其是欧美、日本采用燃料酒精部分代替汽油,制成所谓“汽油醇”用作汽车的燃料。而酒精的生产通常要耗用大量的粮食及糖质原料,目前虽有用石油裂解物合成酒精,但石油本身就是能源,而且合成酒精成本较高,这使酒精的生产受到一定的限制。第二次世界大战后,一些国家如苏联开发了以取之不尽的植物纤维为原料通过水解方法制造燃料酒精的新途径,工艺     

世界燃料酒精工业发展现状与展望

巴西是目前世界上年产燃料酒精最多的国家，以甘蔗为主要原料生产含水酒精和无水酒精。实现了酒精相对于汽油的经济竞争力。美国是世界第二大酒精生产国。其中80％为燃料酒精。预计2010年年产量将超过50亿加仑。主要以玉米为原料，3t原料能产1t酒精。还能产1t蛋白饲料和1t CO2。我国石油年消费以13％的速度增长，若按车用油量的10％比例添加燃料酒精，每年则需燃料酒精381万吨。而至2005年底，我国燃料酒精的生产能力将达到132万吨／年。燃料酒精具有广阔的市场前景。(陶然)     

燃料乙醇--酒精行业可持续发展之路

将乙醇脱水加入适量变性剂形成“变性燃料乙醇”，再和一定比例的汽油进一步混合，生产清洁燃料“车用燃料乙醇汽油”。“燃料乙醇”是一种可持续发展的绿色生物质能源，其生产可长期、稳定、有效地解决过剩农产品的转化、增值问题。以陈化粮食为原料生产“燃料乙醇”，走综合利用、综合开发、经济循环模式，可生产汽油、蛋白、汽水、饲料、沼气等产品，可降低燃料乙醇的生产成本，解决能源危机和实现保护环境，实现酒精行业的最佳经济效益的可持续发展。     

巴西、美国汽油醇产业的发展简况及对我国的启示

目前,用乙醇部分或全部代替汽油作汽车燃料己成为一种世界范围的必须趋势。巴西是产蔗糖大国,用甘蔗汁直接生产乙醇作汽车燃料添加剂使巴西在燃料乙醇作为汽油代产品方面走在了世界前列。美国是世界玉米生产大国,以玉米为原料,用发酵法生产酒精是美国生产燃料乙醇的主要方式。而在我国,以陈化粮料生产乙醇将是发展汽油醇产业的一条有效途径。     

生物量制燃料酒精的发展和需要解决的问题

<正> 一、生物量制燃料酒精的发展 生物能是一种很有前途的转换太阳能并可再生的新能源,有许多科技人员在探索其有效开发的各种途径。目前,这方面除了沼气外,酒精也被视为重要的替代能源之一。 用生物量(指植物量)经发酵法制得的酒精被称为生物酒精。 往汽油里混入酒精作为燃料始于第一次世界大战,1921年德国的混用酒精达21,000吨。五十年代初期,由于大量便宜石油     

国外酒精工业近况

从1973年第一次石油危机以来,作为代替石油的新燃料——酒精正受到重视。现在,美国、巴西和西德(部分)以汽油醇代替汽油供汽车作燃料使用。如: 1.美国规定用汽油醇为汽车燃料可免除4％汽油税。并设立一项为期十年的30亿美元的     

试认我国发展燃料酒精的可行性

由于能源危机的影响,在经济发达国家,正致力至可再生能源（生物物质）的利用,以代替汽油,这将减少人类对不可再生资源－石油能源的依赖。由于酒精能提高汽油的辛烷值,所以酒精一直被人们作为一种新型的能源来研究和利用。目前,美国、巴西均有Gasohol在市场上出售,这是汽油（Gasoline）的英文词头和酒精（Alcohol)的英文词尾合并成的新词,意即含酒精汽油,称为汽油醇。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.