APMP制浆废水高效降解菌的筛选及其降解动力学的研究

活化APMP制浆废水中的微生物群落,筛选出两株可有效降解APMP制浆废水的菌株,Pe-13和Pe-17,废水COD去除率分别达到57.39%和40.38%。对两菌菌体特征、生长曲线及废水降解过程加以研究,结果表明,与菌株Pe-17相比,菌株Pe-13在废水中具有更大的生长速率和COD去除速率,更适于APMP制浆废水的生物降解,同时,探讨了菌株Pe-13降解APMP制浆废水时的动力学过程,并建立了动力学方程。     

从好氧污泥中筛选硫酸盐浆漂白废水降解菌株及其降解动力学的研究

将好氧污泥碎解后在LB培养基上活化培养污泥中的微生物群落,根据菌落特征差异,筛选出16种微生物菌株,考察它们对硫酸盐浆漂白废水的降解能力。结果显示,8株菌具有硫酸盐浆漂白废水降解效果,其中菌株BKPE-11效果最佳,在64h内废水COD去除率达到67.46%。研究了BKPE-11在硫酸盐浆漂白废水中的生长曲线及降解该漂白废水的动力学过程,并建立了动力学方程。     

细菌M19培养条件对降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的影响

对经筛选的一株降解黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)的菌株M19进行16S rDNA基因序列分析及系统发育树分析,从而进行菌株鉴定;以AFB_1降解率为评价指标研究培养条件(培养温度、培养时间、接种量、培养基的初始pH、培养基的装液量)对AFB_1降解率的影响。结果表明,该菌株为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa);培养温度和培养基初始pH对AFB_1降解率的影响较为显著,不同温度及不同初始pH条件下AFB_1降解率存在明显差别(P0.05),而培养时间、装液量、接种量对AFB_1降解率的影响不显著。培养温度37℃时,AFB_1降解率为90%;初始pH为5时,AFB_1降解率为95.2%。     

白酒酿造废水制备微生物絮凝剂的研究

通过稀释倒平板法从活性污泥中筛选微生物絮凝剂产生菌,并以白酒酿造废水为培养基,在32 ℃条件下,研究废水化学需 氧量（COD）、培养时间、pH值、外加氮、磷营养物等因素对微生物絮凝剂絮凝效果的影响。 结果表明,从活性污泥中分离获得了产絮 凝菌HN5,经16S rDNA基因序列比对分析鉴定为假中间苍白杆菌（Ochrobactrum pseudintermedium）,培养产生的微生物絮凝剂有较 好的絮凝效果。 以白酒酿造废水作为替代培养基培养菌株,适宜的培养条件为：COD 5.0～6.9 g/L,培养时间60～72 h,pH值6～8, KH2PO4 2.0 g/L,所得微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液最高絮凝率为84.9%。 用于处理生活污水时,向每100 mL污水中加入6.0 mL菌株 培养液时,絮凝率可达86.8%,悬浮物去除率高达92.5%。 利用白酒酿造废水作为微生物絮凝剂廉价培养基是可行的,既降低培养成 本又能实现废液利用。     

一株新的尼古丁降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

针对降解高毒、高危害的尼古丁微生物种类较少的实际情况筛选出具有高尼古丁降解活性的菌株,探究其降解条件及降解特性,为尼古丁的生物降解提供新的微生物资源。从烟草种植大田土壤分离纯化得到一株具有高尼古丁降解能力的菌株,对其形态学、生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因序列同源性进行了分析鉴定,探究了不同条件下尼古丁降解特性并对其动态降解过程进行了HPLC分析。经鉴定命名为Stenotrophomonas sp.ZUC-3,适宜的发酵条件为：温度30℃、起始pH 7.0、接种量10%、培养转速180 r/min,此条件下尼古丁降解率可达到91.53%,HPLC分析显示了ZUC-3降解尼古丁过程的动态变化及其高效性。研究结果为尼古丁生物降解提供了新的微生物资源,对烟草行业可持续发展具有理论意义与实际应用价值。     

泡菜中高效氨氮降解菌的筛选及鉴定

为研究微生物降解氨氮的能力,解决城市生活污水、工厂污水的氨氮污染现象提供参考,以市售的泡菜作为原材料,培养基以500mg/L的高浓度(NH_4)_2SO_4为唯一氮源的选择培养基,分离筛选出对高氨氮含量有氨氮效果的菌株,并从中筛选出1株氨氮降解效率较高的菌株LJK8,对其进行了形态学和生理特性等鉴定,初步鉴定为Rheinheimera aquatica(水莱茵海默氏菌)。实验结果表明:在初始氨氮质量浓度为500 mg/L,初始pH值为7.4,培养温度为28℃时,该菌株72h对氨氮的降解率为64.85%。对该菌进一步深入研究,优化其降解条件,再应用到养殖废水、生活污水及氨氮污染较严重的土壤的氨氮处理中,期望得到更大的收益。     

降胆固醇乳酸菌菌株的筛选及其影响因素的研究

选择由本实验室分离并保存的4种乳酸菌株,接种到10%脱脂乳培养基中进行活化和扩大培养。测量培养基在接种前后吸光度值的变化,从中筛选出较强降胆固醇能力的一株乳酸菌种,并考察在不同培养时间、接种量、培养温度、胆盐浓度、盐浓度、乳糖添加量下该菌种降胆固醇能力的变化。结果表明：胆酸盐和盐对该菌株的降胆固醇能力都有一定的抑制作用,胆酸盐的抑制作用高于盐的作用;对于培养条件来说,当培养温度为42℃,接种量为1%,培养时间为24h时,该菌株的降胆固醇能力最高。     

黄曲霉毒素B1降解菌株的筛选及鉴定

该研究以香豆素为唯一碳源,从豆类发酵食品、土壤、动物肠道及其内容物中筛选黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）降解菌株;然后通过复筛,从中筛选出AFB1降解能力较好的菌株,并对其降解作用与吸附作用进行区分;最后,通过形态观察、生理生化试验及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定。结果表明,共筛选得到9株AFB1降解菌株,其中菌株YC2的AFB1降解能力最强,AFB1降解率达到90.7%,并确定菌株YC2通过降解作用去除AFB1。最后,菌株YC2被鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。     

黄曲霉毒素B1降解菌的筛选鉴定及降解酶挖掘

目的 筛选、鉴定一株高效降解黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)菌株,并对其降解特性和降解酶基因进行分析。方法 通过形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及同源性分析,对具有高效降解AFB1能力的菌株进行鉴定。通过菌株发酵液、上清液、细胞悬液、胞内提取物对AFB1降解能力的不同确定降解活性部位,使用冷冻干燥方法探索其粗酶制剂对AFB1降解效果。结合全基因组分析进行降解酶基因的挖掘。结果 通过鉴定,菌株HNGD-B3为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),菌株上清液对AFB1降解效果最好,72 h降解率为88.24%±2.02%。上清液蛋白酶K处理后,对AFB1降解效果大幅下降,热处理后上清液降解效果基本无变化,判断其降解活性成分为胞外酶。粗酶制剂可显著提高AFB1降解效率,结合全基因组分析与Blastp比对筛选得到3条具有AFB1降解潜力的候选基因序列。结论 菌株HNGD-B3对AFB1具有良好降解效果,在生物降解真菌毒素具有较大潜力。     

用于初筛菌种的氨氮平板测定法

本文介绍了以纳氏比色法原理设计的一种适用于初筛菌种的氨氮平板测定方法。该方法能快速而简便地筛选出不同去除氨氮能力的微生物菌株,也可作为氨氮的测定分析方法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.