烹饪课堂问答(三十一)

编辑部老师： 我平时经常做卤菜，但做出来的卤菜总不够理想，不知怎样才能使卤制菜肴色泽红亮？另外，川味卤菜里倒底要放哪些香料？每种香料的比例是多少？望能给予指教。 辽宁锦州市读者 贾猛 答：川味卤菜是川菜的一个组成部分，具有浓厚的地方特色。可用来制作川味卤菜的原料十分广泛，鸡、鸭、兔、猪肉、牛肉、蹄膀、鸡蛋、豆制品等都可以用来卤制。川味卤菜在各地的制法虽然有一些差异，但总的说来可以归纳为两大类，即红卤和白卤。红卤和白卤的区别在于，红卤重色，卤水中要加入糖色和酱油，故成品色泽红亮；而白卤为浅色，卤水中不…     

麻辣油卤水的工艺研究

随着川菜的走红,川式卤菜已受到人们的普遍欢迎,然而川式卤水与麻辣火锅结合的麻辣油卤水为近几年的新产物,受到了各层次人群的追崇。阐述了川式卤水和火锅的演变历史以及结合产物麻辣油卤水的由来,重点确定麻辣卤水中香料的配方以及各种香料对卤水品质的影响和卤制品加工过程中易出现的问题和解决方法。     

川式卤水制法简介

在读者寄给本刊“烹饪课堂”的信中,询问川味火锅、川味泡菜和川式卤水的最多。关于川味火锅和川味泡菜,本刊已在“烹饪课堂”及“技术交流”栏目里作了详细介绍。今天我们要给读者介绍一下川式卤水的制作,希望能满足大家。     

辣味卤水的制作与应用

在《四川烹饪》今年3月上半月刊的第18页,介绍有一道＂辣卤牛尾＂,制作中用到了＂辣卤水＂。由于作者没有详细介绍＂辣卤水＂的配方和制法,所以这里我就把自己的＂辣卤水＂配制方法给大家细说一番。一、卤水配方配方一：A香料：八角25克,山柰、香果各5克,白豆蔻10克,桂皮20克;     

五香味型及其应用

“五香”是一种风味泛称。泛指以数种香料如八角、山奈、草果、丁香、小茴、甘草、砂头、老蔻、肉桂、花椒等混合形成的香味。其香料品种和数量可根据菜肴风味需要酌情选用,远不止五种。川菜中常用的五香味型就是数种香料按一定比例混合并辅以川盐、料酒、姜、葱等调味品形成的一种复合味型。其味型特点是:浓香咸鲜。广泛用于冷、热菜式。应用范围:适用于卤、炸收、凉拌、蒸、炸、煮等烹制法和以动物性肉类及家禽家畜内脏为原料的菜肴,或以豆类及其制品为原料的菜肴。下面以烹调方法为主线,谈谈五香味型的具体应用。 一、卤技法中的应用 “卤菜”是川味五香味型中最大宗的一类,它具有(火巴)、软、味浓香、老少皆宜、清洁卫生、存放时间长、携带食用方便等特点。卤菜制作最关键的技术在于调制卤水,而川味卤菜所用卤水常分为红卤和白卤二种。红卤和白卤的主要区别在于红卤中加有适量的冰糖糖色,适于卤制色浅的原料。白卤中则不加糖色,适于卤制深色原料(如牛、羊肉)。两种卤水的风味应基本一致。下面以红卤水调制为例。     

变化着的粤式卤水

正粤菜菜系制作的卤水主要包括有"白卤水"、"一般卤水"、"精卤水"(即俗称的"油鸡水")、"潮州卤水"、"脆皮乳鸽卤水"和"火踵汁"等。19世纪80年代初,厨师们大都以"一般卤水"以及"精卤水"的传统固定配方去制作所有的粤式卤水品种,而制作卤水使用的材料大多以香料、药材、清水或生抽为主,缺乏肉味和鲜味,口感则以大咸大甜为重点,随着人们口味的变化,这类配方制品逐渐不受食客们的欢迎。到了上世纪90年代,随着粤菜与其他地方饮食交流的深化,以及人     

川味冷菜复合调味汁工艺配方的研究

川味冷菜复合调味汁是富有四川特色的复合调味汁,根据人们的不同喜好可调制出盐味汁、川式蚝油汁、咖哩汁、芥末汁、香辣汁、红油汁、姜蒜汁等调味汁。不同风味的川味冷菜复合调味汁有不同的配方,文章针对两种常见风味的川味冷菜复合调味汁:川味红汤汁和川味蚝油汁,分别运用响应面试验设计法和正交法研究了它们的不同配方。以传统调味技术为基础,对川味冷菜复合调味汁进行试验优化设计,确定最佳的试验工艺和配方,开发出适合中国人饮食习惯和口味的川味冷菜复合调味汁产品。     

烹饪技法解密之卤水正要

正卤菜,凉食菜肴的通称,目前是熟食中一个重要的组成部分。以川渝地区的川卤,广州地区的潮州卤与北方的酱卤,不仅历史悠久,而且颇有名气,备受人们的喜爱。在此,我们有必要了解川式卤水是怎样做的?一、川味卤水的制作和配方(一)配方八角25 g,桂皮20 g,小茴50 g,三奈20 g,甘菘10 g,花椒30 g,砂仁30 g,草豆蔻10 g,草果20 g,丁香10 g,生姜50 g,大葱200 g,绍酒100 g,冰糖500 g,味精、盐、鲜汤、精炼油各适量,纱布袋2块。     

卤油的制备工艺

卤油是传统卤水的改良,它色泽美观、香味浓郁,深受消费者喜爱。在传统卤水配方的基础上加入洋葱、大蒜、芹菜叶和香菜等香辛料,用正交试验确定主体香料八角的用量、提取时间、提取温度,最终确定八角用量为36g,在105℃的条件下,提取20min,可以得到色、香、味俱佳的卤油,具有良好的抗氧化性。     

香料去异出香的窍门

在调制火锅底料和制作卤水时，一般都要用香料来增加香味，以掩盖某些涮烫原料的不良气味，如腥气、脯气、臭气等。而实际操作过程中，厨师往往会将香料直接下锅炒制，或是放入卤水中煮制，以使香味溢出。这种做法显然不妥，因为这会使火锅底料或卤水出现异味和苦涩味，而原因就在于所有香料都没有经过前期处理。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status