壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌活性的研究

研究了壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌活性,考察了不同壳聚糖浓度、pH值、金属离子、醋酸浓度对壳聚糖抑制金黄色葡萄球菌活性的影响,并以壳聚糖浓度、pH值、醋酸浓度为因素进行正交试验,确定了壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌活性的最优条件。实验结果表明,壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制能力随其浓度的升高而增强;壳聚糖溶于浓度为2%的醋酸溶液时,培养基pH控制在6.0时壳聚糖的抑菌活性最强;金属离子在一定程度上降低了壳聚糖的抑菌活性;这3个因素对壳聚糖的抑菌活性的影响程度为壳聚糖浓度pH值醋酸浓度。     

壳聚糖和N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌活性的研究

目的研究壳聚糖及N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的抑菌活性。方法金黄色葡萄球菌经24h摇瓶培养后，接种到含一定量壳聚糖或N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的肉汤培养基中，通过测定0h、4h、8h、12h、16h、20h、24h、28h、32h、36h光密度值，研究浓度、分子量、脱乙酰度、取代度及pH、温度、盐对壳聚糖和N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖抑制金黄色葡萄球菌活性的影响。结果壳聚糖和N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖的抑菌活性受浓度、分子量、脱乙酰度、取代度及溶液pH、温度和盐的影响。结论壳聚糖和N，O-羧甲基壳聚糖抑菌活性受以上因素影响。     

壳聚糖-淀粉涂布抗菌纸的制备及性能研究

以壳聚糖-淀粉混合物对纸张进行涂布处理,研究制备工艺对涂布纸抗张指数以及对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌性能的影响。结果表明,涂布液中壳聚糖浓度为15 g/L、淀粉与壳聚糖的浓度之比为1.5∶1.0、乙酸用量为1.5%、pH值为5、壳聚糖相对分子质量为20万时,涂布量为2.02 g/m²条件下制备的涂布纸对金黄色葡萄球菌有很好的抗菌性,同时纸张的抗张指数也得到明显改善。     

非生物性因素对壳聚糖抗菌活性的影响

以具有代表性的两类病原菌:金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为实验菌种,研究了不同的酸溶液、金属离子、离子强度和pH等非生物性因素对壳聚糖抗菌活性的影响。结果表明:在壳聚糖的酸溶液中,低碳数的有机酸比高碳数的有机酸和常见的无机酸更有利于壳聚糖抗菌活性的发挥;在pH6.0的环境中,壳聚糖的抗菌活性最强;由于与壳聚糖的螯合作用,Zn2+的加入对于壳聚糖的抗菌效率影响最大,Mg2+的影响相对最小;离子强度的增大可以更好地提高壳聚糖的抗菌活性。     

壳聚糖的抗菌活性研究

以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为实验菌,研究壳聚糖的抗菌活性.结果表明:分子量大的壳聚糖对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有较强的抑菌作用.梯度稀释结果显示,两种壳聚糖的MIC均为:0.05%抑制大肠杆菌,0.025%抑制金黄色葡萄球菌.研究壳聚搪的抑菌机理时发现,当壳聚糖形成纳米粒子时其抑菌能力丧失,推测抑菌作用可能与壳聚糖上氨基的质子,化有密切关系.壳聚糖抑菌可能是因为壳聚糖上的氨基(NH2 )与细菌细胞壁中带负电荷的磷壁酸或脂多糖结合,并螯合Mg2 、Ca2 等阳离子,从而改变细胞壁的通透性,起到押菌作用.     

羧甲基壳聚糖抗菌性及其保鲜鲫鱼效果的研究

以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌为实验菌种,研究了羧甲基壳聚糖的抗菌性能,同时将其配制成一定浓度的溶液,对鲫鱼进行保鲜研究。结果表明:羧甲基壳聚糖对上述3种常见的食品腐败菌都有较强的抑制作用,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最好,其最小抑制浓度为0.1%,对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌最小抑制浓度均为0.2%;0.5%羧甲基壳聚糖溶液对鲫鱼有一定的保鲜效果。     

几种壳聚糖的抑菌性能

通过壳聚糖的抑菌实验和几种壳聚糖的最低抑菌浓度的测定 ,比较了相同脱乙酰度不同分子量 ,以及分子量相近脱乙酰度不同的壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌和假单胞菌的抑菌作用。结果表明 ,实验中用到的壳聚糖都对金黄色葡萄球菌有很强的抑菌作用 (抑菌率接近 10 0 % ,最低抑菌浓度为 0 0 3% ) ;对于其他 3种细菌 ,脱乙酰度相同 (为 75 3%或 93 7% ) ,粘均分子量不同 (在 4 0～ 80万之间 )的壳聚糖 ,抑菌作用随分子量的升高而增强 ;而分子量相近脱乙酰度不同的壳聚糖对上述 4种细菌的抑菌作用差别不大 ;在 pH 5 5左右至 pH 6 0左右壳聚糖能够发挥最强的抑菌作用 ;总体看来 ,壳聚糖对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强 ,其次是对假单胞菌和枯草杆菌 ,壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用相对弱一些 ;实验条件下的壳聚糖对上述 4种细菌的抑菌作用普遍比苯甲酸钠强。     

湿纸巾应用羧甲基壳聚糖的抗菌效果

主要研究以自制的羧甲基壳聚糖为抗菌剂,采用浸渍加工法研制湿纸巾,并检测其对大肠杆菌及葡萄球菌的抗菌性能;分析讨论了取代度、羧甲基壳聚糖浓度、pH值和温度等影响因素对湿纸巾的抗菌性能的影响.实验结果表明:用羧甲基壳聚糖制备的湿纸巾具有很好的抗菌效果.     

酪蛋白酶解物中抗菌肽的抑菌性及稳定性研究

对酪蛋白胰蛋白酶酶解物中抗菌肽的抗菌性及稳定性进行研究。实验通过以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌为指示菌,验证了抗菌肽的抑菌性,并以大肠杆菌为指示菌,研究了酶解物中抗菌肽在不同温度、不同pH值、不同储藏时间条件下的抑菌稳定性。结果表明:此抗菌肽能有效抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌的生长,具有广谱抗菌活性;碱性及中性条件下,此抗菌肽对大肠杆菌抑菌活性稳定,酸性条件下,抑菌活性随pH值下降而增强;此抗菌肽冻干样品在室温下可长期储藏。     

壳聚糖对芒果炭疽病菌、蒂腐病菌的拮抗作用

以芒果炭疽病菌、蒂腐病菌为实验菌株，研究了不同pH、酸溶剂的种类对壳聚糖抗菌活性及其抗菌稳定性的影响。结果表明：壳聚糖的抑菌率随着壳聚糖浓度的提高而提高；在pH4．8和pH6．0的环境中，壳聚糖的抗菌能力较强；壳聚糖的乳酸溶液对芒果蒂腐病菌有很强的抑制力；壳聚糖连续刺激诱导40代后，芒果炭疽病菌、蒂腐病菌的EC50值均有所提高，其中以芒果球二孢霉蒂腐病菌和芒果褐色蒂腐病菌变化最显著，说明壳聚糖对其抗菌稳定性最差。     

壳聚糖的抗菌性研究进展与抗菌纺织品开发

为深入研究壳聚糖（CS）在抗菌纺织品上的应用,对CS的抗菌机制及其抗菌纺织品开发现状进行综述。介绍了分子量、脱乙酰度、溶液浓度、pH值、溶剂种类、衍生化等因素与抗菌性的关系。结合实际应用认为,CS要发挥优良的抗菌性,应具有高脱乙酰度、中等分子质量,以乙酸作为溶剂,pH值略高于4即可,同时其质量浓度在2.5g/L以上,还可通过衍生化反应进一步提高其抗菌性。分析CS抗菌纺织品开发现状得知,目前主要通过对传统织物固着CS后整理和开发CS纤维制品这2种方式实现纺织品抗菌,前者抗菌性会随产品洗涤次数增加而逐渐降低,而后者将是较好的解决办法,但还有待进一步研究。     

壳聚糖金属配合物对黑曲霉的抑制活性研究

通过观察黑曲霉菌丝体的生长及孢子萌发情况,考察壳聚糖(CS)及壳聚糖锌(CS-Zn)、壳聚糖镍(CS-Ni)的抗真菌性能。结果表明：壳聚糖、壳聚糖锌和壳聚糖镍对黑曲霉孢子萌发和菌丝体生长均具有明显抑制作用,且壳聚糖金属配合物的抑菌效果比壳聚糖本身更强,其中壳聚糖镍最强。壳聚糖镍对黑曲霉的抑菌活性受壳聚糖分子质量、环境pH 值、质量浓度因素的影响较大。分子质量为5kD 的CS 制备的CS-Ni 抗真菌效果最好;CS-Ni 抑菌效果在pH3～7.5 时随pH 值降低而增强;随CS-Ni 质量浓度(0～0.75mg/mL)的增加而增强。     

Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights

Antibacterial activities of six chitosans and six chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights (Mws) were examined against four gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and seven gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, and L. bulgaricus). Chitosans showed higher antibacterial activities than chitosan oligomers and markedly inhibited growth of most bacteria tested although inhibitory effects differed with Mws of chitosan and the particular bacterium. Chitosan generally showed stronger bactericidal effects with gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria in the presence of 0.1% chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chitosans ranged from 0.05% to >0.1% depending on the bacteria and Mws of chitosan. As a chitosan solvent, 1% acetic acid was effective in inhibiting the growth of most of the bacteria tested except for lactic acid bacteria that were more effectively suppressed with 1% lactic or formic acids. Antibacterial activity of chitosan was inversely affected by pH (pH 4.5-5.9 range tested), with higher activity at lower pH value.     

APPLICATION OF CHITOSAN TO MAINTAIN THE QUALITY OF KAMABOKO GELS MADE FROM GRASS CARP (CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLUS) DURING STORAGE

Chitosan was added to kamaboko gels made from grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ), and the effects on preservation quality were determined by biochemical (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen [TVBN], thiobarbituric acid [TBA], peroxide value) and microbiological (total bacterial count) determinations during storage at 4C. Application of chitosan, at a level of 1% (w/w), exhibited a beneficial effect on inhibiting lipid oxidation and bacterial growth in the gels. The preservative function was related to the molecular weight of chitosans. Relative low molecular weight chitosan showed a higher antioxidant capacity than high molecular weight chitosan. However, mixture of 300 and 10 kDa chitosans exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. Increases of pH, TVBN, TBA and peroxide values in gels during storage were significantly reduced when chitosan was applied. The present study provides a possible application of chitosan as a food additive for surimi-based foods.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Surimi-based product processing is an effective way to utilize freshwater fish with low commercial value, but the shelf life of surimi products is quite limited. Therefore, preservatives are commonly added to surimi products to extend the shelf life. This research has investigated the effect of chitosan, a natural preservative and antioxidant, on maintaining the quality of grass carp gels during storage at 4C. Results showed that chitosan could inhibit the growth of microorganism and prevent lipid oxidation, which was related to the molecular weight of chitosans. The present study should provide a possible application of chitosan as a natural food additive for surimi foods.     

臭氧降解制备低聚壳聚糖的研究

为制备分子量较低的可溶于水的低聚壳聚糖,研究了在乙酸均相体系中臭氧对壳聚糖的氧化降解过程,采用凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)跟踪测定了壳聚糖氧化降解过程中分子量及其分布的变化,探索制备不同分子量低聚壳聚糖的适宜条件。结果表明,壳聚糖降解的最佳条件为氧气流量1.2L/min、处理时间20min、壳聚糖浓度2g/L,此条件下水溶性低聚壳聚糖得率为66.7%,其平均相对分子量为9500u。     

Effect of Molecular Weight,Acid, and Plasticizer on the Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of β‐Chitosan Based Films

Abstract: Effects of chitosan molecular weight (1815 and 366 kDa), type of acid (1% acetic, formic, and propionic acid, or 0.5% lactic acid) and plasticizer (0, 25% glycerol or sorbital w/w chitosan) on the mechanical, water barrier, and antibacterial properties of β‐chitosan films were investigated. Tensile strength (TS) of high molecular weight (Hw) films was 53% higher than that of low molecular weight (Lw) ones, acetate, and propionate films had the highest TS (43 and 40 MPa) among tested acids, and plasticizer‐reduced film TS 34%. Film elongation at break (EL) was higher in Hw films than in Lw ones, in which formate and acetate films were the highest (9% and 8%, respectively), and plasticizer increased the film EL 128%. Molecular weight of chitosan did not influence water vapor permeability (WVP) of the films. Acetate and propionate films had lower WVP than other acid types of films, and plasticizer increased film WVP about 35%. No difference was found between glycerol and sorbitol films in terms of film mechanical and water barrier properties. Lw β‐chitosan films showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. innocua. This study demonstrated that β‐chitosan films are compatible to α‐chitosan films in physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity, yet with simple sample preparation. Practical Application: β‐chitosan based edible films at molecular weight of about 300 kDa showed great antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The films have similar mechanical and water barrier properties to α‐chitosan based films at the similar molecular weight, but simple sample preparation procedures and more attractive color. The release of active chitosan fragment from the film matrix acts as an antibacterial agent, making β‐chitosan films suitable as intelligent food wraps or coatings for a wide range of food products to control moisture loss and prevent surface bacterial growth.     

Antibacterial activity of N-alkylated disaccharide chitosan derivatives

Antibacterial activity of the water-soluble N-alkylated disaccharide chitosan derivatives against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. It was found that the antibacterial activity of chitosan derivatives was affected by the degree of substitution (DS) with disaccharide and the kind of disaccharide present in the molecule. Regardless the kind of disaccharide linked to the chitosan molecule, a DS of 30-40%, in general, exhibited the most pronounced antibacterial activity against both test organisms. E. coli and S. aureus were most susceptible to cellobiose chitosan derivative DS 30-40% and maltose chitosan derivative DS 30-40%, respectively, among the various chitosan derivatives examined. Although the disaccharide chitosan derivatives showed less antibacterial activity than the native chitosan at pH 6.0, the derivatives exhibited a higher activity than native chitosan at pH 7.0. Antibacterial activity of the chitosan derivatives (DS 30-40%) against E. coli increased as the pH increased from 5.0 and reached a maximum around the pH of 7.0-7.5. The effect of pH on the antibacterial activity of chitosan derivatives against S. aureus was not as pronounced as that observed with E. coli. Population reduction of E. coli or S. aureus in nutrient broth increased markedly upon increasing the concentration of chitosan derivatives from 0 to 500 ppm. No marked increase in population reduction was noted with further increase in the concentration of chitosan derivatives even up to 2000 ppm.