钴_(60)辐射对延长栗果贮藏时间的影响

中国栗是重要的木本粮食植物,是我国传统的外销果品.但栗果贮藏保鲜存在严重的发芽问题.为了保持坚果的水份,通常采用湿藏的办法,如砂藏、锯屑藏或薄膜袋藏.当2月份坚果的休眠期解除后,栗果即有大量的发芽.无论南方还     

云南9种特种木本油脂脂肪酸组成和角鲨烯含量比较研究

为深入了解云南特种木本油脂的营养价值和为进一步开发利用提供参考,采用气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)和气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)对云南9种特种木本油脂（铁核桃油、青刺果油、澳洲坚果油、美藤果油、辣木籽油、漆树籽油、橡胶籽油、普洱茶叶籽油、牛油果油）中的脂肪酸组成和角鲨烯含量进行了定量分析,并用橄榄油作为对照,比较了它们在脂肪酸组成及角鲨烯含量上的差异,同时利用主成分分析(principle component analysis,PCA)和聚类分析(cluster analysis, CA)来进一步比较它们之间的聚类及相似情况。结果在所有的9种特种木本油脂中共检出脂肪酸组分17种,共有成分8种,成分以油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和α-亚麻酸等为主,各种油脂之间脂肪酸组成及比例差异较大,各具特色;除了漆树籽油中以饱和脂肪酸(saturated fatty acid, SFA)为主,含量为77.2 %,其它油脂主要以不饱和脂肪酸(unsaturated fatty acid, UFA)为主,含量均不低于70.0 %,其中美藤果油和铁核桃油甚至超过90.0 %。9种特种木本油脂中角鲨烯含量差异较大,普洱茶叶籽油、牛油果油和澳洲坚果油中含有较高含量的角鲨烯,铁核桃油和青刺果油中含量稍低,而美藤果油、辣木籽油、漆树籽油和橡胶籽油中角鲨烯含量均小于10 mg/kg。结合脂肪酸组分及比例,PCA 和CA 能实现9种特种木本油脂之间各自的较好区分,并进一步分析发现澳洲坚果油与辣木籽油;铁核桃油与美藤果油;漆树籽油与牛油果油;普洱茶叶籽油与橄榄油、青刺果油、橡胶籽油,它们之间在聚类图上相似距离较近。总之,云南9种特种木本油脂都极具开发利用价值,研究结果能为繁荣我国食用油市场,提高经济效益和人民健康水平起到一定的积极作用。     

坚果的好你懂吗

正什么是坚果坚果分为树坚果和籽坚果。树坚果是具有坚硬外壳的木本植物的籽粒,包括核桃、巴旦木、腰果仁、榛子、山核桃、松子、板栗等;籽坚果是指瓜、果、蔬菜、油料等植物的籽粒,包括葵花子、花生、莲子等。大多数人认为瓜子和花生不是坚果,这是一个误区,其实瓜子和花生也属于坚果。     

坚果中主要过敏原种类、检测及脱敏技术研究进展

近年来由于摄入坚果而导致的过敏反应屡见报道,已成为影响和威胁人体健康的一类重要的食品安全问题。本文对坚果中常见的过敏原的性质及危害进行了介绍,列举了目前国内外用于坚果过敏原检测的主要技术、特点及其应用,对比分析了不同处理方式对坚果中过敏原脱敏效果以及优缺点,指出目前坚果中过敏原检测及脱敏技术的不足和今后发展展望,旨在为坚果的加工和消费提供理论基础,助推坚果产业发展。     

腰果所含的热量可能比标签上显示的要少

正一百多年来,阿特沃特因子一直被用来计算食物中的可代谢能量(食品标签上的卡路里值)。然而,最近的证据表明,对于几种木本坚果而言阿特沃特因子不能提供准确的数值。在《营养》杂志上发表的一项研究中,美国农业部农业研究服务处(USDA ARS)的研究人员对腰果中有效能量的含量进行了测定。研究人员招募了18名健康的成年人,并对他们分为两个治疗阶段分别进行了随机、交叉研究。为期4周试验周期内,受试者被要     

澳洲坚果热风干燥特性研究

以澳洲坚果为对象,分别以40,50,60℃对其进行热风干燥,建立3个温度下果壳、果仁、带壳坚果的热风干燥动力学方程,研究干燥过程中果壳、果仁、带壳坚果的干燥特性及果壳和果仁的相互影响.结果表明:温度对澳洲坚果干燥特性的影响非常显著,温度越高.干燥速率越快,干燥周期越短.整个干燥过程只有降速阶段.在干燥初期,坚果含水率的下降主要是因为果壳水分的迅速蒸发,在果壳出现裂纹后,坚果含水率的下降主要是因为果仁水分的蒸发.     

油性坚果的定义与开发

该文分别从植物学和商品属性的角度对坚果进行了定义,从植物油行业和食品工业角度出发将坚果定义为成熟时外皮坚硬木质化或具有革质外皮、仁可食用的干果(或种子)。同时介绍国内的核桃、榛子、扁桃和花生等油性坚果的资源分布和产量,并综述国内常见的坚果和坚果油加工的形式及研究进展,以期为坚果食品的开发和研究提供参考。     

中国已成世界第二大坚果生产国

正"过去10年,中国坚果产量增长了96%;目前,中国已是世界第二大坚果生产国,占世界总产量的10%。"中国国家林业和草原局林业和草原改革发展司副司长王俊中12日在"2018云南·昆明坚果产业发展高峰论坛"(下称"坚果论坛")上称。当日,由云南省林业厅主办的坚果论坛在昆明启幕。海内外专家学者云集,把脉以云南为代表的中     

山核桃微波干燥动力学模型研究

针对山核桃坚果热风干燥效率低、能耗大、品质差等问题,采用单因素实验法,研究微波功率和装载量对山核桃坚果微波干燥特性的影响。根据微波干燥过程中山核桃坚果水分变化规律,探讨了不同微波功率、装载量下山核桃坚果干基含水率和失水速率随时间变化的规律,并建立山核桃坚果微波干燥动力学模型。实验结果表明:与装载量相比,微波功率对山核桃坚果干燥速率的影响大;山核桃坚果微波干燥过程分为加速干燥阶段和降速干燥阶段。通过分析,山核桃坚果微波干燥的动力学模型满足Page方程,根据干燥实验数据应用Matlab软件对干燥模型进行回归拟合求解,其模型系数在0.99以上。     

花生及坚果过敏机制和管理的研究进展

花生和坚果过敏的患病率在全世界范围内以惊人的速度增长,成为一个重大的公共卫生问题。花生和坚果是全球各种美食中不可或缺的一部分,但它们却是最常见的食物致敏原之一,过敏反应从轻微的症状(如荨麻疹和腹痛)到严重的过敏反应(如呼吸困难、血压突然下降和意识丧失)。本文概述了花生和坚果中的主要致敏原,以及其引发的复杂免疫反应,探讨了检测和治疗花生和坚果过敏方面取得的进展,以及旨在降低过敏风险的食品加工和标签实践的不断发展。花生和坚果的过敏问题需要采取多学科方法来解决,需要持续研究免疫机制、制定预防策略以及改进食品加工工艺。本文旨在为花生和坚果过敏患者以及食品加工行业提供借鉴,为花生和坚果过敏的预防和诊断提供参考,最终目标是在确保消费者安全和解决食品行业面临的实际限制之间取得平衡。     

Antioxidant activity of minor components of tree nut oils

The antioxidative components of tree nut oils were extracted using a solvent stripping process. Tree nut oil extracts contained phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and tocopherols. The chloroform/methanol extracted oils had higher amounts of phenolic compounds than their hexane extracted counterparts. The antioxidant activity of tree nut oil minor component extracts were assessed using the 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, β-carotene bleaching test, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and photochemiluminescence inhibition assays. Results of these studies demonstrated that extracts of chloroform/methanol extracted oils possessed higher antioxidant activities than extracts of their hexane extracted counterparts. Meanwhile the extract of chloroform/methanol extracted pecan oil possessed the highest antioxidant activity.     

Effect of Drip Irrigation of Pecan Quality and Relationship of Selected Quality Parameters

The effect of four drip irrigation rates 0, 22.7, 45.4, and 68.1 L/hr/tree (LHT) on several quality parameters of ‘Stuart’ pecans were investigated along with values calculated from inshell weights, volumes, and kernel weights. Irrigation significantly increased kernel yield/tree, nut weight, diameter, kernel specific gravity, fill of nut, oil content, and appearance rating. Values calculated by computer analyses from weights and volumes were useful for evaluating the quality of nuts from the different irrigation treatments. This technique should be useful for researchers engaged in quality evaluations of inshell pecans. Nut size and % fill, and kernel color are the best parameters to estimate quality and value of pecans before actual shelling and processing. Additionally processing costs are partially dependent on nut size (no./kg) and kernel yield.     

全脂核桃乳及稳定性的研究

通过实验确定了全脂核桃乳研制的工艺参数,探讨了乳化剂和稳定剂对核桃乳稳定性的影响,并对产品的营养成分和储存稳定性进行了分析.     

松籽油的提取及理化指标分析

为了开发和利用松籽资源,对松仁的化学成分和松籽油的理化指标、松籽油的甘三酯组分及氧化稳定性进行了分析研究。结果表明,松仁粗脂肪含量为69.9%,粗蛋白含量为16.6%;松籽油富含不饱和脂肪酸,含量高达85%以上,松籽油相对密度(d240)0.919 9,折光指数(n20)1.477 9,碘值(I)142.8 g/100 g,皂化值(KOH)193.2 mg/g。     

Walnut (Juglans regia L.): genetic resources,chemistry, by‐products

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the most widespread tree nut in the world. There is a great diversity of genotypes differing in forestry, productivity, physical and chemical nut traits. Some of them have been evaluated as promising and may serve as germplasm sources for breeding. The nutritional importance of the nut is related to the seed (kernel). It is a nutrient‐dense food mainly owing to its oil content (up to 740 g kg^?1 in some commercial varieties), which can be extracted easily by screw pressing and consumed without refining. Walnut oil composition is dominated largely by unsaturated fatty acids (mainly linoleic together with lesser amounts of oleic and linolenic acids). Minor components of walnut oil include tocopherols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, hydrocarbons and volatile compounds. Phenolic compounds, present at high levels in the seed coat but poorly extracted with the oil, have been extensively characterised and found to possess strong antioxidant properties. The oil extraction residue is rich in proteins (unusually high in arginine, glutamic and aspartic acids) and has been employed in the formulation of various functional food products. This review describes current scientific knowledge concerning walnut genetic resources and composition as well as by‐product obtainment and characteristics. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

槟榔油的超临界CO2萃取及其成分分析

目的：从槟榔籽中提取槟榔籽油,并测定其成分。方法：采用超临界CO2 流体技术萃取槟榔籽油,对其工艺条件进行优化,并用气相色谱- 质谱法(GC-MS)对槟榔籽油所含的脂肪酸种类及含量进行测定。结果：超临界萃取的最优条件为萃取温度45℃、萃取压力20MPa、CO2 流量20L/h,槟榔籽油的萃取得率为17.81%。结论：槟榔籽油中主要含棕榈酸(9.10%)、亚油酸(15.46%)和油酸(11.26%)。     

Effects of different nut oils on the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions induced by ultrasound using soy protein as an emulsifier

Gel-like emulsions were produced by high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) emulsification using soy protein as an emulsifier. Sunflower (a seed kernel oil), peanut (a groundnut oil), hazelnut, walnut, almond and pine nut oils were chosen as oil phases. The kinds of nut oil significantly affect the structures and properties of gel-like emulsions. The particle size of sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was smallest. Moreover, the macrorheological and microrheological results indicated that the values of apparent viscosity, storage modulus (G′) and elasticity index (EI) of sunflower and almond oil gel-like emulsions were higher while those of the walnut and pine nut oil gel-like emulsions were lower. Moreover, the sunflower oil gel-like emulsion was more stable after 2-month storage. The current study illustrated that HIU was of great importance for the production of high-viscosity gel-like emulsions. Furthermore, the differences of nut oils resulted in diverse physicochemical properties of gel-like emulsions.     

超临界CO2萃取槟榔精油的GC-MS分析

以海南产槟榔为实材,采用超临界CO2流体萃取的方法提取槟榔子中的精油,并借助气质联用仪分析槟榔精油成分,从气质分析所得总离子流色谱图中共分离出105个峰,利用随机GC-MSSolution工作站美国国家标准谱图库(NIST-MS,2005)自动检索各组分质谱数据,共检出87种化合物并且确定了其化合物结构。研究结果表明:超临界提取所得精油以醇、酸、烷烃类为主,其中醇类相对含量为49.79%,酸类相对含量为17.76%,烃类相对含量8.31%。功能性成分如甾醇、维生素E、反式角鲨烯所占比例较高,为研究槟榔油的生理功能提供了理论依据。     

响应面试验优化超声波辅助水酶法提取松籽油工艺及其氧化稳定性

以红松松籽为原料,经超声波预处理后,利用水酶法提取松籽油,通过单因素试验及响应面试验研究松籽油提取工艺,并对其氧化稳定性进行分析。结果表明,松籽油提取的优化工艺条件为超声强度0.28 W/cm2、超声时间40 min、超声温度50 ℃、料液比1∶5（g/mL）、碱性蛋白酶加酶量1 427 U/g、酶解时间4.08 h、酶解温度44 ℃,在此条件下松籽油得率可以达到73.01%。温度、光照对松籽油氧化有显著促进作用,3 ℃以下避光贮藏松籽油可使其有良好的氧化稳定性。     

Barcode High Resolution Melting analysis for forensic uses in nuts: A case study on allergenic hazelnuts (Corylus avellana)

Tree nuts are nutritionally important foods, being rich sources of vitamins, minerals, healthy fats and proteins and having cardio protective effects. Despite their healthy attributes, some tree nuts are also known for triggering adverse immune responses to individuals. Thus, an ongoing challenge in molecular biology is to develop rapid, accurate and reliable techniques to identify organisms and their processed foods, particularly those which could be contaminated with allergenic compounds. Lately, in addition to different chemical and immunological methods used, DNA based methods were also applied for this purpose. We describe here a novel, specific and highly sensitive High Resolution Melting analysis based method, using chloroplast barcoding regions (Bar-HRM) in order to a) obtain barcoding information for the major tree nut species (we have also included peanuts and sesame in our study) and b) to quantitatively identify one such allergenic tree nut species, like hazelnut in processed foods. The results show that the proposed method i) is capable of distinguishing among different tree nut species, ii) can be applied to processed tree nut products such as biscuits and iii) can detect a ratio of 0.01% of hazelnut in biscuits. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that BAR-HRM is suitable for the rapid, closed-tube and accurate screening of large numbers of tree nuts and/or of their processed foods and for the identification of allergenic tree nut species contained in processed foods.