我国农产品质量安全保障体系效能分析

农产品质量安全是近年来社会关注的突出问题。加强农产品质量安全管理，提高农产品质量，保障农产品安全，是提高人民生活质量增强农产品国际竞争力的需要，也是提高农业效益、增加农民收入的需要。农产品质量受到农产品质量保障体系运行效能的影响，而保障体系由法律法规体系、标准体系、检验检测体系、认证体系、示范推广体系、信息支持体系、执法监督体系、诚信体系组成。要使农产品质量保障体系高效运转，必须从扎扎实实抓好每个环节入手，完善保障体系，才能提高效能。     

我国农产品质量安全保障体系效能分析

农产品质量安全是近年来社会关注的突出问题。加强农产品质量安全管理，提高农产品质量，保障农产品安全，是提高人民生活质量、增强农产品国际竞争力的需要。也是提高农业效益、增加农民收入的需要。农产品质量受到农产品质量保障体系运行效能的影响，而保障体系由法律法规体系、标准体系、检验检测体系、认证体系、示范推广体系、信息支持体系、执法监督体系、诚信体系组成。要使农产品质量保障体系高效运转，必须从扎扎实实抓好每个环节入手，完善保障体系。     

发达国家农产品质量安全保障体系及其借鉴

发达国家农产品质量安全水平得益于完善的农产品质量安全保障体系。其农产品质量安全管理体系、法律法规体系、标准体系、认证体系以及风险评估、追溯预警等制度共同构筑了农产品质量安全的保障体系,对我国农产品质量安全保障体系的建设具有重要的借鉴意义。     

基于供应链的农产品(食品类)质量安全控制 体系研究与措施分析及未来趋势预测

农产品(食品类)质量安全问题存在于从“农田”到“餐桌”这一食品供应链的各个环节,因此对食品安全质量的控制必将贯穿整个食品供应链。目前国内外关于食品供应链安全的研究及农产品质量安全控制体系的研究也在日渐增加, 但是始终没有形成一个统一、量化的整合体系。要保证食品安全的有效控制,未来需要着重于三方面的研究,即建立合理﹑量化的安全管理控制流程与模型的研究;基于农产品(食品类)供应链的安全控制的保障体系的研究; 进行一系列的农产品质量安全保障支持体系的研究。     

质量安全保障体系对农户安全农产品生产行为影响的调查分析

本文基于问卷调查,考察了质量安全保障体系对农户安全农产品生产行为的影响。调查研究表明,虽然质量安全保障体系对农户安全农产品生产行为产生了一定影响,但其功能尚未充分发挥。农户需要政府部门加强实用技术的推广和安全农产品价格调控,不断推出有利于实施与操作的相关制度的配套措施,做好安全生产培训和技术推广工作。     

隆阳区蔬菜质量安全保障体系建设研究

蔬菜是居民生活必不可少的重要农产品,目前国内外对于蔬菜质量安全的研究成果主要集中在蔬菜中农药残留、重金属、微生物及污染物的检测和风险评估,但从"农田到餐桌"全过程的安全保障更具有重要意义。本文在对蔬菜质量安全保障体系理论梳理的基础上,分析了隆阳区蔬菜保障体系的现状及存在的问题,建议通过加大教育培训力度,加强监管体系、标准化生产体系、检测和质量认证体系的建设以及建立市场准入制度、完善追溯体系等方面构建隆阳区蔬菜质量安全保障体系,以进一步推进质量兴农、绿色兴农,提升隆阳区蔬菜的质量安全水平,切实保障公众"舌尖上的安全"。     

农产品质量安全追溯体系的构建与研究——以三亚市为例

目的：三亚市的农产品质量追溯存在生产主体参与意愿低、质量安全意识薄弱；农产品销售渠道复杂、监管难度大；监管力量较为薄弱、技术人才匮乏等问题。为解决这些问题构建三亚市的农产品质量追溯体系。方法：通过实地调研法了解和掌握三亚市的农产品质量安全现状，确定农产品质量追溯目录，综合分析三亚市的农产品质量追溯的需求。结果：针对相关问题，对消费方、监管方、生产方等都设计了质量追溯涉及的内容，构建了三亚市的农产品质量追溯体系结构，明确设计质量追溯的方案。结论：提出了设立追溯体系统一建设标准和法律法规的约束，提高农产品质量安全追溯体系服务水平；引进技术人才，补充和完善人员培训；建立协会伙伴关系和绩效评价体系与奖惩机制，同时加强群众监督；建立和完善农业标准体系、服务体系、质量保障体系、组织实施体系和监管体系等保障机制，为三亚市农产品质量安全追溯提供理论依据和技术支持。     

山东省东营市农产品质量安全现状、问题及对策

总结了山东省东营市农产品质量安全现状和存在问题,提出了加强宣传培训,大力推进农业标准化生产,狠抓农业投入品监管,健全农产品质量安全保障体系,加大财政、政策扶持力度,推进农业组织化、规模化生产,加强农产品质量监测力度等提高农产品质量安全水平的对策建议。     

2020年建成农产品质量安全信用体系

近期,农业部为稳步推进农产品质量安全信用体系建设,努力提高农产品质量安全水平,保障广大人民群众的身体健康和消费安全,就推进农产品质量安全信用体系建设提出了指导意见（以下简称《意见》）。
　　《意见》指出,农产品是食品的源头,其质量安全倍受社会关注。推进农产品质量安全信用体系建设,是强化农产品质量安全监管的重要措施,有利于提升农产品质量安全监管效能。当前,我国农产品质量安全信用体系还不健全,近年来发生的一系列农产品质量安全事件都暴露出农产品质量安全信用缺失问题。加快推进我国农产品质量安全信用体系建设,具有重大而深远的现实意义。要按照《社会信用体系建设规划纲要（2014-2020）》的要求,以信息系统建设和信息记录共享为基础,以农业投入品生产经营企业、农产品生产企业、农民合作社、种养殖大户为重点,以建立守信激励和失信惩戒机制为核心,强化生产经营主体诚信自律,营造诚信守法的良好社会氛围,全面提升农产品质量安全诚信意识和信用水平。     

乡村振兴背景下电商农产品质量安全监管法律问题研究

在国家乡村振兴战略的背景下,农产品电商交易得到了巨大的发展,农产品质量安全一直是乡村振兴战略中的重要内容之一。但是由于我国农产品电商交易起步晚、具有虚拟性等特征,导致在质量监管方面还有许多不足,主要表现为电商农产品质量安全法律法规、监管体系和基层监管水平存在缺陷。完善电商农产品质量安全的监管,需要建立健全电商农产品质量安全相关法律体系、加强平台管理、提高市场准入门槛、完善电商农产品经营者信用评价机制、提高基层监管水平、加强平台经营者和消费者的法律教育宣传。本文分析探讨我国电商农产品质量安全发展现状、监管的必要性及存在的问题,提出完善电商农产品质量安全监管的对策建议,以保障电商农产品的质量安全。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.